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Coordinates: 34°00′56″N 118°29′46″W / 34.0156°N 118.4961°W / 34.0156; -118.4961
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{{short description|Pedestrian mall shopping}}
{{short description|Pedestrian mall shopping complex}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{infobox shopping mall
{{infobox shopping mall
| name = Third Street Promenade
| name = Third Street Promenade
| image = Santa Monica – Third Street Promenade (a) 06 Sept 2017.jpg
| image = Santa Monica – Third Street Promenade (a) 06 Sept 2017.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_width = 250px
| caption = A picture taken in the heart of the Promenade
| caption = A picture taken in the heart of the Promenade in 2017
| location = [[Santa Monica, California]], [[United States|USA]]
| location = [[Santa Monica, California]], U.S.
| opening_date = November 8, 1965
| opening_date = {{start date and age|1965|11|08}}
| architect =
| architect =
| developer = [[The Hahn Company]] and [[The Rouse Company]]
| developer = [[The Hahn Company]] and [[The Rouse Company]]
| manager = [[Downtown Santa Monica, Inc.]]
| manager = Downtown Santa Monica, Inc.
| owner = Multiple owners, including [[Federal Realty Investment Trust]],<ref name="Federal Realty Investment Trust Property Portfolio">{{cite web|url=https://properties.federalrealty.com/property/Third-Street-Promenade/3314046|title=Federal Realty Investment Trust Property Portfolio: Third Street Promenade}}</ref> [[KLM Equities]].<ref name="KLM Equities Property Portfolio">{{cite web|url=http://klmequities.com/properties|title=KLM Equities Property Portfolio: Overview}}</ref>
| owner = Multiple owners, including Federal Realty Investment Trust,<ref name="Federal Realty Investment Trust Property Portfolio">{{cite web|url=https://properties.federalrealty.com/property/Third-Street-Promenade/3314046|title=Federal Realty Investment Trust Property Portfolio: Third Street Promenade}}</ref> and KLM Equities<ref name="KLM Equities Property Portfolio">{{cite web|url=http://klmequities.com/properties|title=KLM Equities Property Portfolio: Overview}}</ref>
| parking = Structured
| parking = Structured
| website = [http://www.downtownsm.com/ Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica]
| website = [http://www.downtownsm.com/ Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica]
}}
}}
The '''Third Street Promenade''' is a [[Pedestrian malls in the United States|pedestrian mall]] shopping, dining and entertainment complex in the downtown area of [[Santa Monica, California]] which originally opened as the '''Santa Monica Mall''' on November 8, 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Santa Monica Mall All Set for Opening Tomorrow |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54308213/new-santa-monica-mall-all-set-for/ |publisher=Valley News (Van Nuys, California) |date=November 7, 1965}}</ref> It is considered a premier shopping and dining district on the [[Westside (Los Angeles County)|Westside]] and draws crowds from all over the [[Greater Los Angeles]] area. Due to easy access to [[Downtown Los Angeles]] via the [[E Line (Los Angeles Metro)|E Line]]'s [[Downtown Santa Monica station|terminus station]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backup.buildexpo.org/phase2_overview.php |title=Expo Line:Phase 2:Overview |publisher=Buildexpo.org |accessdate=2011-03-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812041202/http://backup.buildexpo.org/phase2_overview.php |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref> its proximity to historic [[Santa Monica Pier]], and the [[Pacific Ocean]] coupled with Los Angeles's mild climate, it is also a popular tourist destination.
The '''Third Street Promenade''' is a [[Pedestrian malls in the United States|pedestrian mall]] [[esplanade]], shopping, dining and entertainment complex in the downtown area of [[Santa Monica, California]] which originally opened as the '''Santa Monica Mall''' on November 8, 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Santa Monica Mall All Set for Opening Tomorrow |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54308213/new-santa-monica-mall-all-set-for/ |publisher=Valley News (Van Nuys, California) |date=November 7, 1965}}</ref> It is considered a premier shopping and dining district on the [[Westside (Los Angeles County)|Westside]] and draws crowds from all over the [[Greater Los Angeles]] area. Due to easy access to [[Downtown Los Angeles]] via the [[Big Blue Bus]] [[bus rapid transit|rapid transit service]], [[E Line (Los Angeles Metro)|E Line]]'s [[Downtown Santa Monica station|terminus station]] and the [[California State Route 1|Pacific Coast Highway]]-[[Interstate 10 in California|Santa Monica Freeway]] [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate]], the neighborhood's [[Santa Monica neighborhoods|north-south thoroughfares]] connecting to [[Muscle Beach]], [[Venice Canal Historic District]], [[Marina del Rey, California|Marina del Rey]], [[Ballona Wetlands]] and [[Los Angeles International Airport]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backup.buildexpo.org/phase2_overview.php |title=Expo Line:Phase 2:Overview |publisher=Buildexpo.org |access-date=2011-03-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812041202/http://backup.buildexpo.org/phase2_overview.php |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref> and its proximity to historic [[U.S. Route 66 in California|U.S. Route 66]], [[Santa Monica Pier]], [[Palisades Park (Santa Monica)|Palisades Park]], [[Tongva Park]], [[Santa Monica State Beach]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]] coupled with Los Angeles's mild [[mediterranean climate]], it is also a popular tourist destination.


== History ==
== History ==
Third Street has been a center of business in Santa Monica since the town's inception in the late 19th century. The Promenade's roots date back to November 8, 1965 when three blocks of Third Street were converted into a pedestrian mall. Although successful, by the late 1970s, the Santa Monica Mall (as it was then called), was in need of modernization and a redesign. A new enclosed shopping center, [[Santa Monica Place]] (1980–2007), designed by [[Frank Gehry]] was added at the Promenade's southern end. A citywide bond measure was issued and architectural firm [[ROMA Design Group]] was hired to redesign Santa Monica Mall. The renamed Third Street Promenade opened on September 16, 1989.<ref name="Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall">{{cite web|url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/udi/journal/v13/n3/full/udi20088a.html|title=Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall}}</ref> The project was part of a larger redevelopment effort, encompassing several blocks of Downtown Santa Monica. [[Santa Monica Place]] has since been renovated into a new open-air shopping and dining venue that re-opened on August 6, 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
Third Street has been a center of business in Santa Monica since the town's inception in the late 19th century. The Promenade's roots date back to November 8, 1965, when three blocks of Third Street were converted into a pedestrian mall.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mejía |first=Paula |date=May 21, 2024 |title='Shocking': The fall of the once-vibrant Third Street Promenade |url=https://www.sfgate.com/la/article/santa-monica-third-street-promenade-empty-why-19374158.php |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=SFGATE |language=en}}</ref> Although successful, by the late 1970s, the Santa Monica Mall (as it was then called), was in need of modernization and a redesign. A new enclosed shopping center, [[Santa Monica Place]] (1980–2007), designed by [[Frank Gehry]] was added at the Promenade's southern end. A citywide bond measure was issued and architectural firm [[ROMA Design Group]] was hired to redesign Santa Monica Mall. The renamed Third Street Promenade opened on September 16, 1989.<ref name="Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall">{{cite journal|url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/udi/journal/v13/n3/full/udi20088a.html|title=Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall|year=2008 |doi=10.1057/udi.2008.8 |last1=Pojani |first1=Dorina |journal=Urban Design International |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=141–155 |s2cid=108994768 }}</ref> The project was part of a larger redevelopment effort, encompassing several blocks of Downtown Santa Monica. Santa Monica Place has since been renovated into a new open-air shopping and dining venue, designed by [[Jon Jerde]], that re-opened on August 6, 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}


The Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica are overseen by Downtown Santa Monica, Inc. (formerly Bayside District Corporation), a private non-profit [[501(c) organization#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] that works with the City of Santa Monica to manage services and operations in Downtown Santa Monica that promote economic stability, growth and community life within Downtown Santa Monica.
The Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica are overseen by Downtown Santa Monica, Inc. (formerly Bayside District Corporation), a private non-profit [[501(c) organization#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] that works with the City of Santa Monica to manage services and operations in Downtown Santa Monica that promote economic stability, growth and community life within Downtown Santa Monica.
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=== Public art ===
=== Public art ===
[[File:Dinosaurs of Santa Monica Dimetrodon.jpg|alt=An image of a dinosaur-shaped sculpture spewing water out of its mouth. The sculpture is made out of a dark metal frame and covered with green leaves.|thumb|A dimetrodon sculpture from ''The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica'']]
⚫
A central feature of the Third Street Promenade are the [[public art]] topiary sculptures and fountains ''[https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/public-art-the-dinosaurs-of-santa-monica-1989-by-claude-and-francois-lalanne The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica]'' by the French team [[Les Lalanne]]. Located along three blocks of the Third Street Promenade, the dinosaur topiaries "spew" streams of water from their mouths.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williamson|first=K. M.|date=August 19, 2020|title=The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica" (1989) by Claude Lalanne and François-Xavier Lalanne|url=https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/public-art-the-dinosaurs-of-santa-monica-1989-by-claude-and-francois-lalanne|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Public Art in Public Places}}</ref>


⚫
A central feature of the Third Street Promenade are the [[public art]] topiary sculptures and fountains '' [[The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica]]'' by the French team [[Les Lalanne]]. Located along three blocks of the Third Street Promenade, the dinosaur topiaries "spew" streams of water from their mouths.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica (sculpture)" (1989) by Claude Lalanne and François-Xavier Lalanne|url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_ari_341472|access-date=October 16, 2020|website=Smithsonian Institution Art Museum and Renwick Gallery}}</ref>
⚫
Surrounding the Third Street Promenade are several multi-level parking structures developed in tandem with the Promenade's 1989 renovation. These parking structures contain exterior building-mounted sculptures, exterior building-mounted murals, and interior murals by artists such as [[Gilbert Luján|Gilbert Lujan]], Art Mortimer, [[Peter Shire]], Cliff Garden, [[Ball-Nogues Studio]], and Anne Marie Karlsen,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=August 19, 2020|title=PUBLIC ART ARCHIVAL DATA - BY CITY|url=https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/PUBLIC-ART-BY-CITY/Cities-S-to-Z|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Public Art in Public Places}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Public art|url=https://www.smgov.net/portals/culture/publicArt.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Santa Monica Cultural Affairs}}</ref>

⚫
Surrounding the Third Street Promenade are several multi-level parking structures developed in tandem with the Promenade's 1989 renovation. These parking structures contain exterior building-mounted sculptures, exterior building-mounted murals, and interior murals by artists such as [[Gilbert Luján|Gilbert Lujan]], Art Mortimer, [[Peter Shire]], Cliff Garden, [[Ball-Nogues Studio]], and Anne Marie Karlsen,<ref name="DSM">{{cite web |title=Art Installation Over Third Street Promenade Exhibits Santa Monica's Indigenous Species |url=https://www.downtownsm.com/news/3335/art-installation-over-third-street-promenade-exhibits-santa-monicas-indigenous-species |publisher=Downtown Santa Monica, Third Street Promenade |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="painal">{{cite web |title=Public Art Works and Sculptures on 3rd Street Santa Monica Promenade and Santa Monica Place |url=http://www.publicartinla.com/sculptures/sm_promenade/ |publisher=Public Art in L.A. |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Public art|url=https://www.smgov.net/portals/culture/publicArt.aspx|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Santa Monica Cultural Affairs}}</ref>


=== Entertainment ===
=== Entertainment ===
Community sentiment and feedback during the 1989 planning phase expressed strong desire for public gathering space and "outdoor living room" space.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Groves|first=Martha|date=September 19, 2014|title=Third Street Promenade steps successfully into its 25th anniversary|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/westside/la-me-third-street-promenade-20140920-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The redevelopment plans took this to heart and designed the public space for public life, shopping and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Meares|first=Hadley|date=May 22, 2020|title=How Santa Monica’s pedestrian mall became too successful for its own good|url=https://la.curbed.com/2020/5/22/21258237/third-street-promenade-mall-santa-monica|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Curbed Los Angeles}}</ref> [[Busking|Street performers]] and entertainers are a frequent sight on the street. On a typical Saturday night in the summer, singer-songwriters, classical guitar players, magicians, clowns, hip-hop dancers, lounge singers, session drummers, and other artists line up approximately {{convert|40|ft|m}} to {{convert|50|ft|m}} apart from each other all along Third Street.
Community sentiment and feedback during the 1989 planning phase expressed strong desire for public gathering space and "outdoor living room" space.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Groves|first=Martha|date=September 19, 2014|title=Third Street Promenade steps successfully into its 25th anniversary|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/westside/la-me-third-street-promenade-20140920-story.html|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The redevelopment plans took this to heart and designed the public space for public life, shopping and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Meares|first=Hadley|date=May 22, 2020|title=How Santa Monica's pedestrian mall became too successful for its own good|url=https://la.curbed.com/2020/5/22/21258237/third-street-promenade-mall-santa-monica|access-date=August 24, 2020|website=Curbed Los Angeles}}</ref> [[Busking|Street performers]] and entertainers are a frequent sight on the street. On a typical Saturday night in the summer, singer-songwriters, classical guitar players, magicians, clowns, hip-hop dancers, lounge singers, session drummers, and other artists line up approximately {{convert|40|ft|m}} to {{convert|50|ft|m}} apart from each other{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} all along Third Street.


== Photo gallery ==
== Photo gallery ==
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Image:ThirdStreetPromenade-santamonica-1880.jpg|Businesses on Third Street, between Utah and Oregon (now Santa Monica Blvd.), 1880.
Image:ThirdStreetPromenade-santamonica-1880.jpg|Businesses on Third Street, between Utah and Oregon (now Santa Monica Blvd.), 1880.
</gallery>
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/public-art-the-dinosaurs-of-santa-monica-1989-by-claude-and-francois-lalanne ''The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica'' (1989)] by Claude Lalanne and François-Xavier Lalanne | [[Public Art in Public Places]]
* [https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/cradle-2010-by-ball-nogues-studio ''Cradle'' (2010)] by Ball-Nogues Studio | [[Public Art in Public Places]]
* ''Wheels'' (2010) by Anne Marie Karlsen | [[Public Art in Public Places]]
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*[http://www.downtownsm.com/ Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica] | City of Santa Monica
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*[http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/how-santa-monicas-third-street-became-a-promenade.html "How Santa Monica's Third Street Became a Promenade"] | KCET (Public Media Group of Southern California)
⚫
*[http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0002txkr Image of the remodeled business district, then known as Santa Monica Mall, California, 1965.] [[Los Angeles Times]] Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, [[Charles E. Young Research Library]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]].


{{coord|34.0156|-118.4961|display=title}}
{{coord|34.0156|-118.4961|display=title}}
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==

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*[http://www.downtownsm.com/ Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica] | City of Santa Monica
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*[http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/how-santa-monicas-third-street-became-a-promenade.html "How Santa Monica's Third Street Became a Promenade"] | KCET (Public Media Group of Southern California)
⚫
*[http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0002txkr Image of the remodeled business district, then known as Santa Monica Mall, California, 1965.] [[Los Angeles Times]] Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, [[Charles E. Young Research Library]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]].

{{Santa Monica, California}}
{{Shopping malls in California}}
{{Shopping malls in California}}


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[[Category:1965 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Busking venues]]
[[Category:Busking venues]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Los Angeles]]
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[[Category:Pedestrian malls in the United States]]
[[Category:Santa Monica, California]]
[[Category:Santa Monica, California]]
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[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in Greater Los Angeles]]
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[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1965]]
[[Category:Shopping malls on the Westside, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Shopping malls on the Westside, Los Angeles]]
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[[Category:Pedestrian malls in the United States]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Santa Monica, California]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Santa Monica, California]]
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[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1965]]
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[[Category:1965 establishments in California]]
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[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in Greater Los Angeles]]

Latest revision as of 07:10, 1 December 2024

Third Street Promenade
A picture taken in the heart of the Promenade in 2017
Map
LocationSanta Monica, California, U.S.
Opening dateNovember 8, 1965; 59 years ago (1965-11-08)
DeveloperThe Hahn Company and The Rouse Company
ManagementDowntown Santa Monica, Inc.
OwnerMultiple owners, including Federal Realty Investment Trust,[1] and KLM Equities[2]
ParkingStructured
WebsiteThird Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica

The Third Street Promenade is a pedestrian mall esplanade, shopping, dining and entertainment complex in the downtown area of Santa Monica, California which originally opened as the Santa Monica Mall on November 8, 1965.[3] It is considered a premier shopping and dining district on the Westside and draws crowds from all over the Greater Los Angeles area. Due to easy access to Downtown Los Angeles via the Big Blue Bus rapid transit service, E Line's terminus station and the Pacific Coast Highway-Santa Monica Freeway Interstate, the neighborhood's north-south thoroughfares connecting to Muscle Beach, Venice Canal Historic District, Marina del Rey, Ballona Wetlands and Los Angeles International Airport,[4] and its proximity to historic U.S. Route 66, Santa Monica Pier, Palisades Park, Tongva Park, Santa Monica State Beach and the Pacific Ocean coupled with Los Angeles's mild mediterranean climate, it is also a popular tourist destination.

History

[edit]

Third Street has been a center of business in Santa Monica since the town's inception in the late 19th century. The Promenade's roots date back to November 8, 1965, when three blocks of Third Street were converted into a pedestrian mall.[5] Although successful, by the late 1970s, the Santa Monica Mall (as it was then called), was in need of modernization and a redesign. A new enclosed shopping center, Santa Monica Place (1980–2007), designed by Frank Gehry was added at the Promenade's southern end. A citywide bond measure was issued and architectural firm ROMA Design Group was hired to redesign Santa Monica Mall. The renamed Third Street Promenade opened on September 16, 1989.[6] The project was part of a larger redevelopment effort, encompassing several blocks of Downtown Santa Monica. Santa Monica Place has since been renovated into a new open-air shopping and dining venue, designed by Jon Jerde, that re-opened on August 6, 2010.[citation needed]

The Third Street Promenade and Downtown Santa Monica are overseen by Downtown Santa Monica, Inc. (formerly Bayside District Corporation), a private non-profit 501(c)(3) that works with the City of Santa Monica to manage services and operations in Downtown Santa Monica that promote economic stability, growth and community life within Downtown Santa Monica.

Features

[edit]

Public art

[edit]
An image of a dinosaur-shaped sculpture spewing water out of its mouth. The sculpture is made out of a dark metal frame and covered with green leaves.
A dimetrodon sculpture from The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica

A central feature of the Third Street Promenade are the public art topiary sculptures and fountains The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica by the French team Les Lalanne. Located along three blocks of the Third Street Promenade, the dinosaur topiaries "spew" streams of water from their mouths.[7]

Surrounding the Third Street Promenade are several multi-level parking structures developed in tandem with the Promenade's 1989 renovation. These parking structures contain exterior building-mounted sculptures, exterior building-mounted murals, and interior murals by artists such as Gilbert Lujan, Art Mortimer, Peter Shire, Cliff Garden, Ball-Nogues Studio, and Anne Marie Karlsen,[8][9][10]

Entertainment

[edit]

Community sentiment and feedback during the 1989 planning phase expressed strong desire for public gathering space and "outdoor living room" space.[11] The redevelopment plans took this to heart and designed the public space for public life, shopping and entertainment.[12] Street performers and entertainers are a frequent sight on the street. On a typical Saturday night in the summer, singer-songwriters, classical guitar players, magicians, clowns, hip-hop dancers, lounge singers, session drummers, and other artists line up approximately 40 feet (12 m) to 50 feet (15 m) apart from each other[citation needed] all along Third Street.

[edit]
  • Trees along Third Street lit up for the Holidays.
    Trees along Third Street lit up for the Holidays.
  • Broadway Theatre on Third Street.
    Broadway Theatre on Third Street.
  • Businesses on Third Street, between Utah and Oregon (now Santa Monica Blvd.), 1880.
    Businesses on Third Street, between Utah and Oregon (now Santa Monica Blvd.), 1880.

34°00′56″N 118°29′46″W / 34.0156°N 118.4961°W / 34.0156; -118.4961

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Federal Realty Investment Trust Property Portfolio: Third Street Promenade".
  2. ^ "KLM Equities Property Portfolio: Overview".
  3. ^ "New Santa Monica Mall All Set for Opening Tomorrow". Valley News (Van Nuys, California). November 7, 1965.
  4. ^ "Expo Line:Phase 2:Overview". Buildexpo.org. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  5. ^ Mejía, Paula (May 21, 2024). "'Shocking': The fall of the once-vibrant Third Street Promenade". SFGATE. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  6. ^ Pojani, Dorina (2008). "Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall". Urban Design International. 13 (3): 141–155. doi:10.1057/udi.2008.8. S2CID 108994768.
  7. ^ "The Dinosaurs of Santa Monica (sculpture)" (1989) by Claude Lalanne and François-Xavier Lalanne". Smithsonian Institution Art Museum and Renwick Gallery. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  8. ^ "Art Installation Over Third Street Promenade Exhibits Santa Monica's Indigenous Species". Downtown Santa Monica, Third Street Promenade. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  9. ^ "Public Art Works and Sculptures on 3rd Street Santa Monica Promenade and Santa Monica Place". Public Art in L.A. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  10. ^ "Public art". Santa Monica Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  11. ^ Groves, Martha (September 19, 2014). "Third Street Promenade steps successfully into its 25th anniversary". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  12. ^ Meares, Hadley (May 22, 2020). "How Santa Monica's pedestrian mall became too successful for its own good". Curbed Los Angeles. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
[edit]
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