LGBTQ rights in Burundi: Difference between revisions

LGBTQ rights in Burundi
LGBTQ rights in Burundi
	Burundi
Status	Illegal since 2009
Penalty	3 months to 2 years imprisonment and fines
Gender identity	No
Military	No
Discrimination protections	None
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	No recognition of same-sex unions
Restrictions	Same-sex marriage banned constitutionally since 2005
Adoption	No

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Burundi face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ citizens. While never criminalized before 2009, Burundi has since criminalized same-sex sexual activity by both men and women with a penalty up to two years in prison and a fine. LGBTQ persons are regularly prosecuted and persecuted by the government and additionally face stigmatisation among the broader population.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

According to an unofficial English translation of Article 567 of the Burundi Penal Code, a person who has sexual relations with someone of the same sex may be punished with imprisonment for three months to two years and a fine of 50,000 to 100,000 francs.^[2]^{[Note 1]}

On 1 July 2009, a young man was arrested for allegedly committing sexual violence against a club patron in Bujumbura. The police later stated the man was arrested for being gay but offered to release the suspect in exchange for money. Advocacy by human rights NGOs and the LGBTQ community helped secure his release from police custody. In 2012, two lesbians were briefly arrested and subsequently released.^[3] In September 2014, a Vietnamese employee of the telephone company Viettel was caught in sexual relations with a Burundian man in Karuzi Province. The Burundian man alleged that it was non-consensual sex, and the Vietnamese man was detained. Authorities dropped the case after three days for lack of evidence.^[4] On 2 November 2016, the High Court of Cibitoke Province sentenced a 15-year-old boy who admitted to the rape of a seven-year-old boy to one year in prison. The adolescent was charged with rape of a minor and homosexuality.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

In December 2023, President Évariste Ndayishimiye said that gay sex is like "choos[ing] Satan" and that the death penalty is morally (if not legally) appropriate. He said: "For me, I think that if we find these people in Burundi they should be taken to stadiums and be stoned, and doing so would not be a crime."^[12]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Burundi does not recognise same-sex marriage and civil unions. Article 29 of the Burundi Constitution bans same-sex marriage.^[13]^{[Note 2]}

Adoption and family planning

According to a website of the French government, single and married people are eligible to adopt children. The website does not say whether single LGBTQ people are disqualified or not.^[14]

Living conditions

The U.S. Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 stated that:^[5]

Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
The law criminalizes same-sex sexual acts with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment of three months to two years. According to Burundi Africa Generation News, on 2 November, the High Court of Cibitoke Province sentenced a 15-year-old boy who admitted to the rape of a seven-year-old boy to one year in prison. The adolescent was charged with rape of a minor and homosexuality. There were no other reports of prosecution for homosexuality during the year. The Remuruka Center in Bujumbura offered urgent services to the LGBTI community. The government neither supported nor hindered the activities of local LGBTI organizations or the center.

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal.	(Penalty: Up to 2 years imprisonment)
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages	(Constitutional ban since 2005)
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood

Notes

^ The official text of Article 567 in French ("Burundi: Senate Upholds Human Rights Principles", International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 20 February 2009):
Quiconque fait des relations sexuelles avec la personne de même sexe est puni d’une servitude pénale de trois mois à deux ans et d’une amende de cinquante mille francs à cent mille francs ou d’une de ces peines seulement.
^ The official text of Article 29 in French (Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine):
La liberté de se marier est garantie, de même que le droit de choisir son ou sa partenaire. Le mariage ne peut être conclu qu’avec le libre et plein consentement des futurs époux. Le mariage entre deux personnes de même sexe est interdit.

References

^ "LGBT Rights in Burundi". Equaldex.
^ "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "BURUNDI 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).
^ "BURUNDI 2014 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).
^ ^a ^b "BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). 7 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017.
^ "BURUNDI 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).
^ "BURUNDI 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).
^ "BURUNDI 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).
^ "BURUNDI 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).
^ "Burundi". U.S. Department of State.
^ "Botswana". U.S. Department of State.
^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (29 December 2023). "Burundi's President Ndayishimiye hits out over gay rights and aid". BBC. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ "Article 29, Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi, Ministere de la Justice, Republique du Burundi" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Adopter au Burundi". France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.

External links

International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission – Burundi information

[3] The official text of Article 567 in French ("Burundi: Senate Upholds Human Rights Principles", International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 20 February 2009):
Quiconque fait des relations sexuelles avec la personne de même sexe est puni d’une servitude pénale de trois mois à deux ans et d’une amende de cinquante mille francs à cent mille francs ou d’une de ces peines seulement.

[15] The official text of Article 29 in French (Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine):
La liberté de se marier est garantie, de même que le droit de choisir son ou sa partenaire. Le mariage ne peut être conclu qu’avec le libre et plein consentement des futurs époux. Le mariage entre deux personnes de même sexe est interdit.

[1] "LGBT Rights in Burundi". Equaldex.

[2] "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[4] "BURUNDI 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).

[5] "BURUNDI 2014 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).

[BURUNDI_2016_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT-6] "BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). 7 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017.

[7] "BURUNDI 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).

[8] "BURUNDI 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).

[9] "BURUNDI 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).

[10] "BURUNDI 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF).

[11] "Burundi". U.S. Department of State.

[12] "Botswana". U.S. Department of State.

[13] Cyuzuzo, Samba (29 December 2023). "Burundi's President Ndayishimiye hits out over gay rights and aid". BBC. Retrieved 30 December 2023.

[14] "Article 29, Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi, Ministere de la Justice, Republique du Burundi" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.

[16] étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Adopter au Burundi". France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.

[1]

[2]

[Note 1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[Note 2]

[14]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
 {{Infobox LGBT rights
@@ Line 5: / Line 6: @@
 | caption      = [[Burundi]]
 | legal_status = Illegal since 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi|title=LGBT Rights in Burundi|website=Equaldex}}</ref>
-| penalty      = 3 months to 2 years imprisonment, fine
+| penalty      = 3 months to 2 years imprisonment and fines
 | gender_identity_expression =  No
 | recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same-sex unions
@@ Line 14: / Line 15: @@
 }}
-'''Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT)''' persons in '''Burundi''' face legal issues not experienced by non-[[LGBT]] citizens. [[Burundi]] criminalises same-sex sexual activity by both men and women, with a penalty up to two years in prison and a fine. LGBT persons are regularly prosecuted by the government and additionally face stigmatisation among the broader population.
+Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Burundi face legal challenges not experienced by non-[[LGBTQ]] citizens. While never criminalized before 2009, [[Burundi]] has since criminalized same-sex sexual activity by both men and women with a penalty up to two years in prison and a fine. LGBTQ persons are regularly prosecuted and persecuted by the government and additionally face [[stigmatisation]] among the broader population.
 ==Legality of same-sex sexual activity==
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 According to an unofficial English translation of Article 567 of the Burundi Penal Code, a person who has sexual relations with someone of the same sex may be punished with imprisonment for three months to two years and a fine of 50,000 to 100,000 francs.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]|accessdate=19 May 2016|date=17 May 2016}}</ref><ref group=Note>The official text of Article 567 in French ([http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/resourcecenter/863.html "Burundi: Senate Upholds Human Rights Principles"], [[International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission]], 20 February 2009):<blockquote>Quiconque fait des relations sexuelles avec la personne de même sexe est puni d’une servitude pénale de trois mois à deux ans et d’une amende de cinquante mille francs à cent mille francs ou d’une de ces peines seulement.</blockquote></ref>
-On 1 July 2009, a young man was arrested for allegedly committing sexual violence against a club patron in [[Bujumbura]]. The police later stated the man was arrested for being gay but offered to release the suspect in exchange for money. Advocacy by human rights NGOs and the LGBT community helped secure his release from police custody. In 2012, two lesbians were briefly arrested and subsequently released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204307.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref> In September 2014, a Vietnamese employee of the telephone company Viettel was caught in sexual relations with a Burundian man in [[Karuzi Province]].  The Burundian man alleged that it was non-consensual sex, and the Vietnamese man was detained.  Authorities dropped the case after three days for lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/236546.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2014 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref> On 2 November 2016, the High Court of [[Cibitoke Province]] sentenced a 15-year-old boy who admitted to the rape of a seven-year-old boy to one year in prison. The adolescent was charged with rape of a minor and homosexuality.<ref name="BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090145/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265442.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=7 March 2017|website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252869.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220300.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186383.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/160111.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135941.htm|title=Burundi|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118987.htm|title=Botswana|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
+On 1 July 2009, a young man was arrested for allegedly committing sexual violence against a club patron in [[Bujumbura]]. The police later stated the man was arrested for being gay but offered to release the suspect in exchange for money. Advocacy by human rights NGOs and the LGBTQ community helped secure his release from police custody. In 2012, two lesbians were briefly arrested and subsequently released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204307.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref> In September 2014, a Vietnamese employee of the telephone company Viettel was caught in sexual relations with a Burundian man in [[Karuzi Province]].  The Burundian man alleged that it was non-consensual sex, and the Vietnamese man was detained.  Authorities dropped the case after three days for lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/236546.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2014 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref> On 2 November 2016, the High Court of [[Cibitoke Province]] sentenced a 15-year-old boy who admitted to the rape of a seven-year-old boy to one year in prison. The adolescent was charged with rape of a minor and homosexuality.<ref name="BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT">{{Cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265442.pdf |title=BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090145/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265442.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2017 |date=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252869.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220300.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186383.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/160111.pdf|title=BURUNDI 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135941.htm|title=Burundi|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118987.htm|title=Botswana|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
+In December 2023, President [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] said that gay sex is like "choos[ing] Satan" and that the death penalty is morally (if not legally) appropriate. He said: "For me, I think that if we find these people in Burundi they should be taken to stadiums and be stoned, and doing so would not be a crime."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cyuzuzo |first=Samba |date=2023-12-29 |title=Burundi's President Ndayishimiye hits out over gay rights and aid |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67840417 |access-date=2023-12-30}}</ref>
 ==Recognition of same-sex relationships==
-Burundi does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]] and [[civil union]]s. Article 29 of the Burundi Constitution bans same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202141/http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf|deadurl=y|title=Article 29, Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi, Ministere de la Justice, Republique du Burundi|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=Note>The official text of Article 29 in French ([http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202141/http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf |date=2 April 2015 }}):<blockquote>La liberté de se marier est garantie, de même que le droit de choisir son ou sa partenaire. Le mariage ne peut être conclu qu’avec le libre et plein consentement des futurs époux. Le mariage entre deux personnes de même sexe est interdit.</ref></blockquote>
+Burundi does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]] and [[civil union]]s. Article 29 of the Burundi Constitution bans same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202141/http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Article 29, Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi, Ministere de la Justice, Republique du Burundi|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=Note>The official text of Article 29 in French ([http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf Constitution Interimaire Post-Transition de la Republique du Burundi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202141/http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Constitution_de_la_Republique_du_Burundi.pdf |date=2 April 2015 }}):<blockquote>La liberté de se marier est garantie, de même que le droit de choisir son ou sa partenaire. Le mariage ne peut être conclu qu’avec le libre et plein consentement des futurs époux. Le mariage entre deux personnes de même sexe est interdit.</blockquote></ref>
 ==Adoption and family planning==
-According to a website of the French government, single and married people are eligible to adopt children. The website does not say whether single LGBT people are disqualified or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/adopter-a-l-etranger/le-processus-de-l-adoption-internationale/le-choix-du-pays-d-origine/article/adopter-au-burundi|title=Adopter au Burundi|first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires|last=étrangères|website=France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}}</ref>
+According to a website of the French government, single and married people are eligible to adopt children. The website does not say whether single LGBTQ people are disqualified or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/adopter-a-l-etranger/le-processus-de-l-adoption-internationale/le-choix-du-pays-d-origine/article/adopter-au-burundi|title=Adopter au Burundi|first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires|last=étrangères|website=France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}}</ref>
 ==Living conditions==
-The [[U.S. Department of State]]'s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 stated that:
+The [[U.S. Department of State]]'s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 stated that:<ref name="BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" />
-<blockquote>'''Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity'''<br />The law criminalizes same-sex sexual acts with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment of three months to two years. According to ''Burundi Africa Generation News'', on 2 November, the High Court of [[Cibitoke Province]] sentenced a 15-year-old boy who admitted to the rape of a seven-year-old boy to one year in prison. The adolescent was charged with rape of a minor and homosexuality. There were no other reports of prosecution for homosexuality during the year. The Remuruka Center in [[Bujumbura]] offered urgent services to the LGBTI community. The government neither supported nor hindered the activities of local LGBTI organizations or the center.<ref name="BURUNDI 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" /></blockquote>
+<blockquote>'''Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity'''<br />The law criminalizes same-sex sexual acts with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment of three months to two years. According to ''Burundi Africa Generation News'', on 2 November, the High Court of [[Cibitoke Province]] sentenced a 15-year-old boy who admitted to the rape of a seven-year-old boy to one year in prison. The adolescent was charged with rape of a minor and homosexuality. There were no other reports of prosecution for homosexuality during the year. The Remuruka Center in [[Bujumbura]] offered urgent services to the LGBTI community. The government neither supported nor hindered the activities of local LGBTI organizations or the center.</blockquote>
 ==Summary table==
@@ Line 67: / Line 70: @@
 |-
 | Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
-| [[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
+| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
 |-
 | Right to change legal gender
@@ Line 83: / Line 86: @@
 ==See also==
-{{Portal|LGBT|Burundi}}
+{{Portal|LGBTQ|Burundi}}
 *[[Human rights in Burundi]]
-*[[LGBT rights in Africa]]
+*[[LGBTQ rights in Africa]]
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 96: / Line 99: @@
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/region/22.html International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission] – Burundi information
+*[https://outrightinternational.org/region/burundi International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission] – Burundi information
 {{Africa topic|LGBT rights in}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Lgbt Rights in Burundi}}
-[[Category:Burundian law|LGBT rights]]
+[[Category:Law of Burundi|LGBT rights]]
-[[Category:LGBT rights in Africa|Burundi]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ rights by country]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ rights in Africa]]
 [[Category:Human rights in Burundi]]
 [[Category:Politics of Burundi]]
-[[Category:LGBT rights by country|Burundi]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ in Burundi]]
-[[Category:LGBT in Burundi]]

v t e LGBT rights in Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara