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{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= File:Calvi_class_submarine.jpg
|Ship image= Calvi_class_submarine.jpg
|Ship caption= {{ship|Italian submarine|Giuseppe Finzi||2}}
|Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption= Italian ''Calvi''-class submarine (''Giuseppe Finzi'')
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=
|Name=
|Builders=Oderno-Terni-Orlando
|Builders=[[OTO Melara|Odero-Terni-Orlando]], [[Muggiano]], [[Province of La Spezia|La Spezia]]
|Operators={{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
|Operators={{navy|Kingdom of Italy|name=''Regia Marina''}}
|Class before=
|Class before={{ship|Italian submarine|Pietro Micca|1935|2}}
|Class after=
|Class after={{sclass|Foca|submarine|4}}
|Subclasses=
|Cost=
|Cost=
|Built range=1935
|Built range=1935
Line 20: Line 18:
|Total ships lost=2
|Total ships lost=2
|Total ships scrapped=1
|Total ships scrapped=1
|Total ships preserved=0
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
Line 26: Line 23:
|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship class=
|Ship type= [[Submarine]]
|Ship type= [[Submarine cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1331|LT|t|abbr=on}} surfaced
|Ship displacement=*{{Cvt|1525|LT|t|0|disp=flip|lk=on}} (surfaced)
*{{convert|1965|LT|t|abbr=on}} submerged
*{{Convert|2028|LT|t|0|disp=flip|abbr=on}} (submerged)
|Ship length= {{convert|277|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|84.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|7.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|5.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught= {{convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*{{cvt|4400|bhp|lk=on}} (diesels)
*{{convert|1800|hp|abbr=on}} (electric motors)
|Ship depth=
|Ship propulsion=*[[Diesel-electric]]
|Ship propulsion=*2 shafts; [[diesel-electric]]
*2 × 2200 HP [[Fiat]] diesel engines
*2 × [[diesel engine]]s
*2 × 900 HP electric motors
*2 × [[electric motor]]s
|Ship speed=*{{convert|17|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
|Ship speed=*{{convert|16.8|kn|lk=in}} (surfaced)
*{{convert|8.5|kn|lk=in}} submerged
*{{convert|7.4|kn}} (submerged)
|Ship range=*{{convert|11400|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|8|kn}} (surfaced)
|Ship range=
*{{convert|120|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3|kn}} (submerged)
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship test depth={{cvt|90|m}}
|Ship complement=66
|Ship crew=77
|Ship armament=*8 × {{convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (4 bow, 4 stern)
|Ship sensors=
*2 × single [[120 mm Italian naval gun#45-calibre OTO 1931|{{cvt|120|mm}}]] [[deck guns]]
|Ship armament=*8 × {{convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (6 bow, 2 stern)
*2 × twin [[Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun|{{cvt|13.2|mm}}]] [[machine gun]]s
*2 × [[120 mm Italian naval gun#45-calibre OTO 1931|120mm/45 guns]]<ref>Campbell, p.336</ref>
|Ship notes=
*4 × [[Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun|{{convert|13.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} machine guns]]
|Ship notes=<ref name="k&p">Kafka & Pepperburg p.793</ref>
}}
}}
|}
|}


The '''''Calvi'' class''' was a [[ship class|class]] of three [[submarine]]s built by Oderno-Terni-Orlando in [[Genoa]] for the [[Royal Italian Navy]] ({{lang-it|Regia Marina}}). The submarines were built in 1935, and all three served in the Mediterranean at the start of the [[Second World War]]. The boats were transferred to the [[BETASOM]] Atlantic submarine base at [[Bordeaux]] in August 1940. In December 1941 the boats were used for a rescue mission of 254 sailors from the sunken {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}}. After ''Calvi'' had been sunk, ''Finzi'' and ''Tazzoli'' were selected for conversion to "[[Merchant submarine|transport submarine]]s" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with [[Japan]]. Cargo capacity of 160 tons reduced reserve buoyancy from 20–25% to 3.5–6%; and armament was reduced to defensive [[machine gun]]s.<ref>Brice pp.129&131</ref>
The '''''Calvi'' class''' was a [[ship class|class]] of three [[submarine]]s built by Oderno-Terni-Orlando in [[Genoa]] for the [[Royal Italian Navy]] ({{langx|it|Regia Marina}}). The submarines were built in 1935, and all three served in the Mediterranean at the start of the [[Second World War]]. The boats were transferred to the [[BETASOM]] Atlantic submarine base at [[Bordeaux]] in August 1940. In December 1941 the boats were used for a rescue mission of 254 sailors from the sunken {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}}. After ''Calvi'' had been sunk, ''Finzi'' and ''Tazzoli'' were selected for conversion to "[[Merchant submarine|transport submarine]]s" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with [[Japan]]. Cargo capacity of 160 tons reduced reserve buoyancy from 20–25% to 3.5–6%; and armament was reduced to defensive [[machine gun]]s.<ref>Brice pp. 129, 131</ref>

==Design and description==
The ''Calvi'' class was an improved and enlarged version of the preceding {{sclass|Balilla|submarine|0}} [[submarine cruiser]]s. They [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|1525|LT|t|sp=us|lk=on|order=flip|0}} surfaced and {{convert|2028|LT|t|sp=us|order=flip|0}} submerged. The submarines were {{convert|84.3|m|ftin|sp=us}} long, had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|7.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|5.2|m|ftin|sp=us}}.<ref name=c5/> They had an [[Submarine depth ratings|operational diving depth]] of {{convert|90|m|sp=us}}.<ref name=b4/><ref name=c5/> They had an [[Submarine depth ratings|operational diving depth]] of {{convert|90|m|sp=us}}.<ref name=b4/> Their crew numbered 77 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=c5>Chesneau, p. 305</ref>

For surface running, the boats were powered by two {{convert|2200|bhp|lk=on|0|adj=on}} [[diesel engine]]s, each driving one [[propeller shaft]]. When submerged each propeller was driven by a {{convert|900|hp|0|adj=on}} [[electric motor]]. They could reach {{convert|16.8|kn|lk=in}} on the surface and {{convert|7.4|kn}} underwater. On the surface, the ''Calvi'' class had a range of {{convert|11400|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|8|kn}}; submerged, they had a range of {{convert|120|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3|kn}}.<ref name=b4>Bagnasco, p. 152</ref>

The boats were armed with eight {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|adj=on|sp=us}} [[torpedo tube]]s, four each in the bow and in the stern for which they carried a total of 16 [[torpedo]]es. They were also armed with a pair of [[120 mm Italian naval gun#45-calibre OTO 1931|{{convert|120|mm|adj=on|sp=us}}]] [[deck guns]], one each fore and aft of the [[conning tower]], for combat on the surface. Their [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft armament]] consisted of two twin-gun mounts for [[Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun|{{convert|13.2|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}}]] [[machine gun]]s.<ref name=c5/>


==Ships==
==Ships==


===''Pietro Calvi''===
===''Pietro Calvi''===
''Pietro Calvi'' ([[pennant number]] CV) was launched 31 March 1935.<ref name="k&p"/> The first war patrol was from [[Liguria]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and lasted from 3 July to 6 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, ''Calvi'' sailed on 6 October 1940 for a second Atlantic patrol reaching Bordeaux on 23 October. ''Calvi'' suffered storm damage during its third patrol off the [[British Isles]] from 3 to 31 December 1940. The fourth patrol was between the [[Canary Islands]] and the [[Azores]] from 31 March to 13 May 1941. ''Calvi'' sailed on 1 August 1941 for a fifth patrol off the Canary Islands. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 ''Calvi'', ''Finzi'' and ''Tazzoli'' rescued sailors of the sunken raider ''Atlantis''. The seventh patrol was off [[Brazil]] from 7 March to 29 April 1942. ''Calvi'' sailed on 2 July 1942 for its eighth patrol.<ref name="calvi">{{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=13|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref> ''Calvi'' was rammed and sunk on 14 July 1942 by convoy SL 115 escort [[Banff class sloop|HMS ''Lulworth'']].<ref>Blair 1996 pp.669–670</ref> Three officers and 32 sailors survived.<ref name="calvi"/>
''Pietro Calvi'' ([[pennant number]] CV) was launched 31 March 1935.<ref name=c5/> During the Spanish Civil War, she unsuccessfully fired a pair of torpedoes each at the {{GRT|6942|disp=adj}} [[mail steamer]] {{SS|Villa de Madrid}} and the 3946&nbsp;{{abbr|GRT|gross register tons}} mail steamer {{SS|Ciudad de Barcelona}} during a patrol on 1–17 January 1937. During the night of 12/13 January she bombarded the port of [[Valencia]].<ref>Frank, p. 95</ref>
The first patrol during the Second World War was from [[Liguria]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and lasted from 3 July to 6 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, ''Calvi'' sailed on 6 October 1940 for a second Atlantic patrol, reaching Bordeaux on 23 October. ''Calvi'' suffered storm damage during its third patrol off the [[British Isles]] from 3 to 31 December 1940. The fourth patrol was between the [[Canary Islands]] and the [[Azores]] from 31 March to 13 May 1941. ''Calvi'' sailed on 1 August 1941 for a fifth patrol off the Canary Islands. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 ''Calvi'', ''Finzi'' and ''Tazzoli'' rescued sailors of the sunken raider ''Atlantis''. The seventh patrol was off [[Brazil]] from 7 March to 29 April 1942. ''Calvi'' sailed on 2 July 1942 for its eighth patrol.<ref name="calvi">{{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=13|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref> ''Calvi'' was rammed and sunk on 14 July 1942 by convoy SL 115 escort {{HMS|Lulworth}}.<ref>Blair, pp. 669–670</ref> Three officers and 32 sailors survived.<ref name="calvi"/>

<center>
{| class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right;"
|-
|-
|+ Ships sunk by ''Pietro Calvi''<ref name="calvi"/>
|+ Ships sunk by ''Pietro Calvi''<ref name="calvi"/>
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Ship
! Patrol
! scope="col" | Country
! Date
! scope="col" | Patrol
! Ship
! scope="col" | Date
! Flag
! scope="col" | Tonnage ([[gross register tons|{{abbr|GRT|gross register tons}}]])
! Tonnage
! Notes
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Carlton''
| style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 3rd
| 3rd
| 20 December 1940
| 20 December 1940
| 5,162
| ''Carlton''
| style="text-align: left;" | freighter from convoy OB 260; 4 survivors from a crew of 35
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 5,162 [[gross register tons]] (GRT)
| freighter from convoy OB 260; 4 survivors from a crew of 35
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Tredinnick''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 7th
| 7th
| 25 March 1942
| 25 March 1942
| 4,589
| ''Tredinnick''
| style="text-align: left;" | freighter, no survivors
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 4,589 GRT
| freighter, no survivors
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''T.C. McCobb''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
| 7th
| 7th
| 1 April 1942
| 1 April 1942
| 7,452
| ''T.C. McCobb''
| style="text-align: left;" | tanker; 24 killed; first US ship sunk by an Italian submarine
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}
| 7,452 GRT
| tanker; 24 killed; first US ship sunk by an Italian submarine
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Eugene V.R. Thayer''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
| 7th
| 7th
| 9 April 1942
| 9 April 1942
| 7,138
| ''Eugene V.R. Thayer''
| style="text-align: left;" | tanker; 11 killed
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}
| 7,138 GRT
| tanker; 11 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Balkis''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| 7th
| 7th
| April 1942
| April 1942
| 2,161
| ''Balkis''
| style="text-align: left;" | freighter
| {{flagicon|Norway}}
| 2,161 GRT
| freighter
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ben Brush''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Panama}}
| 7th
| 7th
| April 1942
| April 1942
| 7,691
| ''Ben Brush''
| style="text-align: left;" | tanker; 1 killed
| {{flagicon|Panama}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| 7,691 GRT
! scope="row" colspan=4 style="text-align:right; font-weight:bold;" | Total:
| tanker; 1 killed
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | 34,193
|-
|
| colspan=4 align=right|'''Total:'''||34,193 GRT||
|}
|}
</center>


===''Giuseppe Finzi''===
===''Giuseppe Finzi''===
''Giuseppe Finzi'' (pennant number FZ) was launched 29 June 1935.<ref name="k&p"/> The first war patrol was from [[Cagliari]] to the Atlantic, and lasted from 5 June to 10 July 1940. ''Finzi'' sailed on 7 September 1940 and passed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] on 13 September for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 29 September. Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] visited ''Finzi'' on 30 September to welcome ''[[Regia Marina]]'' sailors to the German base. The third patrol near the British Isles from 24 October to 4 December 1940 revealed that the diesel engine air intake was too exposed for North Atlantic winter weather. The fourth patrol was near the Canary Islands from 10 March to 17 April 1941 and the fifth patrol was off Gibraltar in August. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 ''Calvi'', ''Finzi'' and ''Tazzoli'' rescued sailors of the sunken raider ''Atlantis''. ''Finzi'' sailed for [[Operation Neuland]] on 6 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. ''Finzi'' returned to the [[Caribbean Sea]] for an eighth patrol from 6 June to 18 August 1942. On 26 November 1942 ''Finzi'' sailed for a ninth patrol to Brazil; but mechanical problems required return to base on 10 December. ''Finzi'' patrolled the west African coast from 11 February to 18 April 1943. Conversion to a transport submarine was never completed, and the boat was seized by the Germans on 9 September 1943 when [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italy surrendered]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. Renamed '''''UIT21''''' in German service, she was scuttled at [[Le Verdon-sur-Mer]] on 25 August 1944 to pprevent her capture by advancing Allied forces.<ref name="finzi">{{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=21|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>Gröner, Erich, ''German Warships 1815–1945, Volume Two: U-Boats and Mine Warfare Vessels'', London: Conway Maritime Press, 1991, {{ISBN|1-55750-301-X}}, p. 109.</ref>
''Giuseppe Finzi'' (pennant number FZ) was launched 29 June 1935.<ref name=c5/> The first war patrol was from [[Cagliari]] to the Atlantic, and lasted from 5 June to 10 July 1940. The submarine sailed on 7 September 1940 and passed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] on 13 September for an Atlantic patrol to [[Bordeaux]], France, on 29 September. Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] visited ''Giuseppe Finzi'' on 30 September to welcome {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} sailors to the German base. The third patrol near the British Isles from 24 October to 4 December 1940 revealed that the diesel engine air intake was too exposed for North Atlantic winter weather. The fourth patrol was near the [[Canary Islands]] from 10 March to 17 April 1941 and the fifth patrol was off Gibraltar in August. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 {{ship|Italian submarine|Pietro Calvi||2}}, ''Giuseppe Finzi'' and {{ship|Italian submarine|Enrico Tazzoli|1935|2}} rescued sailors of the sunken German [[commerce raider]] {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis||2}}. The submarine sailed for [[Operation Neuland]] on 6 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. She returned to the [[Caribbean Sea]] for an eighth patrol from 6 June to 18 August 1942. On 26 November 1942 ''Giuseppe Finzi'' sailed for a ninth patrol to Brazil; but mechanical problems required return to base on 10 December. The boat patrolled the [[West African]] coast from 11 February to 18 April 1943. Conversion to a transport submarine was never completed, and the boat was seized by the Germans on 9 September 1943 when [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italy surrendered]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. Renamed '''''UIT21''''' in German service, she was scuttled at [[Le Verdon-sur-Mer]] on 25 August 1944 to prevent her capture by the advancing Allied forces.<ref name="finzi">{{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=21|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>Gröner, Erich, ''German Warships 1815–1945, Volume Two: U-Boats and Mine Warfare Vessels'', London: Conway Maritime Press, 1991, {{ISBN|1-55750-301-X}}, p. 109.</ref>

<center>
{| class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right;"
|-
|-
|+ Ships sunk by ''Giuseppe Finzi''<ref name="finzi"/>
|+ Ships sunk by ''Giuseppe Finzi''<ref name="finzi"/>
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Ship
! Patrol
! scope="col" | Country
! Date
! scope="col" | Patrol
! Ship
! scope="col" | Date
! Flag
! scope="col" | Tonnage ([[gross register tons|{{abbr|GRT|gross register tons}}]])
! Tonnage
! Notes
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Melpomese''
| style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 7th
| 7th
| 6 March 1942
| 6 March 1942
| 7,011
| ''Melpomese''
| style="text-align: left;" | tanker, no casualties
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 7,011 GRT
| tanker, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Boren''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 7th
| 7th
| 6 March 1942
| 6 March 1942
| 4,528
| ''Boren''
| style="text-align: left;" | freighter; no casualties
| {{flagicon|Sweden}}
| 4,528 GRT
| freighter; no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Charles Racine''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| 7th
| 7th
| 10 March 1942
| 10 March 1942
| 9,957
| ''Charles Racine''
| style="text-align: left;" | tanker; no casualties
| {{flagicon|Norway}}
| 9,957 GRT
| tanker; no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Granicos''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| 10th
| 10th
| 28 March 1943
| 28 March 1943
| 3,689
| ''Granicos''
| style="text-align: left;" | iron ore freighter sank in less than 30 seconds, one survivor from a crew of 31
| {{flagicon|Greece}}
| 3,689 GRT
| iron ore freighter sank in less than 30 seconds, one survivor from a crew of 31
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ''Celtic Star''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 10th
| 10th
| 29 March 1943
| 29 March 1943
| 5,575
| ''Celtic Star''
| style="text-align: left;" | freighter, 2 killed
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 5,575 GRT
| freighter, 2 killed
|-
|-
| colspan=4 align=right|'''Total:'''||30,760 GRT||
! scope="row" colspan=4 style="text-align:right; font-weight:bold;" | Total:
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | 30,760
|
|}
|}
</center>


===''Enrico Tazzoli''===
===''Enrico Tazzoli''===
:''For other Italian submarines named ''Enrico Tazzoli, ''see [[Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli]].''
{{For|other Italian submarines|Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli}}


[[Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli (1935)|''Enrico Tazzoli'']] (pennant number TZ) was launched 14 October 1935.<ref name="k&p"/> It was named after [[Enrico Tazzoli (priest)|Enrico Tazzoli]], a martyr of the Italian wars of independence. The first wartime patrol was off the coast of north Africa from 21 June 1940 to 2 July. The second was an unsuccessful attempt to pass the Strait of Gibraltar from 30 July to 9 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, ''Tazzoli'' sailed on 2 October 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 7 October for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 24 October. The fourth patrol was off the British Isles from 13 December 1940 to 6 January 1941. ''Tazzoli'' sailed on 7 April 1941 to patrol between [[Freetown]] and the Azores; and shot down an attacking [[Bristol Blenheim]] while returning to port on 23 May. The sixth patrol was again off Freetown from 15 July to 11 September 1941. During the seventh patrol from 7 to 27 December 1941 ''Calvi'', ''Finzi'' and ''Tazzoli'' rescued sailors of the sunken raider ''Atlantis''. ''Tazzoli'' sailed for [[Operation Neuland]] on 2 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. The ninth patrol was again to the Caribbean from 18 June to 5 September 1942; and the tenth patrol was to Brazil from 14 November 1942 to 2 February 1943.<ref name="tazzoli">{{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=42|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref> After conversion to a transport submarine, ''Tazzoli'' sailed for Japan on 16 May 1943 and was sunk by aircraft in the [[Bay of Biscay]] on 23 May.<ref>Brice pp.131–133</ref>
[[Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli (1935)|''Enrico Tazzoli'']] (pennant number TZ) was launched 14 October 1935.<ref name=c5/> It was named after [[Enrico Tazzoli (priest)|Enrico Tazzoli]], a martyr of the Italian wars of independence. The first wartime patrol was off the coast of [[North Africa]] from 21 June to 2 July 1940. The second was an unsuccessful attempt to pass the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] from 30 July to 9 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, ''Enrico Tazzoli'' sailed on 2 October 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 7 October for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 24 October. The fourth patrol was off the British Isles from 13 December 1940 to 6 January 1941. The boat sailed on 7 April 1941 to patrol between [[Freetown]] and the Azores; and shot down an attacking [[Bristol Blenheim]] while returning to port on 23 May. The sixth patrol was again off Freetown from 15 July to 11 September 1941. During the seventh patrol from 7 to 27 December 1941 {{ship|Italian submarine|Pietro Calvi||2}}, {{ship|Italian submarine|Giuseppe Finzi||2}} and ''Tazzoli'' rescued sailors of the sunken German [[commerce raider]] {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis||2}}. The submarine sailed for [[Operation Neuland]] on 2 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. The ninth patrol was again to the [[Caribbean]] from 18 June to 5 September 1942; and the tenth patrol was to Brazil from 14 November 1942 to 2 February 1943.<ref name="tazzoli">{{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=42|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref> After conversion to a transport submarine for blockade-running between Europe and the [[Far East]], ''Enrico Tazzoli'' sailed for Japan on 16 May 1943 and was sunk by aircraft in the [[Bay of Biscay]] on 23 May.<ref>Brice, pp. 131–133</ref>


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right;"
|-
|-
|+ Ships sunk by ''Enrico Tazzoli''<ref name="tazzoli"/>
|+ Ships sunk by ''Enrico Tazzoli''<ref name="tazzoli"/>
|-
|-
! scope="col" width="15px" |Patrol
! scope="col" | Ship
! scope="col" width="110px"|Date
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" width="80px" |Ship
! scope="col" | Patrol
! scope="col" width="120px" |Flag
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" width="25px" |Tonnage [[gross register tonnage|(GRT)]]
! scope="col" | Tonnage ([[gross register tons|{{abbr|GRT|gross register tons}}]])
! scope="col" width="380px"|Notes
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in October 1940#12 October|''Orao'']]
|align="right"|3rd
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}
|align="right"|12 October 1940
| 3rd
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in October 1940#12 October|''Orao'']]
| 12 October 1940
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}
|align="right"|5,135
| 5,135
|align="left"|Freighter shelled then torpedoed while radioing; 2 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter shelled then torpedoed while radioing; 2 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in December 1940#27 December|''Ardanbahn'']]
|align="right"|4th
| style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|27 December 1940
| 4th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in December 1940#27 December|''Ardanbahn'']]
| 27 December 1940
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|4,980
| 4,980
|align="left"|No survivors from freighter of unescorted [[Convoy OB 263]]
| style="text-align: left;" | No survivors from freighter of unescorted [[Convoy OB 263]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in April 1941#15 April|''Aurillac'']]
|align="right"|5th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|15 April 1941
| 5th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1941#15 April|''Aurillac'']]
| 15 April 1941
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|4,248
| 4,248
|align="left"|Freighter, 1 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter, 1 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in May 1941#7 May|''Fernlane'']]
|align="right"|5th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|7 May 1941
| 5th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in May 1941#7 May|''Fernlane'']]
| 7 May 1941
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|4,310
| 4,310
|align="left"|Freighter with ammunition cargo, no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter with ammunition cargo, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in May 1941#10 May|''Alfred Olsen'']]
|align="right"|5th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|10 May 1941
| 5th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in May 1941#10 May|''Alfred Olsen'']]
| 10 May 1941
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|8,817
| 8,817
|align="left"|Tanker, no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Tanker, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in August 1941#19 August|''Sildra'']]
|align="right"|6th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|19 August 1941
| 6th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1941#19 August|''Sildra'']]
| 19 August 1941
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|7,313
| 7,313
|align="left"|Tanker, no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Tanker, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#6 March|''Astrea'']]
|align="right"|8th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|6 March 1942
| 8th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#6 March|''Astrea'']]
| 6 March 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|1,406
| 1,406
|align="left"|Freighter, no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#6 March|''Tonsbergfjord'']]
|align="right"|8th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|6 March 1942
| 8th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#6 March|''Tonsbergfjord'']]
| 6 March 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|3,156
| 3,156
|align="left"|Freighter; 1 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter; 1 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#8 March|''Montevideo'']]
|align="right"|8th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
|align="right"|8 March 1942
| 8th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#8 March|''Montevideo'']]
| 8 March 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
|align="right"|5,785
| 5,785
|align="left"|Freighter; 14 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter; 14 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#10 March|''Cygnet'']]
|align="right"|8th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Greece}}
|align="right"|10 March 1942
| 8th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#10 March|''Cygnet'']]
| 10 March 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Greece}}
|align="right"|3,628
| 3,628
|align="left"|Freighter; no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter; no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#13 March|''Daytonian'']]
|align="right"|8th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|13 March 1942
| 8th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#13 March|''Daytonian'']]
| 13 March 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|6,434
| 6,434
|align="left"|Freighter; 1 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter; 1 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#15 March|''Athelqueen'']]
|align="right"|8th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|15 March 1942
| 8th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1942#15 March|''Athelqueen'']]
| 15 March 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|8,780
| 8,780
|align="left"|Tanker; 3 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Tanker; 3 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#2 August|''Kastor'']]
|align="right"|9th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Greece}}
|align="right"|2 August 1942
| 9th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#2 August|''Kastor'']]
| 2 August 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Greece}}
|align="right"|5,497
| 5,497
|align="left"|Freighter; 4 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter; 4 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#6 August|''Havsten'']]
|align="right"|9th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|6 August 1942
| 9th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#6 August|''Havsten'']]
| 6 August 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|6,161
| 6,161
|align="left"|Tanker; 2 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Tanker; 2 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of Empire ships (H)#Empire Hawk|''Empire Hawk'']]
|align="right"|10th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|12 December 1942
| 10th
|align="left"|[[List of Empire ships (H)#Empire Hawk|''Empire Hawk'']]
| 12 December 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|5,032
| 5,032
|align="left"|Freighter, no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in December 1942#12 December|''Ombillin'']]
|align="right"|10th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|12 December 1942
| 10th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in December 1942#12 December|''Ombillin'']]
| 12 December 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|5,658
| 5,658
|align="left"|Freighter, no casualties
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter, no casualties
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in December 1942#21 December|''Queen City'']]
|align="right"|10th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|21 December 1942
| 10th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in December 1942#21 December|''Queen City'']]
| 21 December 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|4,814
| 4,814
|align="left"|Freighter, 6 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter, 6 killed
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[List of shipwrecks in December 1942#25 December|''Doña Aurora'']]
|align="right"|10th
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|25 December 1942
| 10th
|align="left"|[[List of shipwrecks in December 1942#25 December|''Doña Aurora'']]
| 25 December 1942
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|5,011
| 5,011
|align="left"|Freighter, 7 killed
| style="text-align: left;" | Freighter, 7 killed
|-
|-
|colspan=4 align="right"|'''Total:'''||align="right"|96,165||
! scope="row" colspan=4 style="text-align:right; font-weight:bold;" | Total:
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | 96,165
|
|}
|}


Line 322: Line 331:


===Sources===
===Sources===
* {{cite book |first=Erminio |last=Bagnasco |date=1977 |title=Submarines of World War Two |publisher=Cassell & Co |location=London |isbn=1-85409-532-3}}
* {{cite book |first=Erminio |last=Bagnasco |year=1977 |title=Submarines of World War Two |publisher=Cassell|location=London |isbn=1-85409-532-3}}
* {{cite book| title=Hitler's U-Boat War, The Hunters 1939–1942 |last=Blair |first=Clay |publisher=Random House |date=1996 |isbn=0-394-58839-8}}
* {{cite book| title=Hitler's U-Boat War, The Hunters 1939–1942 |last=Blair |first=Clay |publisher=Random House |year=1996 |isbn=0-394-58839-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Brescia|first=Maurizio|title=Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45|year=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-544-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Brice |first=Martin |date=1981 |title=Axis Blockade Runners of World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-908-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Brice |first=Martin |date=1981 |title=Axis Blockade Runners of World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-908-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=John |authorlink = |title =Naval Weapons of World War Two |publisher =Naval Institute Press |volume = |edition = |date =1985 |location =Annapolis, Maryland |pages = |isbn =0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=John|title =Naval Weapons of World War Two |publisher =Naval Institute Press |year =1985 |location =Annapolis, Maryland |isbn =0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Kafka |first=Roger |last2=Pepperburg |first2=Roy L |date=1946 |title=Warships of the World |publisher=Cornell Maritime Press}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Chesneau |editor-first=Roger |year=1980 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Willard C. Jr. |title=Question 12/88 |journal=Warship International |date=1989 |volume=XXVI |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |issn=0043-0374}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/Smg/calvi_01.aspx Classe Pietro Calvi] Marina Militare website
* [http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=164&lid=1 ''Marcello'' class at regiamarina.net]


{{Portal bar|Italy|Engineering}}
{{WWIIItalianShips}}
{{Calvi-class submarine}}
{{WWII Italian ships}}


[[Category:Submarine classes]]
[[Category:Submarine classes]]
[[Category:Calvi-class submarines]]
[[Category:Calvi-class submarines| ]]
[[Category:Submarines of the Regia Marina]]
[[Category:Submarines of the Regia Marina]]
[[Category:Ships built by Oto Melara]]
[[Category:Ships built by OTO Melara]]
[[Category:1930s ships]]

Latest revision as of 11:48, 1 December 2024

Class overview
BuildersOdero-Terni-Orlando, Muggiano, La Spezia
Operators Regia Marina
Preceded byPietro Micca
Succeeded byFoca class
Built1935
In commission1936–1943
Completed3
Lost2
Scrapped1
General characteristics
TypeSubmarine cruiser
Displacement
  • 1,549 t (1,525 long tons) (surfaced)
  • 2,061 t (2,028 long tons) (submerged)
Length84.3 m (276 ft 7 in)
Beam7.7 m (25 ft 3 in)
Draft5.2 m (17 ft 1 in)
Installed power
  • 4,400 bhp (3,300 kW) (diesels)
  • 1,800 hp (1,300 kW) (electric motors)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 16.8 knots (31.1 km/h; 19.3 mph) (surfaced)
  • 7.4 knots (13.7 km/h; 8.5 mph) (submerged)
Range
  • 11,400 nmi (21,100 km; 13,100 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (surfaced)
  • 120 nmi (220 km; 140 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) (submerged)
Test depth90 m (300 ft)
Crew77
Armament

The Calvi class was a class of three submarines built by Oderno-Terni-Orlando in Genoa for the Royal Italian Navy (Italian: Regia Marina). The submarines were built in 1935, and all three served in the Mediterranean at the start of the Second World War. The boats were transferred to the BETASOM Atlantic submarine base at Bordeaux in August 1940. In December 1941 the boats were used for a rescue mission of 254 sailors from the sunken German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis. After Calvi had been sunk, Finzi and Tazzoli were selected for conversion to "transport submarines" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with Japan. Cargo capacity of 160 tons reduced reserve buoyancy from 20–25% to 3.5–6%; and armament was reduced to defensive machine guns.[1]

Design and description

[edit]

The Calvi class was an improved and enlarged version of the preceding Balilla-class submarine cruisers. They displaced 1,549 metric tons (1,525 long tons) surfaced and 2,061 metric tons (2,028 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 84.3 meters (276 ft 7 in) long, had a beam of 7.7 meters (25 ft 3 in) and a draft of 5.2 meters (17 ft 1 in).[2] They had an operational diving depth of 90 meters (300 ft).[3][2] They had an operational diving depth of 90 meters (300 ft).[3] Their crew numbered 77 officers and enlisted men.[2]

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 2,200-brake-horsepower (1,641 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 900-horsepower (671 kW) electric motor. They could reach 16.8 knots (31.1 km/h; 19.3 mph) on the surface and 7.4 knots (13.7 km/h; 8.5 mph) underwater. On the surface, the Calvi class had a range of 11,400 nautical miles (21,100 km; 13,100 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph); submerged, they had a range of 120 nmi (220 km; 140 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).[3]

The boats were armed with eight 53.3-centimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes, four each in the bow and in the stern for which they carried a total of 16 torpedoes. They were also armed with a pair of 120-millimeter (4.7 in) deck guns, one each fore and aft of the conning tower, for combat on the surface. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of two twin-gun mounts for 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) machine guns.[2]

Ships

[edit]

Pietro Calvi

[edit]

Pietro Calvi (pennant number CV) was launched 31 March 1935.[2] During the Spanish Civil War, she unsuccessfully fired a pair of torpedoes each at the 6,942-gross register ton (GRT) mail steamer SS Villa de Madrid and the 3946 GRT mail steamer SS Ciudad de Barcelona during a patrol on 1–17 January 1937. During the night of 12/13 January she bombarded the port of Valencia.[4]

The first patrol during the Second World War was from Liguria to the Atlantic Ocean, and lasted from 3 July to 6 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, Calvi sailed on 6 October 1940 for a second Atlantic patrol, reaching Bordeaux on 23 October. Calvi suffered storm damage during its third patrol off the British Isles from 3 to 31 December 1940. The fourth patrol was between the Canary Islands and the Azores from 31 March to 13 May 1941. Calvi sailed on 1 August 1941 for a fifth patrol off the Canary Islands. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 Calvi, Finzi and Tazzoli rescued sailors of the sunken raider Atlantis. The seventh patrol was off Brazil from 7 March to 29 April 1942. Calvi sailed on 2 July 1942 for its eighth patrol.[5] Calvi was rammed and sunk on 14 July 1942 by convoy SL 115 escort HMS Lulworth.[6] Three officers and 32 sailors survived.[5]

Ships sunk by Pietro Calvi[5]
Ship Country Patrol Date Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Carlton  United Kingdom 3rd 20 December 1940 5,162 freighter from convoy OB 260; 4 survivors from a crew of 35
Tredinnick  United Kingdom 7th 25 March 1942 4,589 freighter, no survivors
T.C. McCobb  United States 7th 1 April 1942 7,452 tanker; 24 killed; first US ship sunk by an Italian submarine
Eugene V.R. Thayer  United States 7th 9 April 1942 7,138 tanker; 11 killed
Balkis  Norway 7th April 1942 2,161 freighter
Ben Brush  Panama 7th April 1942 7,691 tanker; 1 killed
Total: 34,193

Giuseppe Finzi

[edit]

Giuseppe Finzi (pennant number FZ) was launched 29 June 1935.[2] The first war patrol was from Cagliari to the Atlantic, and lasted from 5 June to 10 July 1940. The submarine sailed on 7 September 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 13 September for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux, France, on 29 September. Admiral Karl Dönitz visited Giuseppe Finzi on 30 September to welcome Regia Marina sailors to the German base. The third patrol near the British Isles from 24 October to 4 December 1940 revealed that the diesel engine air intake was too exposed for North Atlantic winter weather. The fourth patrol was near the Canary Islands from 10 March to 17 April 1941 and the fifth patrol was off Gibraltar in August. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 Pietro Calvi, Giuseppe Finzi and Enrico Tazzoli rescued sailors of the sunken German commerce raider Atlantis. The submarine sailed for Operation Neuland on 6 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. She returned to the Caribbean Sea for an eighth patrol from 6 June to 18 August 1942. On 26 November 1942 Giuseppe Finzi sailed for a ninth patrol to Brazil; but mechanical problems required return to base on 10 December. The boat patrolled the West African coast from 11 February to 18 April 1943. Conversion to a transport submarine was never completed, and the boat was seized by the Germans on 9 September 1943 when Italy surrendered to the Allies. Renamed UIT21 in German service, she was scuttled at Le Verdon-sur-Mer on 25 August 1944 to prevent her capture by the advancing Allied forces.[7][8]

Ships sunk by Giuseppe Finzi[7]
Ship Country Patrol Date Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Melpomese  United Kingdom 7th 6 March 1942 7,011 tanker, no casualties
Boren  Sweden 7th 6 March 1942 4,528 freighter; no casualties
Charles Racine  Norway 7th 10 March 1942 9,957 tanker; no casualties
Granicos  Greece 10th 28 March 1943 3,689 iron ore freighter sank in less than 30 seconds, one survivor from a crew of 31
Celtic Star  United Kingdom 10th 29 March 1943 5,575 freighter, 2 killed
Total: 30,760

Enrico Tazzoli

[edit]
For other Italian submarines, see Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli.

Enrico Tazzoli (pennant number TZ) was launched 14 October 1935.[2] It was named after Enrico Tazzoli, a martyr of the Italian wars of independence. The first wartime patrol was off the coast of North Africa from 21 June to 2 July 1940. The second was an unsuccessful attempt to pass the Strait of Gibraltar from 30 July to 9 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, Enrico Tazzoli sailed on 2 October 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 7 October for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 24 October. The fourth patrol was off the British Isles from 13 December 1940 to 6 January 1941. The boat sailed on 7 April 1941 to patrol between Freetown and the Azores; and shot down an attacking Bristol Blenheim while returning to port on 23 May. The sixth patrol was again off Freetown from 15 July to 11 September 1941. During the seventh patrol from 7 to 27 December 1941 Pietro Calvi, Giuseppe Finzi and Tazzoli rescued sailors of the sunken German commerce raider Atlantis. The submarine sailed for Operation Neuland on 2 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. The ninth patrol was again to the Caribbean from 18 June to 5 September 1942; and the tenth patrol was to Brazil from 14 November 1942 to 2 February 1943.[9] After conversion to a transport submarine for blockade-running between Europe and the Far East, Enrico Tazzoli sailed for Japan on 16 May 1943 and was sunk by aircraft in the Bay of Biscay on 23 May.[10]

Ships sunk by Enrico Tazzoli[9]
Ship Country Patrol Date Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Orao  Yugoslavia 3rd 12 October 1940 5,135 Freighter shelled then torpedoed while radioing; 2 killed
Ardanbahn  United Kingdom 4th 27 December 1940 4,980 No survivors from freighter of unescorted Convoy OB 263
Aurillac  United Kingdom 5th 15 April 1941 4,248 Freighter, 1 killed
Fernlane  Norway 5th 7 May 1941 4,310 Freighter with ammunition cargo, no casualties
Alfred Olsen  Norway 5th 10 May 1941 8,817 Tanker, no casualties
Sildra  Norway 6th 19 August 1941 7,313 Tanker, no casualties
Astrea  Netherlands 8th 6 March 1942 1,406 Freighter, no casualties
Tonsbergfjord  Norway 8th 6 March 1942 3,156 Freighter; 1 killed
Montevideo  Uruguay 8th 8 March 1942 5,785 Freighter; 14 killed
Cygnet  Greece 8th 10 March 1942 3,628 Freighter; no casualties
Daytonian  United Kingdom 8th 13 March 1942 6,434 Freighter; 1 killed
Athelqueen  United Kingdom 8th 15 March 1942 8,780 Tanker; 3 killed
Kastor  Greece 9th 2 August 1942 5,497 Freighter; 4 killed
Havsten  Norway 9th 6 August 1942 6,161 Tanker; 2 killed
Empire Hawk  United Kingdom 10th 12 December 1942 5,032 Freighter, no casualties
Ombillin  Netherlands 10th 12 December 1942 5,658 Freighter, no casualties
Queen City  United Kingdom 10th 21 December 1942 4,814 Freighter, 6 killed
Doña Aurora  United States 10th 25 December 1942 5,011 Freighter, 7 killed
Total: 96,165

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Brice pp. 129, 131
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Chesneau, p. 305
  3. ^ a b c Bagnasco, p. 152
  4. ^ Frank, p. 95
  5. ^ a b c "Regia Marina Italiana". Cristiano D'Adamo. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  6. ^ Blair, pp. 669–670
  7. ^ a b "Regia Marina Italiana". Cristiano D'Adamo. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  8. ^ Gröner, Erich, German Warships 1815–1945, Volume Two: U-Boats and Mine Warfare Vessels, London: Conway Maritime Press, 1991, ISBN 1-55750-301-X, p. 109.
  9. ^ a b "Regia Marina Italiana". Cristiano D'Adamo. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  10. ^ Brice, pp. 131–133

Sources

[edit]
  • Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. London: Cassell. ISBN 1-85409-532-3.
  • Blair, Clay (1996). Hitler's U-Boat War, The Hunters 1939–1942. Random House. ISBN 0-394-58839-8.
  • Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.
  • Brice, Martin (1981). Axis Blockade Runners of World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-908-1.
  • Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  • Frank, Willard C. Jr. (1989). "Question 12/88". Warship International. XXVI (1): 95–97. ISSN 0043-0374.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Calvi-class_submarine&oldid=1260553794"