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{{Short description|Federation of states or territories with a republican form of government}}
{{Short description|Federation of states or territories with a republican form of government}}
{{distinguish|federated state}}
{{distinguish|Federated state}}
{{Forms of government}}
{{Forms of government}}
{{republicanism sidebar}}


A '''federal republic''' is a [[federation]] of [[Federated state|states]] with a [[republic]]an form of government.<ref>{{cite web|title=republic|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic}}</ref> At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a monarch".
A '''federal republic''' is a [[federation]] of [[Federated state|states]] with a [[republic]]an form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a [[monarch]] or any [[Aristocracy (class)|hereditary aristocracy]].


In a federal republic, a [[Separation of powers|division of powers]] exists between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to security and defense, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level. However, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a [[Unitary state|unitary republic]], whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.<ref>[[Forum of Federations]]: [http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/FedCountries/FC-USA.pdf], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373–391, 2005.</ref> Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written [[Constitution|constitutional document]].
In a federal republic, a [[division of powers]] exists between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to international affairs and treaties, security and defense, inter-state relations, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level; however, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a [[unitary republic]], whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.<ref>[[Forum of Federations]]: [http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/FedCountries/FC-USA.pdf], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pp. 373–391, 2005.</ref>


The political differences between a federal republic and other [[Federation|federal states]], especially [[Federal monarchy|federal monarchies]] under a [[parliamentary system]] of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with [[Separation of powers#Checks and balances|checks and balances]]. However, some federal monarchies, such as the [[United Arab Emirates]] are based upon principles other than democracy.
Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written [[constitutional]] document. The political differences between a federal republic and other [[Federation|federal states]], especially [[federal monarchies]] under a [[parliamentary system]] of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with [[checks and balances]]; however, some federal monarchies, such as the [[United Arab Emirates]], are based upon principles other than democracy.


Otherwise, federal states primarily contrast with [[unitary state]]s, where the central government retains many of the powers that are delegated to the subdivisions in federal republics. While there are exceptions, the overall tendency is for federal republics to be larger, more populous, and more internally heterogeneous than unitary states, with such larger size and internal heterogeneity being more manageable in a federal system than in a unitary one.
Federal states primarily contrast with unitary states, where the central government retains many of the powers that are delegated to the subdivisions in federal republics. While there are exceptions, the overall tendency is for federal republics to be larger, more populous, and more internally heterogeneous than unitary states, with such larger size and internal heterogeneity being more manageable in a federal system than in a unitary one.


==Contemporary==
==Contemporary==


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable sortable"
!Country!!Official name and [[Style (manner of address)|style]]!![[Administrative division]]s!![[Form of government]]!![[Head of state]]
!Country!!Official name and [[Style (manner of address)|style]]!![[Administrative division]]s!![[Form of government]]!![[Head of state]]!![[Head of government]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|{{flag|Argentina}}
| Argentine Republic
| Argentine Republic
|[[Provinces of Argentina|Provinces]] (23) and autonomous city (1)
|[[Provinces of Argentina|Provinces]] (23) and autonomous city (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Javier Milei]]</div>
|[[Alberto Fernández]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria/ Austria], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Austria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria/ Austria], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Alexander Van der Bellen]]
|[[Alexander Van der Bellen]]
|[[Karl Nehammer]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ Bosnia and Herzegovina], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ Bosnia and Herzegovina], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Entities]] (2) and self-governing district (1)
|[[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Entities]] (2) and self-governing district (1)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Christian Schmidt (politician)|Christian Schmidt]]<br>[[Milorad Dodik]]<br>[[Šefik Džaferović]]<br>[[Željko Komšić]]
|[[Željka Cvijanović]]<br>[[Denis Bećirović]]<br>[[Željko Komšić]]
|[[Borjana Krišto]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Brazil}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[States of Brazil|States]] (26) and [[Federal District (Brazil)|federal district]] (1)
|[[States of Brazil|States]] (26) and [[Federal District (Brazil)|federal district]] (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|Union of the Comoros
|Union of the Comoros

|[[Subdivisions of the Comoros|Autonomous islands]] (3)
|[[Subdivisions of the Comoros|Autonomous islands]] (3)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Azali Assoumani]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Azali Assoumani]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Sahle-Work Zewde]]
|[[Sahle-Work Zewde]]
|[[Abiy Ahmed]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ Germany], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Germany}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ Germany], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
|[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
|[[Olaf Scholz]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|India}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ India], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|India}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ India], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{flag|Iraq}}
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|[[Governorates of Iraq|Governorates]] (19)
|[[Governorates of Iraq|Governorates]] (19)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Barham Salih]]
|[[Abdul Latif Rashid]]
|[[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ Mexico], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Mexico}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ Mexico], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Political divisions of Mexico|States]] (31) and autonomous entity (1)
|[[Political divisions of Mexico|States]] (31) and autonomous entity (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Micronesia}}
|{{flag|Micronesia}}
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|[[Administrative divisions of Micronesia|States]] (4)
|[[Administrative divisions of Micronesia|States]] (4)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[David W. Panuelo]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[David W. Panuelo]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ Nepal], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Nepal}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ Nepal], 14 May 2009</ref>
|Nepal<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNTERM |url=https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na/3922e336-a0f8-4780-b597-d9485555160e |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=unterm.un.org}}</ref>
|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNTERM |url=https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na/3922e336-a0f8-4780-b597-d9485555160e |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=unterm.un.org}}</ref>
|[[Provinces of Nepal|Provinces]] (7)
|[[Provinces of Nepal|Provinces]] (7)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]]
|[[Ram Chandra Poudel]]
|[[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[States of Nigeria|States]] (36) and federal territory (1)
|[[States of Nigeria|States]] (36) and federal territory (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Bola Tinubu]]</div>
|[[Muhammadu Buhari]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ Pakistan], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ Pakistan], 14 May 2009</ref>
Line 98: Line 107:
|[[Administrative units of Pakistan|Provinces]] (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1)
|[[Administrative units of Pakistan|Provinces]] (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Arif Alvi]]
|[[Asif Ali Zardari]]
|[[Shehbaz Sharif]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Russia_2014|title=Text of the Russian constitution in English|publisher=Constituteproject.org}}</ref>
|{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Russia_2014|title=Text of the Russian constitution in English|publisher=Constituteproject.org}}</ref>
Line 105: Line 115:
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|[[Mikhail Mishustin]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{flag|Somalia}}
Line 111: Line 122:
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]] (acting)
|[[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]] (acting)
|[[Hamza Abdi Barre]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
Line 116: Line 128:
|[[States of South Sudan|States]] (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1)
|[[States of South Sudan|States]] (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{flag|Sudan}}
Line 123: Line 135:
|''[[Provisional government]]''
|''[[Provisional government]]''
|[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]
|[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]
|[[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/switzerland/ Switzerland], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Switzerland}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/switzerland/ Switzerland], 14 May 2009</ref>
Line 128: Line 141:
|[[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]] (26)
|[[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]] (26)
|[[Directorial System|Directorial]] [[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Directorial System|Directorial]] [[Parliamentary republic]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council (2023)]]:
|[[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]]:<br>-[[Guy Parmelin]]<br>-[[Ignazio Cassis]]<br>-[[Ueli Maurer]]<br>-[[Simonetta Sommaruga]]<br>-[[Alain Berset]]<br>-[[Karin Keller-Sutter]]<br>-[[Viola Amherd]]
<br>-[[Alain Berset]]
<br>-[[Ignazio Cassis]]
<br>-[[Albert Rösti]]
<br>-[[Élisabeth Baume-Schneider]]
<br>-[[Guy Parmelin]]
<br>-[[Karin Keller-Sutter]]
<br>-[[Viola Amherd]]
</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|United States}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|United States}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[U.S. state|States]] (50), [[District of Columbia|federal district]] (1) and [[Territories of the United States|territories]] (14), [[Territories_of_the_United_States#Minor_Outlying_Islands|nine]] of which are uninhabited.
|[[U.S. state|States]] (50), [[District of Columbia|federal district]] (1) and [[Territories of the United States|territories]] (14), [[Territories_of_the_United_States#Minor_Outlying_Islands|nine]] of which are uninhabited.
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Joe Biden]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Joe Biden]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/ Venezuela], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Venezuela}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/ Venezuela], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[States of Venezuela|States]] (23) and [[Capital District (Venezuela)|capital district]] (1)
|[[States of Venezuela|States]] (23) and [[Capital District (Venezuela)|capital district]] (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Nicolás Maduro]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Nicolás Maduro]]</div>
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Historical==
==Historical==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
!Country!!Official name and [[Style (manner of address)|style]]!!Period of federal form of government!!Administrative divisions
!Country!!Official name and [[Style (manner of address)|style]]!!Period of federal form of government!!Administrative divisions
⚫
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Regency of Algiers.svg}} [[Regency of Algiers]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julien |first=Charles André |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofnorthaf0000juli |title=History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830 |date=1970 |publisher=New York, Praeger |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7100-6614-5 |pages=324}}</ref>|| Regency of Algiers<br/>Kingdom of Algiers ||1563–1830<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaddache |first=Mahfoud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbXkAAAACAAJ |title=L'Algérie des Algériens: de la préhistoire à 1954 |date=2003 |publisher=Paris-Méditerranée |isbn=978-2-84272-166-4 |pages=377 |language=fr |trans-title=Algeria of the Algerians: from prehistory to 1954}}</ref>||[[Western Beylik|Beyliks]]
|-
⚫
|{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]|| Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae ||1569–1795||[[Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Provinces and Voivodeships]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Dutch Republic}} || Republic of the Seven United Netherlands|| 1581–1795 ||[[Province]]s
|{{flag|Dutch Republic}} || Republic of the Seven United Netherlands|| 1581–1795 ||[[Province]]s
Line 154: Line 179:
|{{flag|Gran Colombia}} || Republic of Colombia|| 1819–1831||
|{{flag|Gran Colombia}} || Republic of Colombia|| 1819–1831||
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Republic of Central America.svg}} [[Federal Republic of Central America]] || Federal Republic of Central America|| 1823–1838||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Republic of Central America.svg}} [[Federal Republic of Central America]] || Federal Republic of Central American|| 1823–1838||
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of New Granada.svg}} [[Granadine Confederation]]|| Granadine Confederation || 1858–1863 ||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of New Granada.svg}} [[Granadine Confederation]]|| Granadine Confederation || 1858–1863 ||
Line 160: Line 185:
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Colombia.svg}} [[United States of Colombia]]|| United States of Colombia || 1863–1886 || [[States of Colombia|States]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Colombia.svg}} [[United States of Colombia]]|| United States of Colombia || 1863–1886 || [[States of Colombia|States]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the First Spanish Republic.svg}} [[First Spanish Republic]]|| Spanish Republic || 1873-1874 || [[Cantonal rebellion|Cantons]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the First Spanish Republic.svg}} [[First Spanish Republic]]|| Spanish Republic || 1873-1874 ||
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Beiyang government|Republic of China]] || Republic of China|| 1912–1928 || [[History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–49)|Provinces]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Beiyang government|Republic of China]] || Republic of China|| 1912–1928 || [[History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–49)|Provinces]]
Line 168: Line 193:
|{{flag|Weimar Republic}} || German Reich || 1919–1933 || [[List of historic states of Germany#States of Weimar Germany|States]]
|{{flag|Weimar Republic}} || German Reich || 1919–1933 || [[List of historic states of Germany#States of Weimar Germany|States]]
|-
|-
| {{flag|East Germany|name=East Germany}} || German Democratic Republic || 1949–1952 || [[Administrative divisions of East Germany#Länder in East Germany|States]]
| {{flag|East Germany|name=East Germany}} || German Democratic Republic || 1949–1990 || [[Administrative divisions of East Germany#Länder in East Germany|States]]
|-
|-
| {{flagcountry|USSR}}{{efn|Nominally a federal union of multiple national republics; in practice its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years.}} || Union of Soviet Socialist Republics || 1922–1991 || [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]]
| {{flagcountry|USSR}}{{efn|Nominally a federal union of multiple national republics; in practice its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years.}} || Union of Soviet Socialist Republics || 1922–1991 || [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]]
Line 174: Line 199:
| {{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref name=CIA1991>{{Cite web |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1991/world91b.txt |title=The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991 |access-date=2011-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092520/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1991/world91b.txt |archive-date=2011-05-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)<br/>Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)|| 1945–1992 || [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia#Federal units|Republics]]
| {{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref name=CIA1991>{{Cite web |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1991/world91b.txt |title=The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991 |access-date=2011-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092520/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1991/world91b.txt |archive-date=2011-05-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)<br/>Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)|| 1945–1992 || [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia#Federal units|Republics]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} || Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)
|{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} || Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006)
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
| 1992–2006||[[Republics of Serbia and Montenegro|Constituent republics]]
| 1992–2006||[[Republics of Serbia and Montenegro|Constituent republics]]
|-
|-
Line 184: Line 209:
|{{flag|Cameroon|1961}} || Federal Republic of Cameroon|| 1961–1972 ||
|{{flag|Cameroon|1961}} || Federal Republic of Cameroon|| 1961–1972 ||
|-
|-
|{{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}<ref name=CIA1991/> || Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)<br/>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) || 1969–1990||[[Republics of Czechoslovakia|Republics]]
|{{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}<ref name=CIA1991/> || Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)<br/>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) || 1969–1990 || [[Republics of Czechoslovakia|Republics]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic]]|| Czech and Slovak Federative Republic ||1990–1992||[[Republics of Czechoslovakia|Republics]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic]]|| Czech and Slovak Federative Republic ||1990–1992|| [[Republics of Czechoslovakia|Republics]]
1990) || 1969–1990||[[Republics of Czechoslovakia|Republics]]
⚫
|-
⚫
|{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]|| Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae ||1569–1795||[[Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Provinces and Voivodeships]]
|}
|}


Line 197: Line 219:
* [[Federal monarchy]]
* [[Federal monarchy]]


== Notes and references ==
== Notes ==
{{notes}}
{{notes}}

⚫
{{Reflist|30em}}
== References ==
⚫
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic Republic] at Merriam-Webster


{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}
{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

Latest revision as of 16:36, 1 December 2024

Not to be confused with Federated state.
Part of the Politics series
Basic forms of government
List of forms · List of countries
Source of power
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A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a monarch or any hereditary aristocracy.

In a federal republic, a division of powers exists between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to international affairs and treaties, security and defense, inter-state relations, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level; however, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a unitary republic, whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.[1]

Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written constitutional document. The political differences between a federal republic and other federal states, especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with checks and balances; however, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates, are based upon principles other than democracy.

Federal states primarily contrast with unitary states, where the central government retains many of the powers that are delegated to the subdivisions in federal republics. While there are exceptions, the overall tendency is for federal republics to be larger, more populous, and more internally heterogeneous than unitary states, with such larger size and internal heterogeneity being more manageable in a federal system than in a unitary one.

Contemporary

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Country Official name and style Administrative divisions Form of government Head of state Head of government
 Argentina Argentine Republic Provinces (23) and autonomous city (1) Presidential system
 Austria[2] Republic of Austria States (9) Parliamentary republic Alexander Van der Bellen Karl Nehammer
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[3] Bosnia and Herzegovina Entities (2) and self-governing district (1) Parliamentary republic Željka Cvijanović
Denis Bećirović
Željko Komšić 		Borjana Krišto
 Brazil[4] Federative Republic of Brazil States (26) and federal district (1) Presidential system
 Comoros Union of the Comoros Autonomous islands (3) Presidential system
 Ethiopia[5] Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Regions (10) and chartered cities (2) Parliamentary republic Sahle-Work Zewde Abiy Ahmed
 Germany[6] Federal Republic of Germany States (16) Parliamentary republic Frank-Walter Steinmeier Olaf Scholz
 India[7] Republic of India States (28) and union territories (8) Parliamentary republic Droupadi Murmu Narendra Modi
 Iraq Republic of Iraq Governorates (19) Parliamentary republic Abdul Latif Rashid Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
 Mexico[8] United Mexican States States (31) and autonomous entity (1) Presidential system
 Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia States (4) Presidential system
   Nepal[9] Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal[10] Provinces (7) Parliamentary republic Ram Chandra Poudel Pushpa Kamal Dahal
 Nigeria[11] Federal Republic of Nigeria States (36) and federal territory (1) Presidential system
 Pakistan[12] Islamic Republic of Pakistan Provinces (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1) Parliamentary republic Asif Ali Zardari Shehbaz Sharif
 Russia[13] Russian Federation Federal subjects (85) Semi-presidential system Vladimir Putin Mikhail Mishustin
 Somalia Federal Republic of Somalia Federal member states (6) Parliamentary republic Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (acting) Hamza Abdi Barre
 South Sudan Republic of South Sudan States (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1) Presidential system
 Sudan Republic of the Sudan States (18) Provisional government Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Osman Hussein
  Switzerland[14] Swiss Confederation Cantons (26) Directorial Parliamentary republic
 United States[15] United States of America States (50), federal district (1) and territories (14), nine of which are uninhabited. Presidential system
 Venezuela[16] Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela States (23) and capital district (1) Presidential system

Historical

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Country Official name and style Period of federal form of government Administrative divisions
Regency of Algiers[17] Regency of Algiers
Kingdom of Algiers		 1563–1830[18] Beyliks
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae 1569–1795 Provinces and Voivodeships
 Dutch Republic Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1581–1795 Provinces
Valais Republic of the Seven Tithings 1613–1798
 Gran Colombia Republic of Colombia 1819–1831
Federal Republic of Central America Federal Republic of Central American 1823–1838
Granadine Confederation Granadine Confederation 1858–1863
United States of Colombia United States of Colombia 1863–1886 States
First Spanish Republic Spanish Republic 1873-1874
Republic of China Republic of China 1912–1928 Provinces
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1917–1922 Republics
 Weimar Republic German Reich 1919–1933 States
 East Germany German Democratic Republic 1949–1990 States
 Soviet Union[a] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991 Republics
 Yugoslavia[19] Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)		 1945–1992 Republics
 Serbia and Montenegro Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)

State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)

1992–2006 Constituent republics
 Burma Union of Burma 1948–1962 States
 Indonesia Republic of the United States of Indonesia 1949–1950[b] States
 Cameroon Federal Republic of Cameroon 1961–1972
 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[19] Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)		 1969–1990 Republics
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 1990–1992 Republics

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Nominally a federal union of multiple national republics; in practice its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years.
  2. ^ The states lived on until a final treaty in 1956 in which Republic of South Maluku and the State of Eastern Sumatra agreed to devolve into the Republic of Indonesia.

References

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  1. ^ Forum of Federations: [1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pp. 373–391, 2005.
  2. ^ CIA World Factbook: Austria, 14 May 2009
  3. ^ CIA World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14 May 2009
  4. ^ CIA World Factbook: Brazil, 14 May 2009
  5. ^ CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia, 14 May 2009
  6. ^ CIA World Factbook: Germany, 14 May 2009
  7. ^ CIA World Factbook: India, 14 May 2009
  8. ^ CIA World Factbook: Mexico, 14 May 2009
  9. ^ CIA World Factbook: Nepal, 14 May 2009
  10. ^ "UNTERM". unterm.un.org. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  11. ^ CIA World Factbook: Nigeria, 14 May 2009
  12. ^ CIA World Factbook: Pakistan, 14 May 2009
  13. ^ "Text of the Russian constitution in English". Constituteproject.org.
  14. ^ CIA World Factbook: Switzerland, 14 May 2009
  15. ^ CIA World Factbook: United States, 14 May 2009
  16. ^ CIA World Factbook: Venezuela, 14 May 2009
  17. ^ Julien, Charles André (1970). History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-7100-6614-5.
  18. ^ Kaddache, Mahfoud (2003). L'Algérie des Algériens: de la préhistoire à 1954 [Algeria of the Algerians: from prehistory to 1954] (in French). Paris-Méditerranée. p. 377. ISBN 978-2-84272-166-4.
  19. ^ a b "The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
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