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{{Short description|English biochemist and Nobel laureate}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|honorific_prefix = [[Professor]]
|name = Rodney Porter
|name = Rodney Porter
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|FRS|FRSE|HonFRCP}}
|birth_name = Rodney Robert Porter
|birth_name = Rodney Robert Porter
|image = Rodney Robert Porter.jpg
|image = Rodney Robert Porter.jpg
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|birth_place = [[Newton-le-Willows]], Lancashire, England
|birth_place = [[Newton-le-Willows]], Lancashire, England
|death_date = {{death date and age|1985|9|6|1917|10|8|df=yes}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1985|9|6|1917|10|8|df=yes}}
|death_place =
|death_place = [[Beacon Hill (Hindhead, Surrey)|Beacon Hill]], Surrey, near [[Guildford]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = English
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Biochemistry]]
|field = [[Biochemistry]]
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[National Institute for Medical Research]]
* [[National Institute for Medical Research]]
* [[Imperial College London]]
* [[University of Oxford]]}}
* [[University of Oxford]]}}
|alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
|education = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Liverpool]] (BSc)
* [[University of Liverpool]] (BSc)
* [[University of Cambridge]] (PhD)}}
* [[University of Cambridge]] (PhD)}}
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| thesis_year = 1948
| thesis_year = 1948
| thesis_title = The free amino groups of proteins
| thesis_title = The free amino groups of proteins
|doctoral_advisor = [[Frederick Sanger]]<ref name=sanger>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104121943/http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/rodney_porter_lectures/porter/history.html|archivedate=2015-01-04|url=http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/rodney_porter_lectures/porter/history.html|title=Rodney Porter Memorial Lectures|publisher=University of Oxford|location=Oxford}}</ref>
|doctoral_advisor = [[Frederick Sanger]]<ref name=sanger>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104121943/http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/rodney_porter_lectures/porter/history.html|archive-date=2015-01-04|url=http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/rodney_porter_lectures/porter/history.html|title=Rodney Porter Memorial Lectures|publisher=University of Oxford|location=Oxford}}</ref>
|doctoral_students =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Chemical structure of [[antibody|antibodies]]
|known_for = Chemical structure of [[antibody|antibodies]]
|prizes = {{Plainlist|
|prizes = {{Plainlist|
⚫
* [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] (1966)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] {{small|(1964)}}<ref name="frs"/>
⚫
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1972)
⚫
* [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] <small>(1966)</small>
⚫
* [[Royal Medal]] (1973)
⚫
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] {{small|(1972)}}
* [[Royal Medal]] {{small|(1973)}}
* [[Copley Medal]] (1983)}}
⚫
* [[Copley Medal]] {{small|(1983)}}}}
|religion =
}}
}}
Prof '''Rodney Robert Porter''', [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Perry | first1 = S. V. | authorlink = Samuel Victor Perry| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1987.0017 | title = Rodney Robert Porter. 8 October 1917-6 September 1985 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 33 | pages = 445–89| year = 1987 | jstor = 769960| pmid = 11621436| pmc = }}</ref> [[FRSE]] HFRCP (8 October 1917 – 6 September 1985) was a British [[biochemist]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnstone | first1 = A. P. | last2 = Kerr | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Turner | first3 = M. W. | doi = 10.1016/0022-1759(85)90268-6 | title = Rodney Robert Porter (1917–1985) | journal = Journal of Immunological Methods | volume = 85 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3908556| pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Steiner | first1 = L. A. | title = Rodney Robert Porter (1917–1985) | doi = 10.1038/317383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 317 | issue = 6036 | pages = 383 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3900741| pmc = | bibcode = 1985Natur.317..383S }}</ref> and [[Nobel laureate]].<ref>{{Cite journal
'''Rodney Robert Porter''' (8 October 1917 – 6 September 1985) was a British [[biochemist]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnstone | first1 = A. P. | last2 = Kerr | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Turner | first3 = M. W. | doi = 10.1016/0022-1759(85)90268-6 | title = Rodney Robert Porter (1917–1985) | journal = Journal of Immunological Methods | volume = 85 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3908556| bibcode = 1985Natur.317..383S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Steiner | first1 = L. A. | title = Rodney Robert Porter (1917–1985) | doi = 10.1038/317383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 317 | issue = 6036 | pages = 383 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3900741| bibcode = 1985Natur.317..383S | s2cid = 4334421 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[Nobel laureate]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Raju | first1 = T. N.
| last1 = Raju | first1 = T. N.
| title = The Nobel chronicles. 1972: Gerald M Edelman (b 1929) and Rodney R Porter (1917-85)
| title = The Nobel chronicles. 1972: Gerald M Edelman (b 1929) and Rodney R Porter (1917–85)
| journal = Lancet
| journal = Lancet
| volume = 354
| volume = 354
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| pmid = 10501404
| pmid = 10501404
| doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76658-7
| doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76658-7
| s2cid = 54380536
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Schlesinger | first1 = M.
| last1 = Schlesinger | first1 = M.
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| last1 = Harboe | first1 = M.
| last1 = Harboe | first1 = M.
| title = Nobel prize for immunoglobulin research
| title = Nobel prize for immunoglobulin research
| journal = Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke
| journal = Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
| volume = 92
| volume = 92
| issue = 34
| issue = 34
Line 65: Line 64:


==Education and early life==
==Education and early life==
He was born in [[Newton-le-Willows]], Lancashire, England, the son of Joseph Lawrence Porter, chief clerk of the Railway Carriage and Wagon Works in Earlestown (Newton-le-Willows), and his wife, Isabel May Reese. He was educated at [[Ashton-in-Makerfield]] Grammar School.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}</ref>
He was born in [[Newton-le-Willows]], Lancashire, England, the son of Joseph Lawrence Porter, chief clerk of the Railway Carriage and Wagon Works in Earlestown (Newton-le-Willows), and his wife, Isabel May Reese. He was educated at [[Ashton-in-Makerfield]] Grammar School.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}</ref>


Rodney Robert Porter received his Bachelor of Science degree from the [[University of Liverpool]] in 1939 for [[Biochemistry]].
Rodney Robert Porter received his Bachelor of Science degree from the [[University of Liverpool]] in 1939 for [[Biochemistry]].


His career was interrupted by the [[Second World War]] during which he served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the [[Royal Engineers]] serving in Sicily and North Africa. In 1944 he was promoted to Major and transferred to the [[Royal Army Service Corps]] acting as a War Department analyst, based in [[Naples]] in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}</ref>
His career was interrupted by [[World War II]] during which he served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the [[Royal Engineers]] serving in Sicily and North Africa. In 1944 he was promoted to Major and transferred to the [[Royal Army Service Corps]] acting as a War Department analyst, based in [[Naples]] in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}</ref>


After the war he moved to the [[University of Cambridge]] where he became [[Fred Sanger]]'s first [[PhD]] student.<ref name=sanger/> He was awarded his doctorate (PhD) in 1948.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/477_33.html Britannica Information on Rodney Porter]</ref><ref>[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1972/porter-bio.html Nobel Prize Biography of Rodney Porter]</ref>
After the war he moved to the [[University of Cambridge]] where he became [[Fred Sanger]]'s first [[PhD]] student.<ref name=sanger/> He was awarded his doctorate (PhD) in 1948.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/477_33.html Britannica Information on Rodney Porter]</ref><ref>{{Nobelprize|name=Rodney R. Porter|accessdate=2020-10-11}}</ref>


==Career and research==
==Career and research==
Line 77: Line 76:


==Awards and honours==
==Awards and honours==
Porter was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1964|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1964]].<ref name="frs"/> He won the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] in 1966.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} In 1972, Porter shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Gerald M. Edelman]] for determining the chemical structure of an [[antibody]].<ref>{{cite journal
Porter was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1964|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1964]].<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Perry | first1 = S. V. | author-link = Samuel Victor Perry| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1987.0017 | title = Rodney Robert Porter. 8 October 1917-6 September 1985 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 33 | pages = 445–89| year = 1987 | jstor = 769960| pmid = 11621436| doi-access = free }}</ref> He won the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rodney R. Porter |url=https://gairdner.org/winners/index-of-winners/?_sfm_winner_year=1966+1968#Rodney_R._Porter |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Gairdner Foundation}}</ref> In 1972, Porter shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Gerald M. Edelman]] for determining the chemical structure of an [[antibody]].<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Kyle
|last=Kyle
|first=R A
|first=R A
|authorlink=
|author2=Shampo M A
|author2=Shampo M A
|date=November 2000
|date=November 2000
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|issue=11
|issue=11
|pages=1110
|pages=1110
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 11075737
| pmid = 11075737
| doi=10.4065/75.11.1110
| doi=10.4065/75.11.1110
|doi-access=free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|year=1986
|year=1986
|title=Proceedings of the International Symposium on "The role and significance of international cooperation in the biomedical sciences." Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Rodney R. Porter. Washington, D.C., September 21–23, 1983
|title=Proceedings of the International Symposium on "The role and significance of international cooperation in the biomedical sciences." Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Rodney R. Porter. Washington, D.C., September 21–23, 1983
Line 98: Line 96:
|issue=3 Pt 2
|issue=3 Pt 2
|pages=S1–229
|pages=S1–229
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3523420
| pmid = 3523420
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Small
|last=Small
|first=P A
|first=P A
|authorlink=
|year=1985
|year=1985
|title=Rod Porter: his gifts to a young scientist
|title=Rod Porter: his gifts to a young scientist
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|issue=10–11
|issue=10–11
|pages=969–71
|pages=969–71
| publisher = | location =
| pmid = 3913473
| pmid = 3913473
|doi=10.1007/BF01119909
|doi=10.1007/BF01119909
|s2cid=10952281
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Pasternak
|last=Pasternak
|first=C A
|first=C A
|authorlink=
|year=1985
|year=1985
|title=Rodney Robert Porter
|title=Rodney Robert Porter
Line 123: Line 118:
|issue=10–11
|issue=10–11
|pages=809–13
|pages=809–13
| publisher = | location =
| pmid = 3913470
| pmid = 3913470
|doi=10.1007/BF01119892
|doi=10.1007/BF01119892
|s2cid=43082617
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|year=1985
|year=1985
|title=Special issue in memory of Rodney Porter
|title=Special issue in memory of Rodney Porter
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|issue=10–11
|issue=10–11
|pages=809–1014
|pages=809–1014
| publisher = | location =
| pmid = 3913469
| pmid = 3913469
| doi =10.1007/bf01119892
| doi =10.1007/bf01119892
| author = Pasternak, Charles A.
| author = Pasternak, Charles A.
|s2cid=43082617
}}</ref> Using the [[enzyme]] [[papain]], he broke the blood's [[immunoglobin]] into fragments, making them easier to study. He also looked into how the blood's immunoglobins react with cellular surfaces.
}}</ref> Using the [[enzyme]] [[papain]], he broke the blood's [[immunoglobin]] into fragments, making them easier to study. He also looked into how the blood's immunoglobins react with cellular surfaces.
He subsequently worked with colleagues Kenneth BM Reid, Robert Sim and Duncan Campbell on developing understanding of the [[Complementarity (molecular biology)|Complement]] Proteins associated with defence against infection.
He subsequently worked with colleagues Kenneth BM Reid, Robert Sim and Duncan Campbell on developing understanding of the [[Complementarity (molecular biology)|Complement]] Proteins associated with defence against infection.


In 1991, [[Raymond Dwek]] founded the Oxford Glycobiology Institute at the [[Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford]] and this building was named after Porter as the Rodney Porter building.
In 1991, [[Raymond Dwek]] founded the Oxford Glycobiology Institute at the [[Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford]] and this building was named after Porter as the Rodney Porter building. The department organises the Rodney Porter Memorial Lecture every year.


==Family==
==Family==
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==Death==
==Death==
Porter died following a four car accident on 6 September 1985, near Beacon Hill outside [[Guildford]], as the driver of one of the cars. Julia was only slightly injured in the accident. They had been en route to France for a holiday, just prior to his formal retiral.<ref>Los Angeles Times: 13 September 1985</ref>
Porter died following a four-car accident on 6 September 1985, near
[[Beacon Hill (Hindhead, Surrey)|Beacon Hill]], Surrey, near [[Guildford]], as the driver of one of the cars. Julia was only slightly injured in the accident. They had been en route to France for a holiday, just prior to his formal retirement.<ref>Los Angeles Times: 13 September 1985</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|35em}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Nobelprize|name=Rodney R. Porter}}


{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{1972 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Copley Medallists 1951–2000}}
{{Copley Medallists 1951–2000}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
⚫
[[Category:British Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:English physiologists]]
[[Category:English physiologists]]
[[Category:English biochemists]]
[[Category:English biochemists]]
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[[Category:Whitley Professors of Biochemistry]]
[[Category:Whitley Professors of Biochemistry]]
[[Category:Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London]]
[[Category:Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London]]
⚫
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Royal Army Service Corps officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Merseyside]]

Latest revision as of 18:06, 1 December 2024

Professor
Rodney Porter
CH FRS FRSE HonFRCP
Born
Rodney Robert Porter

(1917-10-08)8 October 1917
Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England
Died6 September 1985(1985-09-06) (aged 67)
Beacon Hill, Surrey, near Guildford
Education
Known forChemical structure of antibodies
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
Institutions
ThesisThe free amino groups of proteins (1948)
Doctoral advisorFrederick Sanger[1]

Rodney Robert Porter (8 October 1917 – 6 September 1985) was a British biochemist[2][3] and Nobel laureate.[4][5][6]

Education and early life

[edit]

He was born in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England, the son of Joseph Lawrence Porter, chief clerk of the Railway Carriage and Wagon Works in Earlestown (Newton-le-Willows), and his wife, Isabel May Reese. He was educated at Ashton-in-Makerfield Grammar School.[7]

Rodney Robert Porter received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Liverpool in 1939 for Biochemistry.

His career was interrupted by World War II during which he served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers serving in Sicily and North Africa. In 1944 he was promoted to Major and transferred to the Royal Army Service Corps acting as a War Department analyst, based in Naples in Italy.[8]

After the war he moved to the University of Cambridge where he became Fred Sanger's first PhD student.[1] He was awarded his doctorate (PhD) in 1948.[9][10]

Career and research

[edit]

Porter worked for the National Institute for Medical Research for eleven years (1949–1960) before joining St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College London and becoming the Pfizer Professor of Immunology. In 1967 he was appointed Whitley Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford, and Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. His colleague Elizabeth Press (Betty Press) worked with him at NIMR, St Mary's and at Oxford contributing extensively to the work which led to the Nobel Prize.

Awards and honours

[edit]

Porter was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1964.[11] He won the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1966.[12] In 1972, Porter shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Gerald M. Edelman for determining the chemical structure of an antibody.[13][14][15][16][17] Using the enzyme papain, he broke the blood's immunoglobin into fragments, making them easier to study. He also looked into how the blood's immunoglobins react with cellular surfaces. He subsequently worked with colleagues Kenneth BM Reid, Robert Sim and Duncan Campbell on developing understanding of the Complement Proteins associated with defence against infection.

In 1991, Raymond Dwek founded the Oxford Glycobiology Institute at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford and this building was named after Porter as the Rodney Porter building. The department organises the Rodney Porter Memorial Lecture every year.

Family

[edit]

In 1948 he married Julia New. They had five children together.

Death

[edit]

Porter died following a four-car accident on 6 September 1985, near Beacon Hill, Surrey, near Guildford, as the driver of one of the cars. Julia was only slightly injured in the accident. They had been en route to France for a holiday, just prior to his formal retirement.[18]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Rodney Porter Memorial Lectures". Oxford: University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015.
  2. ^ Johnstone, A. P.; Kerr, M. A.; Turner, M. W. (1985). "Rodney Robert Porter (1917–1985)". Journal of Immunological Methods. 85 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1985Natur.317..383S. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(85)90268-6. PMID 3908556.
  3. ^ Steiner, L. A. (1985). "Rodney Robert Porter (1917–1985)". Nature. 317 (6036): 383. Bibcode:1985Natur.317..383S. doi:10.1038/317383a0. PMID 3900741. S2CID 4334421.
  4. ^ Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1972: Gerald M Edelman (b 1929) and Rodney R Porter (1917–85)". Lancet. 354 (9183): 1040. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76658-7. PMID 10501404. S2CID 54380536.
  5. ^ Schlesinger, M. (1973). "The 1972 Nobel prize for medicine, G.M. Adelman and R.R. Porter". Harefuah. 84 (1): 41. PMID 4571222.
  6. ^ Harboe, M. (1972). "Nobel prize for immunoglobulin research". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 92 (34): 2363–2365. PMID 4568120.
  7. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.
  8. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.
  9. ^ Britannica Information on Rodney Porter
  10. ^ Rodney R. Porter on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata, accessed 11 October 2020
  11. ^ Perry, S. V. (1987). "Rodney Robert Porter. 8 October 1917-6 September 1985". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 33: 445–89. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1987.0017. JSTOR 769960. PMID 11621436.
  12. ^ "Rodney R. Porter". Gairdner Foundation. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  13. ^ Kyle, R A; Shampo M A (November 2000). "R.R. Porter—the 4-chain structure of immunoglobulin G". Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 (11): 1110. doi:10.4065/75.11.1110. PMID 11075737.
  14. ^ "Proceedings of the International Symposium on "The role and significance of international cooperation in the biomedical sciences." Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Rodney R. Porter. Washington, D.C., September 21–23, 1983". Perspect. Biol. Med. 29 (3 Pt 2): S1–229. 1986. PMID 3523420.
  15. ^ Small, P A (1985). "Rod Porter: his gifts to a young scientist". Biosci. Rep. 5 (10–11): 969–71. doi:10.1007/BF01119909. PMID 3913473. S2CID 10952281.
  16. ^ Pasternak, C A (1985). "Rodney Robert Porter". Biosci. Rep. 5 (10–11): 809–13. doi:10.1007/BF01119892. PMID 3913470. S2CID 43082617.
  17. ^ Pasternak, Charles A. (1985). "Special issue in memory of Rodney Porter". Biosci. Rep. 5 (10–11): 809–1014. doi:10.1007/bf01119892. PMID 3913469. S2CID 43082617.
  18. ^ Los Angeles Times: 13 September 1985
[edit]
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