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{{short description|Family of annelids}}
{{Short description|Family of annelids}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = unid scale worm.jpg
| image = Lepidonotus oculatus MV F164625.png
| image_caption = unidentified scale worm
| image_caption = Dorsal view of ''[[Lepidonotus|Lepidonotus oculatus]]'', a polynoid specimen from the [[Museums Victoria]] collection.
| taxon = Polynoidae
| taxon = Polynoidae
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
Line 8: Line 9:
}}
}}


'''Polynoidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of marine [[Polychaete]] worms known as "scale worms" due to the scale-like [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]] on the dorsal surface. Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera.<ref name="Read">{{cite web |last1=Read |first1=G |last2=Fauchald |first2=K |title=World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856. |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=939 |website=World Register of Marine Species}}</ref> They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]] waters to [[Hadal zone|hadal]] trenches.<ref name=Bonifácio>{{cite journal |last1=Bonifácio |first1=Paulo |last2=Menot |first2=Lénaïck |title=New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=14 November 2018 |volume=185 |issue=3 |page=555–635 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is almost 8% of all segmented worm species.<ref name=Read></ref>
'''Polynoidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of marine [[Polychaete]] worms known as "'''scale worms'''" due to the scale-like [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]] on the dorsal surface. Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera.<ref name="Read">{{cite web |last1=Read |first1=G |last2=Fauchald |first2=K |title=World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856. |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=939 |website=World Register of Marine Species}}</ref> They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]] waters to [[Hadal zone|hadal]] trenches.<ref name=Bonifácio>{{cite journal |last1=Bonifácio |first1=Paulo |last2=Menot |first2=Lénaïck |title=New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=14 November 2018 |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=555–635 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063 |doi-access=free |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00467/57902/60217.pdf }}</ref> They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is almost 8% of all segmented worm species.<ref name=Read />
[[File:Unid scale worm.jpg|thumb| A scale worm moving along the substrate at a depth of 20m in the [[Lembeh Strait]]]]


==Description==
==Description==
⚫
Most Polynoidae species are short and flattened, but can reach as much as 20&nbsp;cm in length and 10&nbsp;cm width in ''[[Eulagisca gigantea]]'' and ''[[Eulagisca uschakovi]]''. Individuals are usually covered almost entirely by [[Elytron (Annelida)|elytra]], which can be shed and regenerated in many species. The elytra of some species are faintly [[bioluminescent]], and leave glowing traces around the mouthparts of their predators, making those predators more likely to be attacked in turn.<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/14-fun-facts-about-marine-bristle-worms-180955773/ |title=14 Fun Facts About Marine Bristle Worms |author1=Frost, Emily |author2=Waters, Hannah |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Smithsonian.com |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>

Most Polynoidae species are short and flattened, but can reach as much as 20&nbsp;cm in length and 10&nbsp;cm width in ''[[Eulagisca gigantea]]''.
⚫
Individuals are usually covered almost entirely by [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]], which can be shed and regenerated in many species. The elytra of some species are faintly [[bioluminescent]], and leave glowing traces around the mouthparts of their predators, making those predators more likely to be attacked in turn.<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/14-fun-facts-about-marine-bristle-worms-180955773/ |title=14 Fun Facts About Marine Bristle Worms |author1=Frost, Emily |author2=Waters, Hannah |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Smithsonian.com |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref>


==Deep sea==
==Deep sea==
⚫
The first deep-sea species of Polynoidae was collected at 1230&nbsp;m during the [[Challenger Expedition]] and a number of subfamilies appear to be restricted to the deep sea below 500&nbsp;m.<ref name=Bonifácio /> Species have colonised submarine caves and [[hydrothermal vents]]. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, fewer segments, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra.<ref name=Bonifácio /><ref name=hatch />

⚫
The first deep-sea species of Polynoidae was collected at 1230 m during the [[Challenger Expedition]] and several a number of subfamilies appear to be restricted to the deep sea below 500m.<ref name=Bonifácio></ref> Species have colonised submarine caves and [[hydrothermal vents]]. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, fewer segments, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra.<ref name=Bonifácio></ref><ref name=hatch></ref>


==Phylogenetic relationships==
==Phylogenetic relationships==
⚫
The Polynoidae has been shown to be [[monophyly|monophyletic]],<ref name=gonzalez>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/cla.12202| issn = 1096-0031| volume = 34| pages = 225–259| last1 = Gonzalez| first1 = Brett C.| last2 = Martínez| first2 = Alejandro| last3 = Borda| first3 = Elizabeth| last4 = Iliffe| first4 = Thomas M.| last5 = Eibye-Jacobsen| first5 = Danny| last6 = Worsaae| first6 = Katrine| title = Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia| journal = Cladistics| date = 2018| issue = 3| pmid = 34645076| s2cid = 89863822| doi-access = free}}</ref> however relationships within the family are unclear and hence the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Macellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norlinder |first1=E |last2=Nygren |first2=A |last3=Wiklund |first3=H |last4=Pleijel |first4=F |title=Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2012 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=490–500 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002 |pmid=22789762 }}</ref> and it has been proposed that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae.<ref name=Bonifácio /> More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamilies was reinstated.<ref name=hatch>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.932.48532| issn = 1313-2989| pages = 27–74| last1 = Hatch| first1 = Avery S.| last2 = Liew| first2 = Haebin| last3 = Hourdez| first3 = Stéphane| last4 = Rouse| first4 = Greg W.| title = Hungry scale worms Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species| journal = ZooKeys| date = 2020-12-05| issue = 932| pmid = 32476973| pmc = 7237507| doi-access = free}}</ref>

⚫
The Polynoidae has recently been shown to be [[monophyly|monophyletic]]<ref name=gonzalez>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/cla.12202| issn = 1096-0031| volume = 34| pages = 225–259| last1 = Gonzalez| first1 = Brett C.| last2 = Martínez| first2 = Alejandro| last3 = Borda| first3 = Elizabeth| last4 = Iliffe| first4 = Thomas M.| last5 = Eibye-Jacobsen| first5 = Danny| last6 = Worsaae| first6 = Katrine| title = Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia| journal = Cladistics| date = 2018}}</ref> however within the family relationships are unclear and hence the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Macellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norlinder |first1=E |last2=Nygren |first2=A |last3=Wiklund |first3=H |last4=Pleijel |first4=F |title=Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2012 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=490–500 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002 |pmid=22789762 }}</ref> and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae.<ref name=Bonifácio></ref> More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamiles was reinstated.<ref name=hatch>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.932.48532| issn = 1313-2989| volume = 932| pages = 27–74| last1 = Hatch| first1 = Avery S.| last2 = Liew| first2 = Haebin| last3 = Hourdez| first3 = Stéphane| last4 = Rouse| first4 = Greg W.| title = Hungry scale worms Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species| journal = ZooKeys| date = 2020-12-05| doi-access = free}}</ref>


==Genera==
==Genera==
The following Polynoidae genera are recognised as valid as of June 2020:<ref name=Read></ref>
The following Polynoidae genera are recognised as valid as of June 2020:<ref name=Read />


{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*''[[Acanthicolepis]]''
*''[[Acanthicolepis]]''
*''[[Acholoe (animal)|Acholoe]]''
*''[[Acholoe (annelid)|Acholoe]]''
*''[[Admetella]]''
*''[[Admetella]]''
*''[[Adyte]]''
*''[[Adyte]]''
Line 46: Line 44:
*''[[Austrolaenilla]]''
*''[[Austrolaenilla]]''
*''[[Austropolaria]]''
*''[[Austropolaria]]''

*''[[Barrukia]]''
*''[[Barrukia]]''
*''[[Bathyadmetella]]''
*''[[Bathyadmetella]]''
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*''[[Brychionoe]]''
*''[[Brychionoe]]''
*''[[Bylgides]]''
*''[[Bylgides]]''

*''[[Capitulatinoe]]''
*''[[Capitulatinoe]]''
*''[[Cervilia]]''
*''[[Cervilia]]''
*''[[Chaetacanthus]]''
*''[[Chaetacanthus (annelid)|Chaetacanthus]]''

*''[[Dilepidonotus]]''
*''[[Dilepidonotus]]''
*''[[Diplaconotum]]''
*''[[Diplaconotum]]''
Line 87: Line 82:
*''[[Drieschella]]''
*''[[Drieschella]]''
*''[[Drieschiopsis]]''
*''[[Drieschiopsis]]''

*''[[Enipo]]''
*''[[Enipo]]''
*''[[Eucranta]]''
*''[[Eucranta]]''
*''[[Eulagisca]]''
*''[[Eulagisca]]''
⚫
*''[[Eumolphe]]''
*''[[Eunoe (annelid)|Eunoe]]''
*''[[Eunoe (annelid)|Eunoe]]''
*''[[Euphione]]''
*''[[Euphione]]''
Line 97: Line 90:
*''[[Eupolynoe]]''
*''[[Eupolynoe]]''
*''[[Euphione]]''
*''[[Euphione]]''

*''[[Frennia]]''
*''[[Frennia]]''

*''[[Gastrolepidia]]''
*''[[Gastrolepidia]]''
*''[[Gattyana]]''
*''[[Gattyana]]''
Line 107: Line 98:
*''[[Gorgoniapolynoe]]''
*''[[Gorgoniapolynoe]]''
*''[[Grubeopolynoe]]''
*''[[Grubeopolynoe]]''

*''[[Halosydna]]''
*''[[Halosydna]]''
*''[[Halosydnella]]''
*''[[Halosydnella]]''
Line 125: Line 115:
*''[[Hylosydna]]''
*''[[Hylosydna]]''
*''[[Hyperhalosydna]]''
*''[[Hyperhalosydna]]''

*''[[Intoshella]]''
*''[[Intoshella]]''

*''[[Kermadecella]]''
*''[[Kermadecella]]''

*''[[Lagisca]]''
*''[[Lagisca]]''
*''[[Lepidametria]]''
*''[[Lepidametria]]''
Line 142: Line 129:
*''[[Levensteiniella]]''
*''[[Levensteiniella]]''
*''[[Lobopelma]]''
*''[[Lobopelma]]''

*''[[Macellicephala]]''
*''[[Macellicephala]]''
*''[[Macellicephaloides]]''
*''[[Macellicephaloides]]''
*''[[Macelloides]]''
*''[[Macelloides]]''
*''[[Malmgrenia]]''
*''[[Malmgrenia]]''
*''[[Malmgreniella]]''
*''[[Medioantenna]]''
*''[[Medioantenna]]''
*''[[Melaenis]]''
*''[[Melaenis]]''
*''[[Minusculisquama]]''
*''[[Minusculisquama]]''

*''[[Natopolynoe]]''
*''[[Natopolynoe]]''
*''[[Neobylgides]]''
*''[[Neobylgides]]''
Line 158: Line 142:
*''[[Neopolynoe]]''
*''[[Neopolynoe]]''
*''[[Nonparahalosydna]]''
*''[[Nonparahalosydna]]''

*''[[Olgalepidonotus]]''
*''[[Olgalepidonotus]]''
*''[[Ophthalmonoe]]''
*''[[Ophthalmonoe]]''

*''[[Parabathynoe]]''
*''[[Parabathynoe]]''
*''[[Paradyte]]''
*''[[Paradyte]]''
Line 184: Line 166:
*''[[Polaruschakov]]''
*''[[Polaruschakov]]''
*''[[Polyeunoa]]''
*''[[Polyeunoa]]''
*''[[Polynoe]]''
*''[[Polynoe(annelid)|Polynoe]]''
*''[[Polynoella]]''
*''[[Polynoella]]''
*''[[Polynoina]]''
*''[[Polynoina]]''
Line 190: Line 172:
*''[[Pseudohalosydna]]''
*''[[Pseudohalosydna]]''
*''[[Pseudopolynoe]]''
*''[[Pseudopolynoe]]''

*''[[Robertianella]]''
*''[[Robertianella]]''
*''[[Rullieriella]]''
*''[[Rullieriella]]''
*''[[Russellhanleya]]''
*''[[Russellhanleya]]''

*''[[Scalisetosus]]''
*''[[Scalisetosus]]''
*''[[Sheila (annelid)| Sheila ]]''
*''[[Sheila (annelid)|Sheila]]''
*''[[Showapolynoe]]''
*''[[Showapolynoe]]''
*''[[Showascalisetosus]]''
*''[[Showascalisetosus]]''
*''[[Subadyte]]''
*''[[Subadyte]]''

*''[[Telodrieschia]]''
*''[[Telodrieschia]]''
*''[[Telolepidasthenia]]''
*''[[Telolepidasthenia]]''
Line 207: Line 186:
*''[[Thormora]]''
*''[[Thormora]]''
*''[[Tottonpolynoe]]''
*''[[Tottonpolynoe]]''

*''[[Uncopolynoe]]''
*''[[Uncopolynoe]]''

*''[[Vampiropolynoe]]''
*''[[Vampiropolynoe]]''
*''[[Verrucapelma]]''
*''[[Verrucapelma]]''
⚫
*''[[Yodanoe]]''

*''[[Ysideria]]''
*''[[Ysideria]]''
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further information ==
==Further information==
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| author = Brusca, R.C.
| author = Brusca, R.C.
Line 230: Line 207:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080605074349/http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/research/georges_bank/Species_List/Polynoidae.htm List of Polynoidae species]
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Polynoidae.html Animal Diversity Web]
*[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxlist&searchpar=0&tComp=begins&tName=&tComp_authority=begins&tName_authority=&vOnly=1&unacceptreason=&rComp=%3D&tRank=220&pid=939&pName=Polynoidae+Kinberg%2C+1856&pname_remember=1&pname_remember_shown=1&marine=&brackish=&fresh=&terrestrial=&fossil=&image=&basionym=&context_checked=&context_in=0&context_ex=0&nType=&nComp=begins&nName=&person_id=0&action_id=&session_year=1996&session_month=1&session_day=1&session_year_end=2019&session_month_end=8&session_day_end=23&action=search&rSkips=0&adv=1 List of currently accepted Polynoidae species at the World Record of Marine Species]
*[http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/polikey/polikeyweb/pol.html An information system for polychaete families and higher taxa (Polikey)]{{Wikispecies}}
*[https://www.environment.gov.au/science/abrs/online-resources/polikey An information system for polychaete families and higher taxa (Polikey)]
{{Commonscat}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q221318}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q221318}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Phyllodocida]]
[[Category:Phyllodocida]]
[[Category:Annelid families]]
[[Category:Annelid families]]


{{annelid-stub}}

Latest revision as of 05:10, 2 December 2024

Polynoidae
Dorsal view of Lepidonotus oculatus, a polynoid specimen from the Museums Victoria collection.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Suborder: Aphroditiformia
Family: Polynoidae
Genera

See text

Polynoidae is a family of marine Polychaete worms known as "scale worms" due to the scale-like elytra on the dorsal surface. Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera.[1] They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow intertidal waters to hadal trenches.[2] They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is almost 8% of all segmented worm species.[1]

A scale worm moving along the substrate at a depth of 20m in the Lembeh Strait

Description

[edit]

Most Polynoidae species are short and flattened, but can reach as much as 20 cm in length and 10 cm width in Eulagisca gigantea and Eulagisca uschakovi. Individuals are usually covered almost entirely by elytra, which can be shed and regenerated in many species. The elytra of some species are faintly bioluminescent, and leave glowing traces around the mouthparts of their predators, making those predators more likely to be attacked in turn.[3]

Deep sea

[edit]

The first deep-sea species of Polynoidae was collected at 1230 m during the Challenger Expedition and a number of subfamilies appear to be restricted to the deep sea below 500 m.[2] Species have colonised submarine caves and hydrothermal vents. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, fewer segments, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra.[2][4]

Phylogenetic relationships

[edit]

The Polynoidae has been shown to be monophyletic,[5] however relationships within the family are unclear and hence the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Macellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic,[6] and it has been proposed that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae.[2] More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamilies was reinstated.[4]

Genera

[edit]

The following Polynoidae genera are recognised as valid as of June 2020:[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Read, G; Fauchald, K. "World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856". World Register of Marine Species.
  2. ^ a b c d Bonifácio, Paulo; Menot, Lénaïck (14 November 2018). "New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (3): 555–635. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063.
  3. ^ Frost, Emily; Waters, Hannah (1 July 2015). "14 Fun Facts About Marine Bristle Worms". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  4. ^ a b Hatch, Avery S.; Liew, Haebin; Hourdez, Stéphane; Rouse, Greg W. (5 December 2020). "Hungry scale worms Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species". ZooKeys (932): 27–74. doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.48532. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 7237507. PMID 32476973.
  5. ^ Gonzalez, Brett C.; Martínez, Alejandro; Borda, Elizabeth; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny; Worsaae, Katrine (2018). "Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia". Cladistics. 34 (3): 225–259. doi:10.1111/cla.12202. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34645076. S2CID 89863822.
  6. ^ Norlinder, E; Nygren, A; Wiklund, H; Pleijel, F (2012). "Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (2): 490–500. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002. PMID 22789762.

Further information

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polynoidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Polynoidae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polynoidae&oldid=1260709301"