Candaules: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 06:52, 2 December 2024

Candaules (died c.687 BC; Greek: Κανδαύλης, Kandaulēs), also known as Myrsilos (Μυρσίλος),^[1] was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia in the early years of the 7th century BC. According to Herodotus, he succeeded his father Meles as the 22nd and last king of Lydia's Heraclid dynasty. He was assassinated and succeeded by Gyges.^[1]^[2]

Based on an ambiguous line in the work of the Greek poet Hipponax, it was traditionally assumed that the name Candaules meant "hound-choker" among the Lydians.^[3] J. B. Bury and Russell Meiggs (1975) say that Candaules is a Maeonian name meaning "hound-choker".^[2] More recently, however, it has been suggested that the name or title Kandaules is cognate with the Luwian hantawatt(i)– ("king") and probably has Carian origin.^[4] The name or title of Candaules is the origin of the term candaulism, a sexual practice which legend attributed to him.^[5]

Several stories of how the Heraclid dynasty of Candaules ended and the Mermnad dynasty of Gyges began have been related by different authors throughout history, mostly in a mythical vein. In Plato's Republic, Gyges used a magical ring to become invisible and usurp the throne, a plot device which has reappeared in numerous myths and works of fiction throughout history.^[6] The earliest story, related by Herodotus in the 5th century BC, has Candaules betrayed and executed by his wife.^[7]

Herodotus' tale of King Candaules, Gyges and the queen

According to Herodotus in The Histories, Candaules believed his wife to be the most beautiful woman on Earth.^[7] Herodotus does not name the queen but later artists and writers have called her Nyssia.^[8]

Candaules often told his favourite bodyguard, Gyges, how beautiful the queen was and, thinking Gyges did not believe him, urged Gyges to contrive to see her naked. Gyges initially refused as he did not wish to dishonor the queen. Nevertheless, Candaules was insistent and Gyges had no option but to obey his king. So Gyges hid in Candaules' bedroom and, when the queen entered, watched her undress. As she was getting into bed, he quietly left the room, but the queen saw him and realised what had happened.^[9] Herodotus commented: "For with the Lydians, as with most barbarian (i.e., non-Greek) races, it is thought highly indecent even for a man to be seen naked".^[10]

The queen silently swore revenge for her shame. Next day, she summoned Gyges to her chamber. Gyges thought it was a routine request, but she confronted him immediately and presented him with two choices. One was to kill Candaules and seize the throne with Nyssia as his wife. The second was to be executed immediately by her trusted servants. Gyges pleaded with her to relent but she would not. He decided to take the first course of action and assassinate the king. The plan was that he should hide in the royal bedroom as before but this time from the king. After Candaules fell asleep, Gyges crept forward and stabbed him to death.^[10]

Gyges married the queen as she had insisted but many Lydians did not at first accept him as their ruler. In order to prevent a civil war, Gyges offered to have his position confirmed or refused by the Delphic Oracle. He agreed that he would restore the throne to the Heracleidae if the Oracle declared against him. The Oracle supported him and his dynasty was established. The Priestess of the Shrine did add, however, that the Heraclids would have their revenge on Gyges in the fifth generation of the Mermnadae.^[11]

Modern view of the story

The story is rejected by Bury and Meiggs, who assert that the family of Candaules, although descended from Heracles himself, had become degenerate. As a result, Candaules was assassinated c. 687 BC by Gyges, who ushered in a new era for Lydia ruled by his own Mermnadae clan.^[2]

Herodotus' version is included in Michael Ondaatje's 1992 novel The English Patient. The story also figures prominently in Anthony Powell's 1973 novel Temporary Kings, the eleventh volume in the series A Dance to the Music of Time, in which characters discuss a fictitious portrayal of Candaules and Gyges by Tiepolo.^[12]

Alexander von Zemlinsky's opera Der König Kandaules is based on the play Le roi Candaule by André Gide.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Herodotus 1975, p. 43
^ ^a ^b ^c Bury & Meiggs 1975, p. 82
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "A Greek-English Lexicon ("Κανδαύλης")". Perseus Digital Library. Clarendon Press. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
^ Szemerényi, Oswald, "Etyma Latina II (7-18)", Studi Linguistici in onore di Vittore Pisani. Brescia: Paideia. V. 2, 1969, pp. 963–994; Yakubovich, Ilya, Sociolinguistics of the Luwian Language, Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 94-95.
^ Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his book: Psychopathia sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Enke 1886).
^ Plato 1987, pp. 46–47
^ ^a ^b Herodotus 1975, pp. 43–46
^ Gautier, Théophile (1844), Le roi Candaule. This work, a novella, is one example of Nyssia being the queen's name.
^ Herodotus 1975, p. 44
^ ^a ^b Herodotus 1975, p. 45
^ Herodotus 1975, p. 46
^ "Temporary Kings".

Sources

Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1975) [first published 1900]. A History of Greece (Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press. ISBN 0-333-15492-4.
Herodotus (1975) [first published 1954]. Burn, A. R.; de Sélincourt, Aubrey (eds.). The Histories. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051260-8.
Plato (1987) [first published 1955]. Lee, Desmond (ed.). The Republic. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044048-8.
von Krafft-Ebing, Richard (1886). Psychopathia sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie. Stuttgart: Enke.
Strassler, Robert B. The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. Anchor Books, 2009.

External links

Media related to King Candaules at Wikimedia Commons
"Sadyattes/Myrsilus/Candaules" by Jona Lendering at www.livius.org Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Jean-Léon Gérôme, King Candaules, 1858 in the Dahesh Museum of Art, New York
Sheridan, Paul (24 October 2015). "In Defence of King Candaules". Anecdotes from Antiquity. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.

Preceded by Meles	King of Lydia ?–c.687 BC	Succeeded by Gyges

[H43-1] Herodotus 1975, p. 43

[BM82-2] Bury & Meiggs 1975, p. 82

[3] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "A Greek-English Lexicon ("Κανδαύλης")". Perseus Digital Library. Clarendon Press. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

[4] Szemerényi, Oswald, "Etyma Latina II (7-18)", Studi Linguistici in onore di Vittore Pisani. Brescia: Paideia. V. 2, 1969, pp. 963–994; Yakubovich, Ilya, Sociolinguistics of the Luwian Language, Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 94-95.

[5] Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his book: Psychopathia sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Enke 1886).

[P46-6] Plato 1987, pp. 46–47

[H4346-7] Herodotus 1975, pp. 43–46

[8] Gautier, Théophile (1844), Le roi Candaule. This work, a novella, is one example of Nyssia being the queen's name.

[H44-9] Herodotus 1975, p. 44

[H45-10] Herodotus 1975, p. 45

[H46-11] Herodotus 1975, p. 46

[12] "Temporary Kings".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
 {{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
-{{Short description|Bibliographical record of Candaules, last Heraclid king of Libya}}
+{{Short description|King of Lydia (died c. 687 BC)}}
+[[Image:William Etty (1787–1849) – Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed – N00358 – Tate.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''[[Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed]]'' by [[William Etty]].  This image illustrates Herodotus' tale of Candaules and Gyges.]]
+'''Candaules''' (died c.687 BC; {{langx|el|Κανδαύλης}}, ''Kandaulēs''), also known as '''Myrsilos''' (Μυρσίλος),<ref name="H43"/> was a king of the ancient Kingdom of [[Lydia]] in the early years of the 7th century BC. According to [[Herodotus]], he succeeded his father [[Meles of Lydia|Meles]] as the 22nd and last king of Lydia's [[Heracleidae|Heraclid]] dynasty. He was assassinated and succeeded by [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]].<ref name="H43">{{harvnb | Herodotus | 1975 | p=43}}</ref><ref name="BM82">{{harvnb | Bury | Meiggs | 1975 | p=82}}</ref>
+Based on an ambiguous line in the work of the Greek poet [[Hipponax]], it was traditionally assumed that the name ''Candaules'' meant "hound-choker" among the [[Lydians]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*kandau%2Flhs | title=A Greek-English Lexicon ("Κανδαύλης") | last1=Liddell | first1= Henry George | last2= Scott | first2= Robert | publisher= Clarendon Press | website= Perseus Digital Library | access-date= 3 July 2018}}</ref> [[J. B. Bury]] and [[Russell Meiggs]] (1975) say that Candaules is a [[Maeonian]] name meaning "hound-choker".<ref name="BM82"/> More recently, however, it has been suggested that the name or title ''Kandaules'' is cognate with the [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''hantawatt(i)–'' ("king") and probably has [[Carian language |Carian]] origin.<ref>Szemerényi, Oswald, "Etyma Latina II (7-18)", ''Studi Linguistici in onore di Vittore Pisani''. Brescia: Paideia. V. 2, 1969, pp. 963–994; Yakubovich, Ilya, ''Sociolinguistics of the Luwian Language'', Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 94-95.</ref> The name or title of Candaules is the origin of the term [[candaulism]], a [[paraphilia |sexual practice]] which legend attributed to him.<ref>Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his book: ''Psychopathia sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie'' (Stuttgart: Enke 1886).</ref>
-[[Image:Etty-Candaules King of Lydia Shews his Wife to Gyges.JPG|right|thumb|250px|''[[Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed]]'' by [[William Etty]].  This image illustrates Herodotus' tale of Candaules and Gyges.]]
-'''Candaules''' (died c.687 BC; {{lang-el|Κανδαύλης}}, ''Kandaulēs''), also known as '''Myrsilos''' (Μυρσίλος),<ref name="H43"/> was a king of the ancient Kingdom of [[Lydia]] in the early years of the 7th century BC. According to [[Herodotus]], he succeeded his father [[Meles of Lydia|Meles]] as the 22nd and last king of Lydia's [[Heracleidae|Heraclid]] dynasty. He was assassinated and succeeded by [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]].<ref name="H43">{{harvnb | Herodotus | de Sélincourt | 1954 | p=43}}</ref><ref name="BM82">{{harvnb | Bury | Meiggs | 1975 | p=82}}</ref>
+Several stories of how the Heraclid dynasty of Candaules ended and the [[Mermnadae |Mermnad]] dynasty of Gyges began have been related by different authors throughout history, mostly in a [[myth]]ical vein. In [[Plato]]'s ''Republic'', Gyges used a [[magic ring | magical ring]] to become invisible and usurp the throne, a [[plot device]] which has reappeared in numerous myths and works of fiction throughout history.<ref name="P46">{{harvnb |Plato|1987| pp=46–47}}</ref> The earliest story, related by [[Herodotus]] in the 5th century BC, has Candaules betrayed and executed by his wife.<ref name="H4346">{{harvnb | Herodotus | 1975 | pp=43–46}}</ref>
-Based on an ambiguous line in the work of the Greek poet [[Hipponax]], it was traditionally assumed that the name of Candaules meant "hound-choker" among the [[Lydians]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*kandau%2Flhs | title=A Greek-English Lexicon ("Κανδαύλης") | last1=Liddell | first1=Henry George | last2=Scott | first2=Robert | publisher=Clarendon Press | website=Perseus Digital Library | access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> [[J. B. Bury]] and [[Russell Meiggs]] (1975) say that Candaules is a [[Maeonian]] name meaning "hound-choker" and that [[Aryan]] conquerors (the Heraclids in Greek tradition) had occupied the Lydian throne for centuries.<ref name="BM82"/> More recently, however, it has been suggested that the name or title ''Kandaules'' is cognate with the [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''hantawatt(i)–'' ("king") and probably has [[Carian language|Carian]] origin.<ref>Szemerényi, Oswald, “Etyma Latina II (7-18)”, ''Studi Linguistici in onore di Vittore Pisani''. Brescia: Paideia. V. 2, 1969, pp. 963–994; Yakubovich, Ilya, ''Sociolinguistics of the Luwian Language'', Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 94-95.</ref> The name or title ''Candaules'' is the origin of the term [[candaulism]], for a [[paraphilia|sexual practice]] attributed to him by legend.<ref>Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his book: ''Psychopathia sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie'' (Stuttgart: Enke 1886).</ref>
+==Herodotus' tale of King Candaules, Gyges and the queen==
-Several stories of how the Heraclid dynasty of Candaules ended and the [[Mermnadae|Mermnad]] dynasty of Gyges began have been related by different authors throughout history, mostly in a mythical sense. In [[Plato]]'s ''Republic'', Gyges used a magical ring to become invisible and usurp the throne, a [[plot device]] which reappeared in numerous myths and works of fiction throughout history.<ref name="P46">{{harvnb | Plato | Lee | 1955 | p=46–47}}</ref> The earliest story, related by [[Herodotus]] in the 5th century BC, has Candaules betrayed and executed by his wife, Nyssia, in a cautionary tale against pride and possession.<ref name="H4346">{{harvnb | Herodotus | de Sélincourt | 1954 | pp=43–46}}</ref>
+[[File:Jacob_Jordaens_01.JPG|right|thumb|250px|[[Candaules Showing His Wife to Gyges|''Candaules showing Gyges his wife Nyssia'']] by [[Jacob Jordaens]], 1646]]
-==Herodotus' tale of Candaules, Gyges and the naked queen==
-[[File:Jacob Jordaens-King Candaules of Lydia Showing his Wife to Gyges.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Jacob_Jordaens#Candaules,_Nussia,_and_Gyges|Jacob Jordaens.]] ''Candaules showing Gyges his wife Nyssia.'' This image illustrates Herodotus' tale of Candaules and Gyges.]]
 According to [[Herodotus]] in ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|The Histories]]'', Candaules believed his wife to be the most beautiful woman on Earth.<ref name="H4346"/> Herodotus does not name the queen but later artists and writers have called her Nyssia.<ref>[[Théophile Gautier|Gautier, Théophile]] (1844), ''Le roi Candaule''. This work, a novella, is one example of Nyssia being the queen's name.</ref>
-Candaules often told his favourite bodyguard, Gyges, how beautiful the queen was and, thinking Gyges did not believe him, urged Gyges to contrive to see her naked. Gyges initially refused as he did not wish to dishonor the queen. Nevertheless, Candaules was insistent and Gyges had no option but to obey his king. So Gyges hid in Candaules' bedroom and, when the queen entered, watched her undress. As she was getting into bed, he quietly left the room, but the queen saw him and realised what had happened.<ref name="H44">{{harvnb | Herodotus | de Sélincourt | 1954 | p=44}}</ref> Herodotus commented: "For with the Lydians, as with most barbarian (i.e., non-Greek) races, it is thought highly indecent even for a man to be seen naked".<ref name="H45">{{harvnb | Herodotus | de Sélincourt | 1954 | p=45}}</ref>
+Candaules often told his favourite bodyguard, Gyges, how beautiful the queen was and, thinking Gyges did not believe him, urged Gyges to contrive to see her naked. Gyges initially refused as he did not wish to dishonor the queen. Nevertheless, Candaules was insistent and Gyges had no option but to obey his king. So Gyges hid in Candaules' bedroom and, when the queen entered, watched her undress. As she was getting into bed, he quietly left the room, but the queen saw him and realised what had happened.<ref name="H44">{{harvnb | Herodotus | 1975 | p=44}}</ref> Herodotus commented: "For with the Lydians, as with most barbarian (i.e., non-Greek) races, it is thought highly indecent even for a man to be seen naked".<ref name="H45">{{harvnb | Herodotus | 1975 | p=45}}</ref>
 The queen silently swore revenge for her shame. Next day, she summoned Gyges to her chamber. Gyges thought it was a routine request, but she confronted him immediately and presented him with two choices. One was to kill Candaules and seize the throne with Nyssia as his wife. The second was to be executed immediately by her trusted servants. Gyges pleaded with her to relent but she would not. He decided to take the first course of action and assassinate the king. The plan was that he should hide in the royal bedroom as before but this time from the king. After Candaules fell asleep, Gyges crept forward and stabbed him to death.<ref name="H45"/>
-Gyges married the queen as she had insisted but many Lydians did not at first accept him as their ruler. In order to prevent a civil war, Gyges offered to have his position confirmed or refused by the [[Pythia|Delphic Oracle]]. He agreed that he would restore the throne to the Heracleidae if the Oracle declared against him. The Oracle supported him and his dynasty was established. The Priestess of the Shrine did add, however, that the Heraclids would have their revenge on Gyges in the [[Croesus|fifth generation]] of the Mermnadae.<ref name="H46">{{harvnb | Herodotus | de Sélincourt | 1954 | p=46}}</ref>
+Gyges married the queen as she had insisted but many Lydians did not at first accept him as their ruler. In order to prevent a civil war, Gyges offered to have his position confirmed or refused by the [[Pythia|Delphic Oracle]]. He agreed that he would restore the throne to the Heracleidae if the Oracle declared against him. The Oracle supported him and his dynasty was established. The Priestess of the Shrine did add, however, that the Heraclids would have their revenge on Gyges in the [[Croesus|fifth generation]] of the Mermnadae.<ref name="H46">{{harvnb | Herodotus | 1975 | p=46}}</ref>
 ===Modern view of the story===
 The story is rejected by Bury and Meiggs, who assert that the family of Candaules, although descended from [[Heracles]] himself, had become degenerate. As a result, Candaules was assassinated {{circa}} 687 BC by Gyges, who ushered in a new era for Lydia ruled by his own [[Mermnadae]] clan.<ref name="BM82"/>
-Herodotus's version is included in [[Michael Ondaatje]]'s 1992 novel'' [[The English Patient]]''.
+Herodotus' version is included in [[Michael Ondaatje]]'s 1992 novel ''[[The English Patient]]''. The story also figures prominently in [[Anthony Powell]]'s 1973 novel ''[[Temporary Kings]]'', the eleventh volume in the series ''[[A Dance to the Music of Time]]'', in which characters discuss a fictitious portrayal of Candaules and Gyges by [[Tiepolo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anthonypowell.org/temporary-kings/|title = Temporary Kings}}</ref>
+[[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]'s opera ''[[Der König Kandaules]]'' is based on the play ''Le roi Candaule'' by [[André Gide]].
 ==See also==
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 ==Sources==
-* {{cite book | last1=Bury | first1=J. B. | author1-link=J. B. Bury | last2=Meiggs | first2=Russell | author2-link=Russell Meiggs | title=A History of Greece (Fourth Edition) | year=1975 | orig-year=first published 1900 | publisher=MacMillan Press | location=London | isbn=0-333-15492-4}}
+* {{cite book | last1=Bury | first1=J. B. | author1-link=J. B. Bury | last2=Meiggs | first2=Russell | author2-link=Russell Meiggs | title=A History of Greece | year=1975 | orig-year=first published 1900 | publisher=MacMillan Press | location=London | isbn=0-333-15492-4| edition=Fourth }}
 * {{cite book | last=Herodotus | author-link=Herodotus | title=The Histories | editor1-last=Burn | editor1-first=A. R. | editor2-last=de Sélincourt | editor2-first=Aubrey | publisher=Penguin Books | location=London | year=1975 | orig-year=first published 1954 | isbn=0-14-051260-8}}
 * {{cite book | last=Plato | author-link=Plato | title=The Republic | editor1-last=Lee | editor1-first=Desmond | publisher=Penguin Books | location=London | year=1987 | orig-year=first published 1955 | isbn=0-14-044048-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/republic1987plat }}
 * {{cite book | last=von Krafft-Ebing | first=Richard | author-link=Richard von Krafft-Ebing | title=Psychopathia sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie | year=1886 | publisher=Enke | location=Stuttgart}}
+* Strassler, Robert B. ''The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories''. Anchor Books, 2009.
 ==External links==
 * {{commons category inline|King Candaules}}
-* [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/sadyattes_i.html "Sadyattes/Myrsilus/Candaules" by Jona Lendering at www.livius.org]
+* [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/sadyattes_i.html "Sadyattes/Myrsilus/Candaules" by Jona Lendering at www.livius.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221018/http://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/sadyattes_i.html |date=29 October 2013 }}
 * [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713235040/http://www.daheshmuseum.org/collection/detail.php?object=geromej_4  ''King Candaules'', 1858] in the [[Dahesh Museum of Art]], New York
 * {{cite web | last = Sheridan | first = Paul | title = In Defence of King Candaules | publisher = Anecdotes from Antiquity | date = 2015-10-24 | url = http://www.anecdotesfromantiquity.net/in-defence-of-king-candaules/ | access-date = 2015-10-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160117154457/http://www.anecdotesfromantiquity.net/in-defence-of-king-candaules/ | archive-date = 17 January 2016 | url-status = dead }}
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 [[Category:680s BC deaths]]
 [[Category:7th-century BC murdered monarchs]]
-[[Category:7th-century BC rulers in Asia]]
+[[Category:7th-century BC monarchs in Asia]]
-[[Category:Deaths by blade weapons]]
+[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
 [[Category:Heracleidae]]
 [[Category:Kings of Lydia]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany