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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Pléiades-HR 1A, Pléiades-HR 1B
| name = Pléiades-1A and Pléiades-1B
| names_list =
| names_list =
| image = Pléiades (satellite).jpg
| image = Pléiades (satellite).jpg
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| image_size = 300px
| image_size = 300px


| mission_type = [[Earth observation]]
| mission_type = [[Earth observation]]/[[Reconnaissance satellite|Reconnaissance]]
| operator = [[CNES]]
| operator = [[CNES]]
| COSPAR_ID = '''1A''': 2011-076F<br/>'''1B''': 2012-068A
| COSPAR_ID = '''1A''': 2011-076F<br/>'''1B''': 2012-068A
| SATCAT = '''1A''': 38012<br/>'''1B''': 39019
| SATCAT = '''1A''': 38012<br/>'''1B''': 39019
| website = [[https://pleiades.cnes.fr/en/PLEIADES/index.htm|Pléiades]]
| website = [https://pleiades.cnes.fr/en/PLEIADES/index.htm CNES (Pléiades satellites)]
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned)
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned)


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| launch_mass = {{cvt|970|kg}} (each)
| launch_mass = {{cvt|970|kg}} (each)
| dimensions =
| dimensions =
| power =
| power =


| launch_date = '''1A''': {{start date|df=yes|2011|12|17|02|03|7=Z}}<br/>'''1B''': {{start date|df=yes|2012|12|02|02|02|7=Z}}
| launch_date = '''1A''': {{start date|df=yes|2011|12|17|02|03|7=Z}}<br/>'''1B''': {{start date|df=yes|2012|12|02|02|02|7=Z}}
| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz ST-A]] / [[Fregat]]
| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz ST-A]] / [[Fregat]]
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz|ELS]]
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz|ELS]]
| launch_contractor =
| launch_contractor =


| entered_service =
| entered_service =
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| deactivated =
| deactivated =
| destroyed =
| destroyed =
| last_contact =
| last_contact =


| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
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}}
}}


The '''Pléiades''' [[Satellite constellation|constellation]] is composed of two very-high-resolution optical [[Earth-imaging satellite]]s. '''Pléiades-HR 1A''' and '''Pléiades-HR 1B''' provide the coverage of Earth's surface with a repeat cycle of 26 days.<ref>"[http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/GP_systeme.htm Pléiades System CNES]"</ref> Designed as a dual civil/military system, Pléiades will meet the space imagery requirements of [[Europe]]an defence as well as civil and commercial needs.
The '''Pléiades''' [[Satellite constellation|constellation]] is composed of two very-high-resolution optical [[Earth-imaging satellite]]s. '''Pléiades-1A''' and '''Pléiades-1B''' provide the coverage of Earth's surface with a repeat cycle of 26 days.<ref>"[http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/GP_systeme.htm Pléiades System CNES]"</ref> Designed as a dual civil/military system, Pléiades will meet the space imagery requirements of European defence as well as civil and commercial needs.


== History ==
== History ==
The Pléiades system was designed under the French-Italian [[Orfeo Programme|ORFEO Programme]] (Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation) between 2001 and 2003.<ref>"[http://www.cnes-multimedia.fr/cnes_fr/cnesmag/cnesmag17_FR_cooperation.pdf Pléiades CNES Mag]"</ref>
The Pléiades system was designed under the French-Italian [[Orfeo Programme|ORFEO Programme]] (Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation) between 2001 and 2003.<ref>"[http://www.cnes-multimedia.fr/cnes_fr/cnesmag/cnesmag17_FR_cooperation.pdf Pléiades CNES Mag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212252/http://www.cnes-multimedia.fr/cnes_fr/cnesmag/cnesmag17_FR_cooperation.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }}"</ref>


The Pléiades programme was launched in October 2003 with [[CNES]] (the French space agency) as the overall system prime contractor and [[EADS Astrium]] as the prime contractor for the space segment.
The Pléiades programme was launched in October 2003 with [[CNES]] (the French space agency) as the overall system prime contractor and [[EADS Astrium]] as the prime contractor for the space segment.
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== Launches ==
== Launches ==
* '''Pléiades-HR 1A''' was launched via a Russian [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz ST-A]] launch vehicle of the [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]], on 17 December 2011 at 02:03 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].
* '''Pléiades-1A''' was launched via a Russian [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz ST-A]] launch vehicle of the [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]], on 17 December 2011 at 02:03 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].
⚫
* '''Pléiades-1B''' was launched via a Russian [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz ST-A]] launch vehicle of the [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]], on 2 December 2012 at 02:02 UTC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-france-russia-idUSBRE8B101L20121202|title=Soyuz rocket blasts off from French Guiana|work=Reuters|date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forum-conquete-spatiale.fr/t14423p45-lancement-soyouz-st-a-vs04-pleiades-1b-2-decembre-2012|title=Lancement Soyouz-ST-A VS04 / Pléiades-1B|publisher=forum-conquete-spatiale.fr}}</ref>

⚫
* '''Pléiades-HR 1B''' was launched via a Russian [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz ST-A]] launch vehicle of the [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]], on 2 December 2012 at 02:02 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-france-russia-idUSBRE8B101L20121202|title=Soyuz rocket blasts off from French Guiana|agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forum-conquete-spatiale.fr/t14423p45-lancement-soyouz-st-a-vs04-pleiades-1b-2-decembre-2012|title=Lancement Soyouz-ST-A VS04 / Pléiades-1B|publisher=forum-conquete-spatiale.fr}}</ref>


== Technologies ==
== Technologies ==
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|title=Pleiades eoPortal Directory|publisher=eoPortal|access-date=2015-06-04}}</ref>
|title=Pleiades eoPortal Directory|publisher=eoPortal|access-date=2015-06-04}}</ref>
* Orbit: Sun-synchronous, phased, near-circular
* Orbit: Sun-synchronous, phased, near-circular
* Mean altitude: 695 km
* Mean altitude: 695&nbsp;km


=== Innovation ===
=== Equipment ===
Equipped with innovative latest-generation space technologies like [[fibre-optic gyroscope]]s and [[control moment gyroscope]]s, Pléiades-HR 1A, and 1B offer exceptional roll, pitch, and yaw (slew) agility, enabling the system to maximize the number of acquisitions above a given area.
Equipped with technologies like [[fibre-optic gyroscope]]s and [[control moment gyroscope]]s, Pléiades-HR 1A, and 1B offer roll, pitch, and yaw (slew) agility, enabling the system to maximize the number of acquisitions above a given area.


=== Agility for Responsive Tasking ===
=== Agility for Responsive Tasking ===
This agility coupled with particularly dynamic image acquisition programming make the Pléiades system very responsive to specific user requirements. Individual user requests was answered in record time, thanks to multiple programming plans per day and a state-of-the-art image processing chain. Performance at a glance:
This agility coupled with particularly dynamic image acquisition programming make the Pléiades system very responsive to specific user requirements. Individual user requests was answered in record time, thanks to multiple programming plans per day and a state-of-the-art image processing chain. Performance at a glance:
* Image acquisition anywhere within an 800-km-wide ground strip with 70 cm of resolution
* Image acquisition anywhere within an 800-km-wide ground strip with 70&nbsp;cm of resolution
* Along-track stereo and tri-stereo image acquisition
* Along-track stereo and tri-stereo image acquisition
* Single-pass collection of mosaics (strip-mapping) with a footprint up to a square degree
* Single-pass collection of mosaics (strip-mapping) with a footprint up to a square degree
* Maximum theoretical acquisition capacity of 1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> per day and per satellite
* Maximum theoretical acquisition capacity of 1,000,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> per day and per satellite
* Optimized daily acquisition capacity (taking into account genuine order book, weather constraints, conflicts...) reaching 300,000 km<sup>2</sup> per day and per satellite
* Optimized daily acquisition capacity (taking into account genuine order book, weather constraints, conflicts...) reaching 300,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> per day and per satellite


=== Products ===
=== Products ===
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|-
|-
|align="center" | '''Resolution'''
|align="center" | '''Resolution'''
|align="left" | Panchromatic: 50 cm
|align="left" | Panchromatic: 50&nbsp;cm
|-
|-
|
|
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|-
|-
|
|
|align="left" | Pansharpened: 50 cm
|align="left" | Pansharpened: 50&nbsp;cm
|-
|-
|
|
|align="left" | Bundle: 50 cm PAN and 2 m MS
|align="left" | Bundle: 50&nbsp;cm PAN and 2 m MS
|-
|-
|align="center" | '''Footprint'''
|align="center" | '''Footprint'''
|align="left" | 20 km swath
|align="left" | 20&nbsp;km swath
|-
|-
|
|
|align="left" | Single pass mosaics up to 100 x 100 km
|align="left" | Single pass mosaics up to 100 x 100&nbsp;km
|}<ref>"[http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/A_produits.htm Pléiades Products CNES]"</ref>
|}<ref>"[http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/A_produits.htm Pléiades Products CNES]"</ref>


=== Ground receiving stations ===
=== Ground receiving stations ===
When satellite operations begin, four ground receiving stations will be deployed for the direct downlink and archiving of imagery data:
When satellite operations begin, four ground receiving stations will be deployed for the direct downlink and archiving of imagery data:
* Two defence centres in [[France]] and [[Spain]]
* Two defence centres in France and Spain
* Two civil stations: one in [[Toulouse]] (France) and a polar station in [[Kiruna]] ([[Sweden]]), which receives most of the data
* Two civil stations: one in [[Toulouse]] (France) and a polar station in [[Kiruna]] ([[Sweden]]), which receives most of the data


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=== Uplink Stations ===
=== Uplink Stations ===
The Pléiades tasking plan are refreshed and uploaded three times per day, allowing for last minute requests and the ability to utilize up-to-the-minute weather forecasts.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080605/http://www.spotimage.com/automne_modules_files/standard/public/SM46_vo_pleiades.pdf Pléiades Responsive Stations]"</ref>
The Pléiades tasking plan are refreshed and uploaded three times per day, allowing for last minute requests and the ability to utilize up-to-the-minute weather forecasts.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080605/http://www.spotimage.com/automne_modules_files/standard/public/SM46_vo_pleiades.pdf Pléiades Responsive Stations]"</ref>
* The [[Kerguelen Island]] station uploads the morning pass, over [[Europe]], [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].
* The [[Kerguelen Island]] station uploads the morning pass, over Europe, [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].
* The Swedish station takes care of midday orbits, over [[Americas|North and South Americas]].
* The Swedish station takes care of midday orbits, over [[Americas|North and South Americas]].
* The French station transmits the last tasking plan of the day over [[Asia]] and [[Oceania]].
* The French station transmits the last tasking plan of the day over [[Asia]] and [[Oceania]].

== Applications of VHR imagery ==
The Pléiades system is designed for a range of very-high-resolution (VHR, panchromatic: 50 cm), remote sensing applications. These include:
* [[Spatial planning|Land planning]]: detection and identification of small features (e.g. vehicles, roads, bushes)
* [[Agriculture]]: land management and crop yields, location of crop diseases, tree count (palm trees, vineyards...)
* Defense: imagery-derived intelligence and tactical planning in urban/densely populated areas
* [[Homeland security]]: mitigation, assistance in crisis events and post-crisis assessment (particularly earthquakes)
* [[Hydrology]]: topography and drainage basin gradient studies
* [[Forestry]]: illicit deforestation and management of forestry yields; REDD data qualification (sampling)
* [[Maritime patrol|Maritime and littoral surveillance]]: vessel reconnaissance and contamination (oil spill), harbor mapping
* [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]] / [[Asset Monitoring]]: planning of road, rail and oil pipeline corridors
* 3D: flight simulators, high precision mapping, photovoltaic fields implantation...


== See also ==
== See also ==
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[[Category:Twin satellites]]
[[Category:Twin satellites]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]
[[Category:CNES]]

Latest revision as of 08:56, 2 December 2024

Pléiades-1A and Pléiades-1B
Pléiades satellite
Mission typeEarth observation/Reconnaissance
OperatorCNES
COSPAR ID1A: 2011-076F
1B: 2012-068A
SATCAT no.1A: 38012
1B: 39019
WebsiteCNES (Pléiades satellites)
Mission duration5 years (planned)
Spacecraft properties
BusAstrosat-1000
ManufacturerEADS Astrium Satellites
Launch mass970 kg (2,140 lb) (each)
Start of mission
Launch date1A: 02:03, 17 December 2011 (UTC) (2011-12-17T02:03Z)
1B: 02:02, 2 December 2012 (UTC) (2012-12-02T02:02Z)
RocketSoyuz ST-A / Fregat
Launch siteCentre Spatial Guyanais, ELS
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeSun-synchronous orbit
Altitude695 km (432 mi)
Inclination98.2°

The Pléiades constellation is composed of two very-high-resolution optical Earth-imaging satellites. Pléiades-1A and Pléiades-1B provide the coverage of Earth's surface with a repeat cycle of 26 days.[1] Designed as a dual civil/military system, Pléiades will meet the space imagery requirements of European defence as well as civil and commercial needs.

History

[edit]

The Pléiades system was designed under the French-Italian ORFEO Programme (Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation) between 2001 and 2003.[2]

The Pléiades programme was launched in October 2003 with CNES (the French space agency) as the overall system prime contractor and EADS Astrium as the prime contractor for the space segment.

Spot Image is the official and exclusive worldwide distributor of Pléiades products and services under a delegated public service agreement.

Launches

[edit]

Technologies

[edit]

Orbit

[edit]

The two satellites operate in the same phased orbit and are offset at 180° to offer a daily revisit capability over any point on the globe. The Pléiades also share the same orbital plane as the SPOT 6 and 7, forming a larger constellation with 4 satellites, 90° apart from one another.[5]

  • Orbit: Sun-synchronous, phased, near-circular
  • Mean altitude: 695 km

Equipment

[edit]

Equipped with technologies like fibre-optic gyroscopes and control moment gyroscopes, Pléiades-HR 1A, and 1B offer roll, pitch, and yaw (slew) agility, enabling the system to maximize the number of acquisitions above a given area.

Agility for Responsive Tasking

[edit]

This agility coupled with particularly dynamic image acquisition programming make the Pléiades system very responsive to specific user requirements. Individual user requests was answered in record time, thanks to multiple programming plans per day and a state-of-the-art image processing chain. Performance at a glance:

  • Image acquisition anywhere within an 800-km-wide ground strip with 70 cm of resolution
  • Along-track stereo and tri-stereo image acquisition
  • Single-pass collection of mosaics (strip-mapping) with a footprint up to a square degree
  • Maximum theoretical acquisition capacity of 1,000,000 km2 per day and per satellite
  • Optimized daily acquisition capacity (taking into account genuine order book, weather constraints, conflicts...) reaching 300,000 km2 per day and per satellite

Products

[edit]
Resolution Panchromatic: 50 cm
Multispectral: 2 m
Pansharpened: 50 cm
Bundle: 50 cm PAN and 2 m MS
Footprint 20 km swath
Single pass mosaics up to 100 x 100 km

[6]

Ground receiving stations

[edit]

When satellite operations begin, four ground receiving stations will be deployed for the direct downlink and archiving of imagery data:

  • Two defence centres in France and Spain
  • Two civil stations: one in Toulouse (France) and a polar station in Kiruna (Sweden), which receives most of the data

Regional receiving stations (fixed or mobile) are subsequently installed at the request of users.

[edit]

The Pléiades tasking plan are refreshed and uploaded three times per day, allowing for last minute requests and the ability to utilize up-to-the-minute weather forecasts.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Pléiades System CNES"
  2. ^ "Pléiades CNES Mag Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine"
  3. ^ "Soyuz rocket blasts off from French Guiana". Reuters. 2 December 2012.
  4. ^ "Lancement Soyouz-ST-A VS04 / Pléiades-1B". forum-conquete-spatiale.fr.
  5. ^ "Pleiades eoPortal Directory". eoPortal. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  6. ^ "Pléiades Products CNES"
  7. ^ "Pléiades Responsive Stations"
[edit]
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