Lango people: Difference between revisions
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| group = Lango |
| group = Lango |
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| flag = Flag of the Lango People.svg |
| flag = Flag of the Lango People.svg |
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| total = 2,131,495<ref>{{Cite |
| total = 2,131,495<ref name="mr1">{{Cite journal|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/uganda/|title=Uganda - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date=19 June 2015|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |title=National Population and Housing Census 2014 - Main Report |url=https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182014_National_Census_Main_Report.pdf}}</ref> |
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| image = Lango subregion.png |
| image = Lango subregion.png |
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| caption = Lango sub-region |
| caption = Lango sub-region |
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| languages = [[Lango dialect]], English |
| languages = [[Lango dialect]], English |
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| religions = [[Christianity]] |
| religions = [[Christianity]] |
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| related_groups = Other [[Nilotic peoples]] especially [[Luo peoples]]<ref |
| related_groups = Other [[Nilotic peoples]] especially [[Luo peoples]]<ref name="mr1"/> |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Lango''' are a [[Nilotic peoples|Nilotic]] ethnic group.<ref |
The '''Lango''' are a [[Nilotic peoples|Nilotic]] ethnic group.<ref name="mr1"/> They live in north-central [[Uganda]], in a region that covers the area formerly known as the [[Lango sub-region|Lango District]] until 1974, when it was split into the districts of [[Apac District|Apac]] and [[Lira District|Lira]], and subsequently into several additional [[Districts of Uganda|districts]]. The current Lango Region now includes the districts of [[Amolatar District|Amolatar]], [[Alebtong District|Alebtong]], [[Apac]], [[Dokolo District|Dokolo]], [[Kole District|Kole]], [[Lira District|Lira]], [[Oyam District|Oyam]], [[Otuke District|Otuke]], and [[Kwania District|Kwania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Invest in Lango |url=https://www.ugandainvest.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Lango-Profile.pdf |publisher=Uganda Investment Authority}}</ref> The total population of Lango District is currently{{when|date=January 2024}} about 2,884,000.<ref name="Census 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report|publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091133/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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[[File:A woman suckling twins, Lango people. Wellcome M0013583.jpg|thumb|A Lango woman suckling twins]] |
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| ⚫ | The Lango people speak the [[Lango language (Uganda)|Lango language]], a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] language of the [[Southern Luo language|Southern Luo]] group.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lango {{!}} Language, Culture, Traditions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lango |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Lango people speak the [[Lango language (Uganda)|Lango language]], a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] language of the [[Southern Luo language|Southern Luo]] group.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lango {{!}} Language, Culture, Traditions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lango |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Early history== |
==Early history== |
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[[File: The living races of mankind; page 360 (IA livingracesofman02hutcrich).jpg|thumb|A Lango chief with an elaborate headdress. Photo published in 1902.]] |
[[File: The living races of mankind; page 360 (IA livingracesofman02hutcrich).jpg|thumb|A Lango chief with an elaborate headdress. Photo published in 1902.]] |
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[[File:Lango House.JPG|thumb|Lango house]] |
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| ⚫ | The Lango [[oral tradition]] states that they were part of the "Lango race" during the [[Migration Period|migration period]]. This group later split into several distinct groups before entering [[Uganda]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Uzoigwe, G. N.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/38562622|title=The beginnings of Lango society : a review of evidence.|oclc=38562622}}</ref> (see Tarantino, Odwe, Crazollara, Uzoigwe). The name “Lango” is found in [[Teso language|Teso]], [[Kumam dialect|Kumam]], [[Karamojong language|Karamojong]], [[Jie people|Jie]], and [[Labwor language|Labwor]] vocabularies, reflecting that how these groups once used to belong to the Lango race.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lango Culture {{!}} Radio Wa |url=https://www.radiowa.org/lango-culture/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Driberg |first=Jack Herbert |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.7769 |title=The Lango: A Nilotic Tribe of Uganda |date=1923 |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. |edition=1st |location=London |pages=34 |language=English |lccn=2021666779}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Lango [[oral tradition]] states that they were part of the "Lango race" during the [[Migration Period|migration period]]. This group later split into several distinct groups before entering [[Uganda]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Uzoigwe, G. N.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/38562622|title=The beginnings of Lango society : a review of evidence.|oclc=38562622}}</ref> (see Tarantino, Odwe, Crazollara, Uzoigwe). The name “Lango” is found in [[Teso language|Teso]], [[Kumam dialect|Kumam]], [[Karamojong language|Karamojong]], [[Jie people|Jie]], and [[Labwor language|Labwor]] vocabularies, reflecting that how these groups once used to belong to the Lango race.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lango Culture {{!}} Radio Wa |url=https://www.radiowa.org/lango-culture/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Driberg |first=Jack Herbert |url=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.7769 |title=The Lango: A Nilotic Tribe of Uganda |date=1923 |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. |edition=1st |location=London |pages=34 |language=English |lccn=2021666779}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
Hutchinson (1902) states: |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Rwot Ogwangguji was born in 1875 in Abedpiny village in [[Lira District]] (Okino, Patrick, and Odongo, Bonney). He was the son of a Rwot (chief) – Rwot Olet Apar, the leader of the Oki clan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Erimayo|first=Olyech|title=The anointing of clan heads among the Lango|publisher=The Uganda Journal|year=1936|location=Makerere University Library}}</ref> His first administrative chief title was the Jago (sub-chief) of Lira. In 1918, he was elected county chief (Rwot) by Erute county, Lango. He continued as Rwot of Erute county until 28 February 1951, and was later on promoted to the title of Rwot Adwong (Senior Chief). Rwot Ogwangguji is known as a chief who bridged "old Lango" into "new Lango" through his extensive work history during a period of many changes in the 20th century in Uganda. He was awarded the M.B.E. in the New Year's Honors in 1956 and subsequently retired in December 1957.<ref name=":1" /> |
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| ⚫ | {{blockquote|"One of the chief nations of the late kingdom of Unyoro are the Lango (Lango, Longo) people, who although often grouped with the [[Nilotic people|Nilotic]] Negroes, are really of the Galla stock and speech. They form, in fact, an important link in the chain of [[Hamites|Hamitic]] peoples who extend from Galla-land through [[Bunyoro|Unyoro]] and Uganda southwards to [[Lake Tanganyika]]. Their territory which occupies both banks of the Somerset or [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] between Foweira and Magungo, extends eastwards beyond Unyoro proper to the valley of the [[Chol (river)|Chol]], one of the chief upper branches of the [[Sobat River|Sobat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="WDL" /> They still preserved their mother tongue amid Bantu and Negroid populations, and are distinguished by their independent spirit, living in small groups, and recognizing no [[tribal chief]], except those chosen to defend the common interest in the time of war"<ref name=":0" /> (p. 360). }} |
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Hutchinson (1902) adds: |
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{{blockquote|"The Lango is especially noted for the care bestowed on their elaborate and highly fantastic head-dress. The prevailing fashion may be described as a kind of a helmet... Lango women, who amongst the finest and most symmetrical of the Equatorial lake regions, wear little clothing or embellishments beyond west-bands, necklaces, armlets, and anklets" (p. 360).}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Rwot Ogwangguji was born in 1875 in Abedpiny village in [[Lira District]] (Okino, Patrick, and Odongo, Bonney). He was the son of a Rwot (chief) – Rwot Olet Apar, the leader of the Oki clan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Erimayo|first=Olyech|title=The anointing of clan heads among the Lango|publisher=The Uganda Journal|year=1936|location=Makerere University Library}}</ref> His first administrative chief title was the Jago (sub-chief) of Lira. In 1918, he was elected county chief (Rwot) by Erute county, Lango. He continued as Rwot of Erute county until 28 February 1951, and was later on promoted to the title of Rwot Adwong (Senior Chief). Rwot Ogwangguji is known as a chief who bridged "old Lango" into "new Lango" through his extensive work history during a period of many changes in the 20th century in Uganda. He was awarded the M.B.E. in the New Year's Honors in 1956 and subsequently retired in December 1957.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Wright, M.J., Uganda Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 1958</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=M. J. |date=1958 |title=The early life of Rwot Isaya Ogwangguji, M.B.E |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=188852239 |journal=Uganda Journal |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |issn=0041-574X}}</ref> |
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==Military== |
==Military== |
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[[Jack Herbert Driberg|Driberg]] described Lango people as: |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{blockquote|"brave and venturesome warriors who have won fear and respect of their neighbours...not being idle witnesses to watching of the misfortunes of their neighbours...treating facts of life with no sense of false modesty..."<ref name=WDL>{{cite web|title=The Lango: A Nilotic Tribe of Uganda|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7769/|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>}} |
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| ⚫ | The Lango army was united under one [[Military rank|military leader]] chosen from available men, and all had to agree to be led by him.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> These [[military]] leaders would lead the Lango [[army]] against other groups. Their authority ended when the war was over, and they all returned to their clans and resumed their daily occupations and were not entitled to any special benefits. Famous military leaders were Ongora Okubal, who brought the Lango to their present land, Opyen who succeeded Ongora Okubal and was followed by Arim Oroba, and Agoro Abwango. Agoro Abwango led his men to fight the Banyoro and was killed in [[Bunyoro]].<ref name="Kihangire, p. 22">Kihangire, p. 22</ref> The Lango oral literature has it that as the soldiers who went to help Kabalega retreated towards the Nile, they helped Kabalega and Mwanga, the deposed King of [[Bunyoro sub-region|Bunyoro]] and [[Buganda]] respectively cross the [[Nile|Nile River]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Odada|first=M. A. E|title=The Kumam: Langi or lteso|publisher=The Uganda Journal|year=1971|location=National Library of Uganda}}</ref> They were moved along the northern corridor of Lake Kwania. At the time, a warrior called Obol Ario who had conquered much of the northern part of the lake was there. It's believed he helped smuggle the two deposed kings towards [[Dokolo District|Dokolo]], where they settled at [[Kangai]]. Obol Ario of Apac Okwero Ngec Ayita Clan eventually settled at Amac where he later died and was buried.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Tarantino|first=A|title=Lango clans|publisher=The Uganda Journal|year=1949|location=Makerere University Library}}</ref> |
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==Land tenure== |
==Land tenure== |
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Land in the [[History of Africa|pre-colonial]] era was [[common land]], and any untilled area belonged to the first person or family who tilled it, and it was passed on to the eldest son.<ref>{{Cite book | |
Land in the [[History of Africa|pre-colonial]] era was [[common land]], and any untilled area belonged to the first person or family who tilled it, and it was passed on to the eldest son.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Curley |first1=Richard T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzrywnLP_6IC&pg=PA21 |title=Elders, Shades, and Women: Ceremonial Change in Lango, Uganda |last2=Curley |first2=Richard Turner |date=1973-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02149-5 |language=en}}</ref> "Land which had not been cultivated in the past could be tilled by any family, and, when once it had been tilled, the community regarded it as the property of the family whose ancestor first cultivated it."<ref name="Kihangire, p. 22"/> Traditional [[land tenure]] is still widely used in rural areas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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Primary occupations of the Lango people include hunting, farming and raising livestock.<ref name=":4" /> |
Primary occupations of the Lango people include hunting, farming and raising livestock.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== Lango clans == |
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The Lango people have over 148 registered clans with the Lango Cultural Foundation, an institution mandated with the powers to organize, control and represent all clans in the Lango communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cultural institution {{!}} Alebtong District |url=https://alebtong.go.ug/district/cultural-institution |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=alebtong.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Page |url=https://www.langodevelopmentforum.org/ldf-blog/lango-clans |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.langodevelopmentforum.org}}</ref> |
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== Lango dance == |
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The Lango people have several traditional dances. These include Okeme and Abuda which are very popular and performed during cultural functions, weddings or other ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title='Echoes of Lawino' brings two poems to theatre |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/-echoes-of-lawino-brings-two-poems-to-theatre-4272584 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref>{{fv|date=January 2024}} |
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== Notable people == |
== Notable people == |
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* [[Milton Obote]], |
* [[Milton Obote]], second president of Uganda following independence<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Milton Obote {{!}} 1st President of Uganda, Pan-Africanism & Legacy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milton-Obote |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=webadmin |date=2013-04-30 |title=H.E. Apollo Milton Obote-Former Chancellor |url=https://www.mak.ac.ug/governance/former-chancellors/he-apollo-milton-obote-former-chancellor |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Makerere University |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Jane Aceng]], [[Ministry of Health (Uganda)|Minister of Health]] of Uganda since 2016 |
* [[Jane Aceng]], [[Ministry of Health (Uganda)|Minister of Health]] of Uganda since 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. DR. JANE RUTH ACENG OCERO |url=https://www.health.go.ug/staff/hon-dr-jane-ruth-aceng/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Ministry of Health {{!}} Government of Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Source does not state that she is of the Lango people|date=January 2024}} |
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* [[Betty Amongi]], [[Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (Uganda)|Minister of Gender, Labour and Social Development]] since 2021 |
* [[Betty Amongi]], [[Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (Uganda)|Minister of Gender, Labour and Social Development]] since 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amongi Betty Ongom – Ministry of Gender Labour & Social Development |url=https://mglsd.go.ug/amongi-betty-ongom/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Source does not state that she is of the Lango people|date=January 2024}} |
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* [[Peter Ogwang]], [[Ministry of Education and Sports (Uganda)|Minister of State for Sports]] |
* [[Peter Ogwang]], [[Ministry of Education and Sports (Uganda)|Minister of State for Sports]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://www.education.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Ministry of Education And Sports |language=en-US}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Source does not state that he is of the Lango people|date=January 2024}} |
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* [[Dorcus Acen|Acen Dorcus]] |
* [[Dorcus Acen|Acen Dorcus]], Women's Representative of the [[Alebtong District]] since 2021{{cn|reason=Needs a source stating Lango people membership|date=January 2024}} |
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* |
* [[Denis Obua (politician)|Denis Hamson Obua]], Chief Whip of the Parliament of Uganda since 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Whip Obua commends UPDF on transformation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_178267 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Source does not state that he is of the Lango people|date=January 2024}} |
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* Akello Christine Erute County North Lira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akello Christine - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/akello-christine-7910/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Lango |
[[Category:Lango| ]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda]] |
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda]] |
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[[Category:Nilotic peoples]] |
[[Category:Nilotic peoples]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:08, 2 December 2024
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|
 | |
 Lango sub-region | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 2,131,495[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Uganda | |
| Languages | |
| Lango dialect, English | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Nilotic peoples especially Luo peoples[1] |
The Lango are a Nilotic ethnic group.[1] They live in north-central Uganda, in a region that covers the area formerly known as the Lango District until 1974, when it was split into the districts of Apac and Lira, and subsequently into several additional districts. The current Lango Region now includes the districts of Amolatar, Alebtong, Apac, Dokolo, Kole, Lira, Oyam, Otuke, and Kwania.[3] The total population of Lango District is currently[when?] about 2,884,000.[4]
The Lango people speak the Lango language, a Western Nilotic language of the Southern Luo group.[5]
Early history
[edit].jpg)
The Lango oral tradition states that they were part of the "Lango race" during the migration period. This group later split into several distinct groups before entering Uganda[6] (see Tarantino, Odwe, Crazollara, Uzoigwe). The name “Lango” is found in Teso, Kumam, Karamojong, Jie, and Labwor vocabularies, reflecting that how these groups once used to belong to the Lango race.[6][7][8]
Hutchinson (1902) states:
"One of the chief nations of the late kingdom of Unyoro are the Lango (Lango, Longo) people, who although often grouped with the Nilotic Negroes, are really of the Galla stock and speech. They form, in fact, an important link in the chain of Hamitic peoples who extend from Galla-land through Unyoro and Uganda southwards to Lake Tanganyika. Their territory which occupies both banks of the Somerset or Victoria Nile between Foweira and Magungo, extends eastwards beyond Unyoro proper to the valley of the Chol, one of the chief upper branches of the Sobat.[9][10][11] They still preserved their mother tongue amid Bantu and Negroid populations, and are distinguished by their independent spirit, living in small groups, and recognizing no tribal chief, except those chosen to defend the common interest in the time of war"[6] (p. 360).
Hutchinson (1902) adds:
"The Lango is especially noted for the care bestowed on their elaborate and highly fantastic head-dress. The prevailing fashion may be described as a kind of a helmet... Lango women, who amongst the finest and most symmetrical of the Equatorial lake regions, wear little clothing or embellishments beyond west-bands, necklaces, armlets, and anklets" (p. 360).
Icaya (Isaya) Ogwangguji, M.B.E.
[edit]Rwot Ogwangguji was born in 1875 in Abedpiny village in Lira District (Okino, Patrick, and Odongo, Bonney). He was the son of a Rwot (chief) – Rwot Olet Apar, the leader of the Oki clan.[12] His first administrative chief title was the Jago (sub-chief) of Lira. In 1918, he was elected county chief (Rwot) by Erute county, Lango. He continued as Rwot of Erute county until 28 February 1951, and was later on promoted to the title of Rwot Adwong (Senior Chief). Rwot Ogwangguji is known as a chief who bridged "old Lango" into "new Lango" through his extensive work history during a period of many changes in the 20th century in Uganda. He was awarded the M.B.E. in the New Year's Honors in 1956 and subsequently retired in December 1957.[12][13][14]
Military
[edit]Driberg described Lango people as:
"brave and venturesome warriors who have won fear and respect of their neighbours...not being idle witnesses to watching of the misfortunes of their neighbours...treating facts of life with no sense of false modesty..."[11]
The Lango army was united under one military leader chosen from available men, and all had to agree to be led by him.[10][6] These military leaders would lead the Lango army against other groups. Their authority ended when the war was over, and they all returned to their clans and resumed their daily occupations and were not entitled to any special benefits. Famous military leaders were Ongora Okubal, who brought the Lango to their present land, Opyen who succeeded Ongora Okubal and was followed by Arim Oroba, and Agoro Abwango. Agoro Abwango led his men to fight the Banyoro and was killed in Bunyoro.[15] The Lango oral literature has it that as the soldiers who went to help Kabalega retreated towards the Nile, they helped Kabalega and Mwanga, the deposed King of Bunyoro and Buganda respectively cross the Nile River.[10] They were moved along the northern corridor of Lake Kwania. At the time, a warrior called Obol Ario who had conquered much of the northern part of the lake was there. It's believed he helped smuggle the two deposed kings towards Dokolo, where they settled at Kangai. Obol Ario of Apac Okwero Ngec Ayita Clan eventually settled at Amac where he later died and was buried.[9]
Land tenure
[edit]Land in the pre-colonial era was common land, and any untilled area belonged to the first person or family who tilled it, and it was passed on to the eldest son.[16] "Land which had not been cultivated in the past could be tilled by any family, and, when once it had been tilled, the community regarded it as the property of the family whose ancestor first cultivated it."[15] Traditional land tenure is still widely used in rural areas.[12][9][5]
Culture
[edit]Although many Lango practice Islam or Christianity, the influence of traditional beliefs still plays a significant role in the religious lives of the Lango. In traditional Lango myth, each individual has a guardian spirit and metaphysical soul. Additionally, ancestral cults and belief in the supreme god, Jok, played a large role in the religion.[17][7]
Primary occupations of the Lango people include hunting, farming and raising livestock.[17]
Lango clans
[edit]The Lango people have over 148 registered clans with the Lango Cultural Foundation, an institution mandated with the powers to organize, control and represent all clans in the Lango communities.[18][19]
Lango dance
[edit]The Lango people have several traditional dances. These include Okeme and Abuda which are very popular and performed during cultural functions, weddings or other ceremonies.[20][failed verification]
Notable people
[edit]- Milton Obote, second president of Uganda following independence[21][22]
- Jane Aceng, Minister of Health of Uganda since 2016[23][failed verification]
- Betty Amongi, Minister of Gender, Labour and Social Development since 2021[24][failed verification]
- Peter Ogwang, Minister of State for Sports[25][failed verification]
- Acen Dorcus, Women's Representative of the Alebtong District since 2021[citation needed]
- Denis Hamson Obua, Chief Whip of the Parliament of Uganda since 2022[26][failed verification]
References
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b c "Uganda - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015.
- ^ Uganda Bureau of Statistics. "National Population and Housing Census 2014 - Main Report" (PDF).
- ^ "Invest in Lango" (PDF). Uganda Investment Authority.
- ^ "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report" (PDF). Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Lango | Language, Culture, Traditions | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d Uzoigwe, G. N. The beginnings of Lango society : a review of evidence. OCLC 38562622.
- ^ a b "Lango Culture | Radio Wa". Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Driberg, Jack Herbert (1923). The Lango: A Nilotic Tribe of Uganda (1st ed.). London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. p. 34. LCCN 2021666779.
- ^ a b c Tarantino, A (1949). Lango clans. Makerere University Library: The Uganda Journal.
- ^ a b c Odada, M. A. E (1971). The Kumam: Langi or lteso. National Library of Uganda: The Uganda Journal.
- ^ a b "The Lango: A Nilotic Tribe of Uganda". World Digital Library. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ a b c Erimayo, Olyech (1936). The anointing of clan heads among the Lango. Makerere University Library: The Uganda Journal.
- ^ Wright, M.J., Uganda Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 1958
- ^ Wright, M. J. (1958). "The early life of Rwot Isaya Ogwangguji, M.B.E". Uganda Journal. 22 (2): 131–138. ISSN 0041-574X.
- ^ a b Kihangire, p. 22
- ^ Curley, Richard T.; Curley, Richard Turner (1 January 1973). Elders, Shades, and Women: Ceremonial Change in Lango, Uganda. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02149-5.
- ^ a b Yakan, Mohamad (2017). Almanac of African Peoples and Nations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-28930-6.
- ^ "The Cultural institution | Alebtong District". alebtong.go.ug. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "Post Page". www.langodevelopmentforum.org. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
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