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{{Short description|2nd president of Somaliland (1993–2002)}}
{{Short description|2nd president of Somaliland (1993–2002)}}
{{patronymic name}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal <br> محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال
| name = Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal
| image = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal.png
| image = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 1968 (3x4 cropped).jpg
| order = 2nd [[President of Somaliland]]
| order = 2nd [[President of Somaliland]]
| term_start = May 16, 1993
| term_start = May 16, 1993
| term_end = May 3, 2002
| term_end = May 3, 2002
| vicepresident = [[Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur]] (1993-1995)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWv4dHWjDpUC|title=A Stability-Seeking Power: U.S. Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts|first=Jonathan|last=Paquin|date=July 1, 2010|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|via=Google Books|isbn=9780773591028}}</ref><br/>[[Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah]] (1995–1997)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk2QAgAAQBAJ|title=De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty|first1=Tozun|last1=Bahcheli|first2=Barry|last2=Bartmann|first3=Henry|last3=Srebrnik|date=September 9, 2004|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=9781135771218}}</ref><br/>[[Dahir Riyale Kahin]] (1997–2002)
| vicepresident = [[Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur]] (1993–1995)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWv4dHWjDpUC|title=A Stability-Seeking Power: U.S. Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts|first=Jonathan|last=Paquin|date=July 1, 2010|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|via=Google Books|isbn=9780773591028}}</ref><br/>[[Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah]] (1995–1997)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk2QAgAAQBAJ|title=De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty|first1=Tozun|last1=Bahcheli|first2=Barry|last2=Bartmann|first3=Henry|last3=Srebrnik|date=September 9, 2004|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=9781135771218}}</ref><br/>[[Dahir Riyale Kahin]] (1997–2002)
| predecessor = [[Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur]]
| predecessor = [[Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur]]
| successor = [[Dahir Riyale Kahin]]
| successor = [[Dahir Riyale Kahin]]
⚫
| successor2 =
⚫
| order2 = [[State of Somaliland|Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland]]
⚫
| order3 = 1st & 4th [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Prime Minister of the Somali Republic]]
⚫
| president2 =
⚫
| term_start2 = June 26, 1960
⚫
| term_end2 = July 1, 1960
| predecessor2 = Sir [[Sir Douglas Hall, 14th Baronet|Douglas Hall]] (as [[Governor#United Kingdom overseas territories|Governor]] of [[British Somaliland]])
| successor2 = None ([[Somali Republic|position abolished]])
⚫
| order3 = 1st & 4th [[prime minister]] of [[Somali Republic]]
| term_start4 = July 15, 1967
| term_start4 = July 15, 1967
| term_end4 = October 21, 1969
| term_end4 = October 21, 1969
| president4 = [[Abdirashid Shermarke]]
| predecessor4 = [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein]]
| predecessor4 = [[Abdirizak Haji Hussein]]
| successor4 = [[Muhammad Ali Samatar]]
| successor4 = [[Muhammad Ali Samatar]]
Line 24: Line 21:
| term_start3 = July 1, 1960
| term_start3 = July 1, 1960
| term_end3 = July 12, 1960
| term_end3 = July 12, 1960
| president3 = [[Aden Adde]]
| predecessor3 = [[Abdullahi Issa]] (as the [[prime minister]] of the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]])
| predecessor3 = [[Abdullahi Issa]] (as the [[prime minister]] of the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]])
| successor3 = [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]]
| successor3 = [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]]
⚫
| order5 = Prime Minister of the [[State of Somaliland]]
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
⚫
| term_start5 = June 26, 1960
⚫
| term_end5 = July 1, 1960
| successor5 = ''Office abolished''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Odweyne]], [[British Somaliland]] (now [[Somaliland]])
| birth_place = [[Odweyne]], [[British Somaliland]] {{small|(now [[Somaliland]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|5|3|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|5|3|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
| death_place = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
Line 34: Line 37:
| signature = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal signature.svg
| signature = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal signature.svg
| alma_mater = [[SOS Sheikh Secondary School]]|
| alma_mater = [[SOS Sheikh Secondary School]]|
| caption = Egal in 2001
| caption = Egal in 1968
| native_name_lang = ar
| native_name = {{nobold|محمد حاجي إبراهيم عقال}}
}}
}}
{{Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal sidebar}}
'''Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal''' ({{lang-so|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal}}, {{lang-ar|محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال}}; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a [[Somalis|Somali]] politician who served as the [[President of Somaliland]] from 1993 to his death in 2002. He previously served as the first [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|prime minister]] of the [[Somali Republic]] for eleven days in 1960 and again from 1967 to 1969.<ref name="Sqfirhbmsscf">{{Cite web|url=http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2010/June/Buh/29_Somaliland_recognition_&_the_HBM-SSC_Factor.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528122058/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2010/June/Buh/29_Somaliland_recognition_%26_the_HBM-SSC_Factor.html|url-status=dead|title=Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor|archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref>
'''Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal''' ({{langx|so|Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal}}, {{langx|ar|محمد حاجي إبراهيم عقال}}; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a [[Somalis|Somali]] politician who served as the [[president of Somaliland]] from 1993 to his death in 2002. He previously served as the prime minister of the [[State of Somaliland]] between 26 June and 1 July 1960 and as the first [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|prime minister]] of the [[Somali Republic]] for eleven days in 1960 and again from 1967 to 1969.<ref name="Sqfirhbmsscf">{{Cite web|url=http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2010/June/Buh/29_Somaliland_recognition_&_the_HBM-SSC_Factor.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528122058/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2010/June/Buh/29_Somaliland_recognition_%26_the_HBM-SSC_Factor.html|url-status=dead|title=Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor|archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref>


==Life and education==
==Life and education==
Line 44: Line 50:


==Career==
==Career==
⚫
[[File:Somaliland Flying for the first time The White and Blue Somali Flag at the Independence Celebrations on 26 June 1960.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Egal saluting the [[Somali flag]] at the occasion of Somaliland's [[Independence Day (State of Somaliland)|independence]] ceremony on 26 June 1960]]


===Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland===
⚫
[[File:Somaliland Flying for the first time The White and Blue Somali Flag at the Independence Celebrations on 26 June 1960.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Egal saluting the Somali flag at the occasion of Somaliland's [[Independence Day (State of Somaliland)|independence]] ceremony on 26 June 1960]]

On 26 June 1960, Egal was Prime minister of the newly independent [[State of Somaliland]], which merged five days later with the former [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Trust Territory of Somalia]] to form the [[Somali Republic]] on July 1, 1960.
On 26 June 1960, Egal was Prime minister of the newly independent [[State of Somaliland]], which merged five days later with the former [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Trust Territory of Somalia]] to form the [[Somali Republic]] on July 1, 1960.


===Government work===
===Government work===
He served as the first Somali's defence minister (1960–1962), Education Minister (1962–1963), Prime minister (1967–1969), and ambassador to India (1976–1978), although he was imprisoned twice under Barre dictatorship.
He served as the first Somali Republic's [[Ministry of Defence (Somalia)|minister of defence]] (1960–1961),<ref name="histdict">{{cite book |last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohamed Haji |last2=Castagno |first2=Margaret |title=Historical dictionary of Somalia |date=2003 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md |isbn=0-8108-4344-7 |edition=New}}</ref> Education Minister (1962–1963), Prime minister (1967–1969), and ambassador to India (1976–1978), although he was imprisoned twice under Barre dictatorship.


===Prime Minister of Somali Republic===
===Prime Minister of the Somali Republic===
In 1967, [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] was elected President and he appointed Egal as the Prime Minister.<ref name=Greenfield>{{cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Richard|title=Obituary: Mohamed Ibrahim Egal|newspaper=The Independent|date=May 8, 2002}}</ref>
In 1967, [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] was elected President and he appointed Egal as the Prime Minister.<ref name=Greenfield>{{cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Richard|title=Obituary: Mohamed Ibrahim Egal|newspaper=The Independent|date=May 8, 2002}}</ref> The ascension Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal to the role of Prime Minister was reportedly in large part financed by thousands of dollars in covert support to him and other pro-Western elements in the ruling [[Somali Youth League]] party by the American [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaap |first=William Schaap |author-link=William Schaap |url=http://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica |title=Dirty Work 2: The CIA In Africa |last2=Ray |first2=Ellen |date=1980 |pages=16 |chapter=The CIA in Africa: How Central? How Intelligent? |quote=The rise to power of Prime Minister Muhammed Egal was said to have been “facilitated” by “thousands of dollars in covert support to Egal and other pro-Western elements in the ruling Somali Youth League party prior to the 1967 presidential elections’}}</ref>


He was still the Prime Minister and in Washington D.C. when President [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] was assassinated on October 15, 1969. Shortly afterward, the newly established [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]] (SRC) led by Major General [[Siad Barre]], Brigadier General Mohamed Ainashe Gule, Lieutenant Colonel [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] and Chief of Police [[Jama Ali Korshel|Jama Korshel]] seized power.<ref name="Adam">Adam, p.226</ref> The SRC subsequently renamed the country the [[Somali Democratic Republic]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,<ref name=Metz3>{{citation|editor-last= Metz|editor-first = Helen C. |chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}.</ref> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> Egal was among the politicians detained by the SRC for his prominent role in the nation's early government. He was eventually released and was named the Ambassador to India (1976-1978) before the Barre regime imprisoned him again on charges of conspiracy until 1985.
He was still the prime minister and in Washington, D.C., when President [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] was assassinated on October 15, 1969. Shortly afterward, the newly established [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]] (SRC) led by Major General [[Siad Barre]], Brigadier General Mohamed Ainashe Gule, Lieutenant Colonel [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] and Chief of Police [[Jama Ali Korshel|Jama Korshel]] seized power.<ref name="Adam">Adam, p.226</ref> The SRC subsequently renamed the country the [[Somali Democratic Republic]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,<ref name=Metz3>{{citation|editor-last= Metz|editor-first = Helen C. |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}.</ref> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> Egal was among the politicians detained by the SRC for his prominent role in the nation's early government. He was eventually released and was named the Ambassador to India (1976-1978) before the Barre regime imprisoned him again on charges of conspiracy until 1985.


===President of Somaliland===
===President of Somaliland===


Egal managed to successfully disarm and rehabilitate [[Somali Civil War|rebel groups]], stabilised the north western region and [[Economy of Somaliland]], successfully managed to establish bilateral trade with foreign countries, introduce Somaliland new currency the [[Somaliland shilling]], as well as the Somaliland passport and [[Flag of Somaliland|Somaliland national flag]] and creating the most successful and powerful armed police and military force in Somalia.
Egal managed to successfully disarm and rehabilitate [[Somali Civil War|rebel groups]], stabilised the north western region and [[Economy of Somaliland]], successfully managed to establish bilateral trade with foreign countries, introduce Somaliland new currency the [[Somaliland shilling]], as well as the [[Somaliland passport]] and [[Flag of Somaliland|Somaliland national flag]].

Throughout his term as president of the Republic of [[Somaliland]], Egal's dedication to the secessionist cause was doubted and challenged by hardliners, particularly within the [[Somali National Movement]] (SNM), who believed that he still ultimately hoped to reconcile with other political actors in the rest of Somalia. In August 2001, Egal survived by one vote a [[Vote of confidence|motion]] tabled by several regional MPs charging him of half-heartedly pursuing separatism.<ref name="Arltd">{{cite book|author=Africa Research Ltd|title=Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents, Volume 28|year=2006|publisher=Africana Publishing Co.|pages=B–525}}</ref> In an interview with IRIN the same year, SNM leader Abdirahman Awale also said of Egal that "when he says he is for independence, it is for local consumption only. He tells the people here one thing, but in his speeches elsewhere he has clearly declared that Somalia will unite one day. He says we will talk to the southerners when they make their home clean and


Throughout his term as president of the Republic of [[Somaliland]], Egal's dedication to the secessionist cause was doubted and challenged by hardliners, particularly within the [[Somali National Movement]] (SNM), who believed that he still ultimately hoped to reconcile with other political actors in the rest of Somalia. In August 2001, Egal survived by one vote a [[Vote of confidence|motion]] tabled by several regional MPs charging him of half-heartedly pursuing separatism.<ref name="Arltd">{{cite book|author=Africa Research Ltd|title=Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents, Volume 28|year=2006|publisher=Africana Publishing Co.|pages=B–525}}</ref> In an interview with IRIN the same year, SNM leader Abdirahman Awale also said of Egal that "when he says he is for independence, it is for local consumption only. He tells the people here one thing, but in his speeches elsewhere he has clearly declared that Somalia will unite one day. He says we will talk to the southerners when they make their home clean and negotiate with them... He says one thing to the public, and a different thing to the international community."<ref name="Siiwsnm">{{cite web|title=Somalia: IRIN interview with Somali National Movement (SNM)|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-irin-interview-somali-national-movement-snm|publisher=IRIN|access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>
negotiate with them... He says one thing to the public, and a different thing to the international community."<ref name="Siiwsnm">{{cite web|title=Somalia: IRIN interview with Somali National Movement (SNM)|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-irin-interview-somali-national-movement-snm|publisher=IRIN|access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Egal died on May 3, 2002 in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] while undergoing surgery at a military hospital. His body was returned to Somaliland for a [[state funeral]], whereafter his three sons laid him to rest next to his father, in accordance with his last wishes. Around 4,000 mourners reportedly attended his burial in [[Berbera]], and the regional parliament declared seven days of mourning. [[Dahir Rayale Kahin]] was sworn in the next day as the new president.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1970340.stm | work=BBC News | title=Somaliland leader buried | date=May 6, 2002}}</ref>
Egal died on May 3, 2002, in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] while undergoing surgery at a military hospital. His body was returned to Somaliland for a [[state funeral]], whereafter his three sons laid him to rest next to his father, in accordance with his last wishes. Around 4,000 mourners reportedly attended his burial in [[Berbera]], and the regional parliament declared seven days of mourning. [[Dahir Rayale Kahin]] was sworn in the next day as the new president.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1970340.stm | work=BBC News | title=Somaliland leader buried | date=May 6, 2002}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Somalia]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Somalia]]
[[Category:21st-century presidents of Somaliland]]
[[Category:21st-century presidents of Somaliland]]
[[Category:Presidents of Somaliland]]
[[Category:21st-century Somaliland politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Somaliland politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents of Somaliland]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents of Somaliland]]
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[[Category:Somali independence activists]]
[[Category:Somali independence activists]]
[[Category:Issa Musa]]
[[Category:Issa Musa]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Somalia]]
[[Category:Defence ministers of Somalia]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Somalia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Somalia to India]]
[[Category:Somali Youth League politicians]]

Latest revision as of 17:31, 2 December 2024

This article is about a person whose name includes a patronymic. The article properly refers to the person by their given name, Muhammad, and not as Haji Ibrahim Egal.
Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal
محمد حاجي إبراهيم عقال
Egal in 1968
2nd President of Somaliland
In office
May 16, 1993 – May 3, 2002
Vice PresidentAbdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur (1993–1995)[1]
Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah (1995–1997)[2]
Dahir Riyale Kahin (1997–2002)
Preceded byAbdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur
Succeeded byDahir Riyale Kahin
1st & 4th Prime Minister of the Somali Republic
In office
July 1, 1960 – July 12, 1960
PresidentAden Adde
Preceded byAbdullahi Issa (as the prime minister of the Trust Territory of Somalia)
Succeeded byAbdirashid Ali Shermarke
In office
July 15, 1967 – October 21, 1969
PresidentAbdirashid Shermarke
Preceded byAbdirizak Haji Hussein
Succeeded byMuhammad Ali Samatar
Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland
In office
June 26, 1960 – July 1, 1960
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Personal details
Born(1928-08-15)August 15, 1928
Odweyne, British Somaliland (now Somaliland)
DiedMay 3, 2002(2002-05-03) (aged 73)
Pretoria, South Africa
Political partyUnited Peoples' Democratic Party
Somali Youth League
Spouse(s)(1) Edna Adan
(2) Asha Saeed Aabi
(3) Hawa Ainab
(4) Kaltum Haji Dahir
Alma materSOS Sheikh Secondary School
Signature
This article is part of a series about
Ibrahim Egal

President of Somaliland

1993-2002

Government

Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (Somali: Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, Arabic: محمد حاجي إبراهيم عقال; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a Somali politician who served as the president of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. He previously served as the prime minister of the State of Somaliland between 26 June and 1 July 1960 and as the first prime minister of the Somali Republic for eleven days in 1960 and again from 1967 to 1969.[3]

Life and education

[edit]

Egal was born in 1928, in Odweyne then a part of British Somaliland. He hails from the Issa Musse sub-division of the Habar Awal clan of Isaaq.

He completed his primary, intermediate, and secondary education in former British Somaliland and then moved to the United Kingdom. Egal was married to Asha Saeed Abby, and together they had three sons and two daughters.

Career

[edit]
Egal saluting the Somali flag at the occasion of Somaliland's independence ceremony on 26 June 1960

Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland

[edit]

On 26 June 1960, Egal was Prime minister of the newly independent State of Somaliland, which merged five days later with the former Trust Territory of Somalia to form the Somali Republic on July 1, 1960.

Government work

[edit]

He served as the first Somali Republic's minister of defence (1960–1961),[4] Education Minister (1962–1963), Prime minister (1967–1969), and ambassador to India (1976–1978), although he was imprisoned twice under Barre dictatorship.

Prime Minister of the Somali Republic

[edit]

In 1967, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was elected President and he appointed Egal as the Prime Minister.[5] The ascension Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal to the role of Prime Minister was reportedly in large part financed by thousands of dollars in covert support to him and other pro-Western elements in the ruling Somali Youth League party by the American Central Intelligence Agency.[6]

He was still the prime minister and in Washington, D.C., when President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated on October 15, 1969. Shortly afterward, the newly established Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) led by Major General Siad Barre, Brigadier General Mohamed Ainashe Gule, Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel seized power.[7] The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[8][9] arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,[10] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.[11] Egal was among the politicians detained by the SRC for his prominent role in the nation's early government. He was eventually released and was named the Ambassador to India (1976-1978) before the Barre regime imprisoned him again on charges of conspiracy until 1985.

President of Somaliland

[edit]

Egal managed to successfully disarm and rehabilitate rebel groups, stabilised the north western region and Economy of Somaliland, successfully managed to establish bilateral trade with foreign countries, introduce Somaliland new currency the Somaliland shilling, as well as the Somaliland passport and Somaliland national flag.

Throughout his term as president of the Republic of Somaliland, Egal's dedication to the secessionist cause was doubted and challenged by hardliners, particularly within the Somali National Movement (SNM), who believed that he still ultimately hoped to reconcile with other political actors in the rest of Somalia. In August 2001, Egal survived by one vote a motion tabled by several regional MPs charging him of half-heartedly pursuing separatism.[12] In an interview with IRIN the same year, SNM leader Abdirahman Awale also said of Egal that "when he says he is for independence, it is for local consumption only. He tells the people here one thing, but in his speeches elsewhere he has clearly declared that Somalia will unite one day. He says we will talk to the southerners when they make their home clean and

negotiate with them... He says one thing to the public, and a different thing to the international community."[13]

Death

[edit]

Egal died on May 3, 2002, in Pretoria, South Africa while undergoing surgery at a military hospital. His body was returned to Somaliland for a state funeral, whereafter his three sons laid him to rest next to his father, in accordance with his last wishes. Around 4,000 mourners reportedly attended his burial in Berbera, and the regional parliament declared seven days of mourning. Dahir Rayale Kahin was sworn in the next day as the new president.[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Paquin, Jonathan (July 1, 2010). A Stability-Seeking Power: U.S. Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 9780773591028 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Bahcheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebrnik, Henry (September 9, 2004). De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. Routledge. ISBN 9781135771218 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor". Archived from the original on May 28, 2012.
  4. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji; Castagno, Margaret (2003). Historical dictionary of Somalia (New ed.). Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4344-7.
  5. ^ Greenfield, Richard (May 8, 2002). "Obituary: Mohamed Ibrahim Egal". The Independent.
  6. ^ Schaap, William Schaap; Ray, Ellen (1980). "The CIA in Africa: How Central? How Intelligent?". Dirty Work 2: The CIA In Africa. p. 16. The rise to power of Prime Minister Muhammed Egal was said to have been "facilitated" by "thousands of dollars in covert support to Egal and other pro-Western elements in the ruling Somali Youth League party prior to the 1967 presidential elections'
  7. ^ Adam, p.226
  8. ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge history of Africa, Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.
  9. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac, Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.
  10. ^ Metz, Helen C., ed. (1992), "Coup d'Etat", Somalia: A Country Study, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
  11. ^ Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy, (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.
  12. ^ Africa Research Ltd (2006). Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents, Volume 28. Africana Publishing Co. pp. B–525.
  13. ^ "Somalia: IRIN interview with Somali National Movement (SNM)". IRIN. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  14. ^ "Somaliland leader buried". BBC News. May 6, 2002.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal.
Political offices
New title Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland
1960 		Somaliland merged with Somalia
New title Prime Minister of Somalia
1960 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Somalia
1967 – 1969 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Somaliland
1993 – 2002 		Succeeded by
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