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{{short description|Presumed meteor shower}}
{{short description|Presumed meteor shower}}
The '''Ch'ing-yang event of 1490''' (also '''Ch'ing-yang''', '''Chi-ing-yang''' or '''Chíing-yang meteor shower''') is a presumed [[meteor shower]] or [[List of meteor air bursts|air burst]] in [[Qingyang]] in March or April 1490.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Webb" /> The area was in the province of [[Shaanxi]], but is now part of [[Gansu]].<ref name="Webb" /> If a meteor shower did occur, it may have been the result of the disintegration of an [[asteroid]] during an [[atmospheric entry]] [[air burst]].{{According to whom|date=May 2019}}
The '''Qingyang event''' was a presumed [[meteor shower]] or [[List of meteor air bursts|air burst]] that took place near [[Qingyang, Gansu|Qingyang]] in March or April 1490.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Webb" /> The area was at the time part of [[Shaanxi]], but is now in [[Gansu]] province.<ref name="Webb" /> A 1994 study in the journal [[Meteoritics & Planetary Science|''Meteoritics'']] tentatively explained this event as a [[meteor air burst]].<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" />


Many deaths were recorded in historical Chinese accounts of the meteor shower,<ref name="Webb" /> but have not been confirmed by researchers in the modern era.{{clarify |date=May 2019 |reason=Deaths have not been confirmed, or the meteor shower, or both?}} In the same year, Asian astronomers coincidentally discovered comet&nbsp;C/1490&nbsp;Y1, a possible progenitor of the [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid meteor showers]].<ref name=":0" />
Some historical Chinese accounts of the meteor shower recorded many deaths,<ref name="Webb" /> but the official Ming dynasty history records the event without mentioning casualties.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Gritzner" /> The casualties are therefore doubted by many researchers in the modern era. In the same year, Asian astronomers coincidentally discovered comet&nbsp;C/1490&nbsp;Y1, a possible progenitor of the [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid meteor showers]].<ref name=":0" />


==Meteor shower==
==Meteor shower==
At least three surviving Chinese historical records describe a shower of rocks,<ref name="Webb" /><ref name="Sky&Telescope" /> one stating that "stones fell like rain."<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /> Human fatality estimates in these sources range from more than ten thousand people to several tens of thousands.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Webb" /> One report of the event is found in the [[History of Ming|official History of the Ming Dynasty]], and other journal records which describe the event are also generally considered reliable.<ref name="Sky&Telescope" /> The official Ming Dynasty history, however, omits the number of casualties, which therefore has been frequently either doubted or discounted by present-day researchers.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Gritzner" />
At least three surviving Chinese historical records describe a shower of rocks,<ref name="Webb" /><ref name="Sky&Telescope" /> one stating that "stones fell like rain."<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /> Human fatality estimates in these sources range from more than ten thousand people to several tens of thousands of people.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Webb" /> The ''[[History of Ming]]'' (the official history of the Ming dynasty) contains a report of the event, and other journal records which describe the event are also generally considered reliable.<ref name="Sky&Telescope" /> However, the ''History of Ming'' omits the number of casualties, which therefore has been frequently either doubted or discounted by present-day researchers.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Gritzner" />


Due to the paucity of detailed information and the lack of surviving meteorites or other physical evidence, researchers have also been unable to definitively state the exact nature of the dramatic event,<ref name="NBCNews-2013.02.14" /> even examining the possible occurrence of severe hail.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /> Kevin Yau of [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] and his collaborators have noted several similarities of the Ch'ing-yang event to the [[Tunguska event|Tunguska air burst]] in 1908, which, if it had occurred above a populated area, could have produced many fatalities.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Lewis" />
Due to the paucity of detailed information and the lack of surviving meteorites or other physical evidence, researchers have been unable to definitively state the exact nature of the dramatic event,<ref name="NBCNews-2013.02.14" /> even examining the possible occurrence of severe hail.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /> Kevin Yau of [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] and his collaborators have noted several similarities of the Qingyang event to the [[Tunguska event|Tunguska air burst]] in 1908, which, if it had occurred above a populated area, could have produced many fatalities.<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" /><ref name="Lewis" />


One surviving account records:<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" />
One surviving account records:<ref name="Meteoritics-1994" />
{{quote|text=Stones fell like rain in the Ch’ing-yang district. The larger ones were 4 to 5 [[Catty|catties]] (about 1.5 kg), and the smaller ones were 2 to 3 catties (about 1 kg). Numerous stones rained in Ch'ing-yang. Their sizes were all different. The larger ones were like goose's eggs and the smaller ones were like water-chestnuts. More than 10,000 people were struck dead. All of the people in the city fled to other places.}}
{{quote|text=Stones fell like rain in the Ch’ing-yang [Qingyang] district. The larger ones were 4 to 5 [[Catty|catties]] (about 1.5 kg), and the smaller ones were 2 to 3 catties (about 1 kg). Numerous stones rained in Ch'ing-yang. Their sizes were all different. The larger ones were like goose's eggs and the smaller ones were like water-chestnuts. More than 10,000 people were struck dead. All of the people in the city fled to other places.}}


One source of Chinese astronomical information of celestial events, the ''Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji'' (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China) records ten works that discuss the March–April 1490 event,<ref name="Webb" /><ref name="CAS" /> including the official History of the Ming Dynasty. Additionally, there are records of it in local gazettes and histories of the region.<ref name="Webb" /> The ''[[History of Ming]]'' work (the 明史, or Míng Shǐ) states only that there was a rain of uncountable stones of various sizes. The large objects were as big "as a goose egg, and the small ones were the size of the fruit of an aquatic plant". The date given was the third [[lunar month]] of 1490, which translates as March 21 to April 19, 1490.<ref name="Webb" />
One source of Chinese astronomical information of celestial events, the ''Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji'' (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China), records ten works that discuss the March–April 1490 event,<ref name="Webb" /><ref name="CAS" /> including the ''History of Ming''. Additionally, there are records of it in local gazettes and histories of the region.<ref name="Webb" /> The ''History of Ming'' states only that there was a rain of uncountable stones up to the size of goose eggs. The date given was the third [[lunar month]] of 1490, which translates as March 21 to April 19, 1490.<ref name="Webb" />


==Coincidental comet==
== Coincidental comet ==
{{infobox comet
⚫
In 2007 astronomers determined that the annual January [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid meteor shower]] may have originated with the disintegration of Comet&nbsp;C/1490&nbsp;Y1, approximately a century after it was first identified in 1490 by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean astronomers.<ref name="Haines" /><ref name="Ball" /> A connection with asteroid [[(196256) 2003 EH1|(196256)&nbsp;2003&nbsp;EH<sub>1</sub>]] has also been suggested.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|title=Orbital Elements of Comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower|year=2009|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15535.x|publisher=Cornell University Library|author=Ki-Won Lee|author2=Hong-Jin Yang|author3=Myeong-Gu Park|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=400|issue=3|pages=1389–1393|arxiv=0908.2547|bibcode=2009MNRAS.400.1389L}}</ref> The large difference between the timing of the January meteor showers and the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event—which occurred in March or April 1490 AD makes a relationship between the comet and the Ch'ing-yang event appear unlikely.{{Citation needed|reason=Doesn't cite any reference|date=October 2017}}
| name = C/1490 Y1
| discovery_date = 1490
| orbit_ref = {{r|jpl}}
| observation_arc = 22 days
| obs = 3
| eccentricity = ~1.000
| perihelion = 0.7376 AU
| inclination = 51.650°
| asc_node = 295.89°
| arg_peri = 129.84°
| last_p = 24 December 1490
}}

⚫
In 2007 astronomers determined that the annual January [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid meteor shower]] may have originated with the disintegration of Comet&nbsp;C/1490&nbsp;Y1, approximately a century after it was first identified in 1490 by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean astronomers.{{r|Haines|Ball}} A connection with asteroid [[(196256) 2003 EH1|(196256)&nbsp;2003&nbsp;EH<sub>1</sub>]] has also been suggested.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|title=Orbital Elements of Comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower|year=2009|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15535.x|publisher=Cornell University Library|author=Ki-Won Lee|author2=Hong-Jin Yang|author3=Myeong-Gu Park|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=400|issue=3|pages=1389–1393|doi-access=free |arxiv=0908.2547|bibcode=2009MNRAS.400.1389L|s2cid=15495834 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 21: Line 35:
* [[Asteroid impact avoidance]]
* [[Asteroid impact avoidance]]
* [[B612 Foundation]]
* [[B612 Foundation]]
* [[List of meteor air bursts]]
* [[Mandate of Heaven]]
* [[NEOShield]]
* [[NEOShield]]
* [[Spaceguard]]
* [[Spaceguard]]
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<ref name="Haines">Haines, Lester, [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/08/quadrantid_meteors/ Meteor shower traced to 1490 comet break-up: Quadrantid mystery solved], ''[[The Register]]'', January 8, 2008.</ref>
<ref name="Haines">Haines, Lester, [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/08/quadrantid_meteors/ Meteor shower traced to 1490 comet break-up: Quadrantid mystery solved], ''[[The Register]]'', January 8, 2008.</ref>


<ref name="jpl">{{cite web
⚫
<ref name="Lewis">Lewis, John S. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=-3NO2J95bBgC Rain of Iron and Ice: The Very Real Threat of Comet and Asteroid Bombardment], Basic Books, 1997, P. 170, {{ISBN|0201154943}}, {{ISBN|9780201154948}}.</ref>
| title= C/1490 Y1 – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup
| url= https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=1490Y1
| website= ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
| publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| access-date= 14 November 2024 }}
</ref>

⚫
<ref name="Lewis">Lewis, John S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3NO2J95bBgC Rain of Iron and Ice: The Very Real Threat of Comet and Asteroid Bombardment], Basic Books, 1997, P. 170, {{ISBN|0201154943}}, {{ISBN|9780201154948}}.</ref>


<ref name="Meteoritics-1994">Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events], ''[[Meteoritics]]'', Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, {{ISSN|0026-1114}}, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</ref>
<ref name="Meteoritics-1994">Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events], ''[[Meteoritics]]'', Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, {{ISSN|0026-1114}}, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</ref>
Line 46: Line 68:
<ref name="Sky&Telescope">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810235302/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9502082119/death-from-above-ancient-china Death from above in ancient China], ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'', March 1995, Vol. 89, Iss. 3, p. 15, {{ISSN|0037-6604}}.</ref>
<ref name="Sky&Telescope">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810235302/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9502082119/death-from-above-ancient-china Death from above in ancient China], ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'', March 1995, Vol. 89, Iss. 3, p. 15, {{ISSN|0037-6604}}.</ref>


<ref name="Webb">Webb, Sterling K., Juhl, Robert A. [http://www.mail-archive.com/meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com/msg80757.html Meteorite deaths in Qingyang (Ch'ing-yang) in 1490], MeteoriteCentral.com website as archived on Mail-Archive.com, January 1, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2013.</ref>
<ref name="Webb">Webb, Sterling K., Juhl, Robert A. [http://www.mail-archive.com/meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com/msg80757.html Meteorite deaths in Qingyang in 1490], MeteoriteCentral.com website as archived on Mail-Archive.com, January 1, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2013.</ref>
}}
}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Crawford, D.; Mader, C. "Modeling Asteroid Impact Tsunami", ''[[Tsunami Society|Science of Tsunami Hazards]]'', 1998, Vol. 16 pp.&nbsp;21–30.
* Crawford, D.; Mader, C. "Modeling Asteroid Impact Tsunami", ''Science of Tsunami Hazards'', 1998, Vol. 16 pp.&nbsp;21–30.
* Lewis, John S. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=0xMZITJqidcC Comet And Asteroid Impact Hazards On A Populated Earth: Computer Modeling, Volume 1], [[Academic Press]], 2000, {{ISBN|0124467601}}, {{ISBN|978-0124467606}}.
* Lewis, John S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0xMZITJqidcC Comet And Asteroid Impact Hazards On A Populated Earth: Computer Modeling, Volume 1], [[Academic Press]], 2000, {{ISBN|0124467601}}, {{ISBN|978-0124467606}}.
* {{cite journal | author = Paine M | year = 1999 | title = Asteroid Impacts: The Extra Hazard Due To Tsunami | url = | journal = [[Tsunami Society|Science of Tsunami Hazards]] | volume = 17 | issue = 3| pages = 155–166 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Paine M | year = 1999 | title = Asteroid Impacts: The Extra Hazard Due To Tsunami | journal = Science of Tsunami Hazards | volume = 17 | issue = 3| pages = 155–166 }}
* Steel, Duncan. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=AoA1DhZSJXoC Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace That Threatens Life on Earth], Wiley & Sons, 1995, [1997], {{ISBN|0471193380}}, {{ISBN|978-0-4711-9338-8}}.
* Steel, Duncan. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AoA1DhZSJXoC Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace That Threatens Life on Earth], Wiley & Sons, 1995, [1997], {{ISBN|0471193380}}, {{ISBN|978-0-4711-9338-8}}.
* Ward, S.; Asphaug, E. "Asteroid Impact Tsunami: A Probabilistic Hazard Assessment", ''[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]'', 2000, Vol. 145, pp.&nbsp;64–78.
* Ward, S.; Asphaug, E. "Asteroid Impact Tsunami: A Probabilistic Hazard Assessment", ''[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]'', 2000, Vol. 145, pp.&nbsp;64–78.


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{{Modern impact events}}
{{Modern impact events}}
{{Planetary defense}}
{{Planetary defense}}
{{Portal bar|History|China|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space|Solar System|Science}}


[[Category:1490 in Asia]]
[[Category:1490 in Asia]]
[[Category:15th century in China]]
[[Category:15th century in China]]
[[Category:History of Gansu]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gansu]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:Qingyang]]
[[Category:History of Qingyang]]
[[Category:15th century in science]]
[[Category:15th century in science]]
[[Category:Disasters in the Ming dynasty]]
[[Category:15th-century natural events]]

Latest revision as of 20:54, 2 December 2024

The Qingyang event was a presumed meteor shower or air burst that took place near Qingyang in March or April 1490.[1][2] The area was at the time part of Shaanxi, but is now in Gansu province.[2] A 1994 study in the journal Meteoritics tentatively explained this event as a meteor air burst.[1]

Some historical Chinese accounts of the meteor shower recorded many deaths,[2] but the official Ming dynasty history records the event without mentioning casualties.[1][3] The casualties are therefore doubted by many researchers in the modern era. In the same year, Asian astronomers coincidentally discovered comet C/1490 Y1, a possible progenitor of the Quadrantid meteor showers.[4]

Meteor shower

[edit]

At least three surviving Chinese historical records describe a shower of rocks,[2][5] one stating that "stones fell like rain."[1] Human fatality estimates in these sources range from more than ten thousand people to several tens of thousands of people.[1][2] The History of Ming (the official history of the Ming dynasty) contains a report of the event, and other journal records which describe the event are also generally considered reliable.[5] However, the History of Ming omits the number of casualties, which therefore has been frequently either doubted or discounted by present-day researchers.[1][3]

Due to the paucity of detailed information and the lack of surviving meteorites or other physical evidence, researchers have been unable to definitively state the exact nature of the dramatic event,[6] even examining the possible occurrence of severe hail.[1] Kevin Yau of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and his collaborators have noted several similarities of the Qingyang event to the Tunguska air burst in 1908, which, if it had occurred above a populated area, could have produced many fatalities.[1][7]

One surviving account records:[1]

Stones fell like rain in the Ch’ing-yang [Qingyang] district. The larger ones were 4 to 5 catties (about 1.5 kg), and the smaller ones were 2 to 3 catties (about 1 kg). Numerous stones rained in Ch'ing-yang. Their sizes were all different. The larger ones were like goose's eggs and the smaller ones were like water-chestnuts. More than 10,000 people were struck dead. All of the people in the city fled to other places.

One source of Chinese astronomical information of celestial events, the Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China), records ten works that discuss the March–April 1490 event,[2][8] including the History of Ming. Additionally, there are records of it in local gazettes and histories of the region.[2] The History of Ming states only that there was a rain of uncountable stones up to the size of goose eggs. The date given was the third lunar month of 1490, which translates as March 21 to April 19, 1490.[2]

Coincidental comet

[edit]
C/1490 Y1
Discovery
Discovery date1490
Orbital characteristics[9]
Observation arc22 days
Number of
observations		3
Perihelion0.7376 AU
Eccentricity~1.000
Inclination51.650°
295.89°
Argument of
periapsis		129.84°
Last perihelion24 December 1490

In 2007 astronomers determined that the annual January Quadrantid meteor shower may have originated with the disintegration of Comet C/1490 Y1, approximately a century after it was first identified in 1490 by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean astronomers.[10][11] A connection with asteroid (196256) 2003 EH1 has also been suggested.[4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events, Meteoritics, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, ISSN 0026-1114, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Webb, Sterling K., Juhl, Robert A. Meteorite deaths in Qingyang in 1490, MeteoriteCentral.com website as archived on Mail-Archive.com, January 1, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  3. ^ a b Gritzner, C. Human Casualties in Impact Events, WGN Journal of the International Meteor Organization, pp. 222–226, bib. code: 1997JIMO...25..222G.
  4. ^ a b Ki-Won Lee; Hong-Jin Yang; Myeong-Gu Park (2009). "Orbital Elements of Comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 400 (3). Cornell University Library: 1389–1393. arXiv:0908.2547. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1389L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15535.x. S2CID 15495834.
  5. ^ a b Death from above in ancient China, Sky & Telescope, March 1995, Vol. 89, Iss. 3, p. 15, ISSN 0037-6604.
  6. ^ Asteroid's close shave ranks among Earth's biggest hits (and misses), NBCNews.com website, February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  7. ^ Lewis, John S. Rain of Iron and Ice: The Very Real Threat of Comet and Asteroid Bombardment, Basic Books, 1997, P. 170, ISBN 0201154943, ISBN 9780201154948.
  8. ^ "Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji, (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China)", Nanjing: Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1988, pp 73–74. (in Chinese)
  9. ^ "C/1490 Y1 – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  10. ^ Haines, Lester, Meteor shower traced to 1490 comet break-up: Quadrantid mystery solved, The Register, January 8, 2008.
  11. ^ Ball, Phillip. Dead comet spawned New Year meteors, Nature online website, ISSN 1744-7933, doi:10.1038/news031229-5, published online on December 31, 2003.

Further reading

[edit]
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