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{{Short description|Dutch politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
|name = Gerrit Zalm
| name = Gerrit Zalm
|image = GZalm.jpg
| image = Gerrit Zalm 2006.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
| caption = Zalm in 2006
| office = [[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]]
|caption = Gerrit Zalm in 2005
| term_start = 3 July 2006
|office = [[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]]
|term_start = 3 July 2006
| term_end = 7 July 2006 <br/> ''Acting''
| primeminister = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
|term_end = 7 July 2006 <br/> <small>''Ad interim''</small>
|primeminister = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
| predecessor = [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]]
|predecessor = [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]]
| successor = [[Joop Wijn]]
|successor = [[Joop Wijn]]
| office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]
| term_start1 = 27 May 2003
|office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]]
|term_start1 = 27 May 2003
| term_end1 = 22 February 2007
| alongside1 = [[Thom de Graaf]] (2003–2005) <br/> [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] (2005–2006)
|term_end1 = 22 February 2007
| primeminister1 = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
|alongside1 = [[Thom de Graaf]] <small>(2003–2005)</small> <br/> [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] <small>(2005–2006)</small>
| predecessor1 = [[Johan Remkes]] <br/> [[Roelf de Boer]]
|primeminister1 = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
|predecessor1 = [[Johan Remkes]] <br/> [[Roelf de Boer]]
| successor1 = [[Wouter Bos]] <br/> [[André Rouvoet]]
|successor1 = [[Wouter Bos]] <br/> [[André Rouvoet]]
| office2 = [[Parliamentary leader]] in the <br/> [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start2 = 23 May 2002
|office2 = [[Parliamentary leader]] in the <br/> [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
|term_start2 = 23 May 2002
| term_end2 = 27 May 2003
|term_end2 = 27 May 2003
| predecessor2 = [[Hans Dijkstal]]
|predecessor2 = [[Hans Dijkstal]]
| successor2 = [[Jozias van Aartsen]]
| parliamentarygroup2 = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for <br/> Freedom and Democracy]]
|successor2 = [[Jozias van Aartsen]]
|parliamentarygroup2= [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for <br/> Freedom and Democracy]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|Leader of the People's Party <br/> for Freedom and Democracy]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2002
|office3 = [[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|Leader of the People's Party <br/> for Freedom and Democracy]]
|term_start3 = 16 May 2002
| term_end3 = 27 November 2004
|term_end3 = 27 November 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Hans Dijkstal]]
| successor3 = [[Jozias van Aartsen]]
|deputy3 = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Annemarie Jorritsma]] <br/> <small>(2002–2003)</small> <br/> [[Jozias van Aartsen]] <br/> <small>(2002–2004)</small>}}
| office4 = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
|predecessor3 = [[Hans Dijkstal]]
|successor3 = [[Jozias van Aartsen]]
| term_start4 = 23 May 2002
| term_end4 = 27 May 2003
|office4 = [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|Member of the House of Representatives]]
|term_start4 = 23 May 2002
| term_start5 = 19 May 1998
|term_end4 = 27 May 2003
| term_end5 = 3 August 1998
| office6 = [[List of Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands|Minister of Finance]]
|term_start5 = 19 May 1998
|term_end5 = 3 August 1998
| term_start6 = 27 May 2003
| term_end6 = 22 February 2007
|parliamentarygroup5= [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for <br/> Freedom and Democracy]]
| primeminister6 = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
|office6 = [[List of Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands|Minister of Finance]]
|term_start6 = 27 May 2003
| predecessor6 = [[Hans Hoogervorst]]
|term_end6 = 22 February 2007
| successor6 = [[Wouter Bos]]
|primeminister6 = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
| term_start7 = 26 June 1996
|predecessor6 = [[Hans Hoogervorst]]
| term_end7 = 22 July 2002
|successor6 = [[Wouter Bos]]
| primeminister7 = [[Wim Kok]]
|term_start7 = 26 June 1996
| predecessor7 = [[Hans Wijers]] (''ad interim'')
|term_end7 = 22 July 2002
| successor7 = Hans Hoogervorst
|primeminister7 = [[Wim Kok]]
| term_start8 = 22 August 1994
| term_end8 = 4 June 1996
|predecessor7 = [[Hans Wijers]] <small>(''Ad interim'')</small>
| primeminister8 = Wim Kok
|successor7 = [[Hans Hoogervorst]]
|term_start8 = 22 August 1994
| predecessor8 = Wim Kok
|term_end8 = 4 June 1996
| successor8 = Hans Wijers (''ad interim'')
| office9 = Director of the <br/> [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]]
|primeminister8 = [[Wim Kok]]
|predecessor8 = [[Wim Kok]]
| term_start9 = 1 January 1989
| term_end9 = 22 August 1994
|successor8 = [[Hans Wijers]] <small>(''Ad interim'')</small>
| predecessor9 = [[Peter de Ridder]]
|office9 = [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Director of the Bureau for <br/> Economic Policy Analysis]]
|term_start9 = 1 January 1989
| successor9 = Henk Don
|term_end9 = 22 August 1994
| birthname = Gerrit Zalm
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1952|05|06}}
|predecessor9 = [[Peter de Ridder]]
|successor9 = [[Henk Don]]
| birth_place = [[Enkhuizen]], Netherlands
|birthname = Gerrit Zalm
| death_date =
| death_place =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1952|05|06}}
| party = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] <br/> (from 1982)
|birth_place = [[Enkhuizen]], [[Netherlands]]
| otherparty = [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (1971–1981)
|death_date =
|death_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|First wife|1971|1978|reason=divorced}}
|nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]]
* {{marriage|Lydia Brouwer|1982}}
|party = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for <br/> Freedom and Democracy]] <br/> <small>(from 1982)</small>
}}
|otherparty = [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] <small>(1971–1981)</small>
| children = 3 sons and 2 daughters
|spouse = {{marriage|First wife|1971|1978|reason=divorced}} <br/> {{marriage|Lydia Brouwer|1982}}
|children = 3 sons and 2 daughters
| relatives = [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] <br/> (relative)
|relatives = [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] <br/> (5th great-grand uncle)
| residence = [[The Hague]], Netherlands
| alma_mater = [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] <br/> ([[Bachelor of Economics|BEc]], [[Master of Economics|M.Econ]])
|residence = [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[Civil service|civil servant]]|[[economist]]|[[businessperson]]|[[bank]]er|[[Board of directors|corporate director]]|[[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit director]]|[[author]]|[[professor]]}}
|alma_mater = [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] <br/> <small>([[Bachelor of Economics]], [[Master of Economics]])</small>
| signature =
|occupation = [[Politician]] · [[Civil service|Civil servant]] · [[Economist]] · [[Financial analyst]] · [[Financial adviser]] · [[Businessperson|Businessman]] · [[Bank|Banker]] · [[Board of directors|Corporate director]] · [[Author]] · [[Professor]]
|signature =
|website =
}}
}}


'''Gerrit Zalm''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈɣɛrɪt ˈsɑl(ə)m}}; born 6 May 1952) is a retired [[Dutch people|Dutch]] politician of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) and businessman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1992/09/14/de-enige-linkse-liberaal-van-nederland-profiel-van-7155912-a664615|title=De enige linkse liberaal van Nederland|newspaper=NRC |date=14 September 1992|publisher=NRC Handelsblad|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl |last1=Banning |first1=Cees |last2=Calje |first2=Kees }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/algemeen/43172/gerrit-zalm-is-de-nieuwe-vvd-leider.html|title=Gerrit Zalm is de nieuwe VVD-leider|date=16 May 2002|publisher=NU.nl|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/kabinet-balkenende-ii-is-zo-goed-als-rond~a736386/|title=Kabinet-Balkenende II is zo goed als rond|date=22 May 2003|publisher=Trouw|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref>
'''Gerrit Zalm''' (born 6 May 1952) is a retired [[Netherlands|Dutch]] politician of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) and businessman.

Zalm worked as a civil servant for the [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Ministry of Finance]] from 1975 until 1983 and as Deputy Director-General of the Department for Budgetary Affairs from 1981 until 1983 and for the [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)|Ministry of Economic Affairs]] as Deputy Director-General of the department for General Economic Policy from 1983 until 1985 and as Director-General of the department for General Economic Policy from 1985 until 1988. Zalm worked as Deputy Director of the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]] from 1 January 1988 until 1 January 1989 and as the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Director of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]], serving from 1 January 1989 until 22 August 1994.

After the [[1994 Dutch general election|election of 1994]] Zalm was appointed as [[List of Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands|Minister of Finance]] in the [[First Kok cabinet|Cabinet Kok I]], taking office on 22 August 1994. Zalm took a medical leave of absence from 4 June 1996 until 26 June 1996 during which [[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]] [[Hans Wijers]] served as acting Minister of Finance. Zalm was elected as a [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|Member of the House of Representatives]] after the [[1998 Dutch general election|election of 1998]], taking office on 19 May 1998. Zalm continued as Minister of Finance in the [[Second Kok cabinet|Cabinet Kok II]], taking office on 3 August 1998. The Cabinet Kok II resigned on 16 April 2002 following the conclusions of the [[NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies|NIOD]] report into the [[Srebrenica massacre]] during the [[Bosnian War]] with the cabinet continuing to serve in a [[Demissionary cabinet|demissionary]] capacity. Following the [[2002 Dutch general election|election of 2002]] the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy sufferd a big loss and the [[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] and [[Parliamentary leader]] of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy in the House of Representatives [[Hans Dijkstal]] accepted responsibility for the defeat and sequentially announced he was stepping down as Leader and Parliamentary leader on 16 May 2002 with Zalm chosen to succeed him the same day. Zalm returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives on 23 May 2002. The following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement between the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA) and the [[Pim Fortuyn List]] (LPF) which formed the [[First Balkenende cabinet|Cabinet Balkenende I]] with Zalm opting to remain in the House of Representatives instead of a ministerial post. The Cabinet Kok II was succeeded by the [[First Balkenende cabinet|Cabinet Balkenende I]] on 22 July 2002.

On 16 October 2002 Zalm announced that the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] had lost confidence in the [[Pim Fortuyn List]] as a coalition partner, subsequently Prime Minister [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] announced the resignation of the [[First Balkenende cabinet|Cabinet]]. For the [[2003 Dutch general election|election of 2003]] Zalm served as [[Lijsttrekker]]. The [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] booked a small win in the election, gaining 4 seats and now had 28 seats in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]. The following [[2003 Dutch cabinet formation|cabinet formation]] resulted in a coalition agreement with the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] and the [[Democrats 66]] (D66) which formed the [[Second Balkenende cabinet|Cabinet Balkenende II]], with Zalm becoming [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] and again [[List of Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands|Minister of Finance]], serving from 27 May 2003 until 22 February 2007. Following the fall of the [[Second Balkenende cabinet|Cabinet]] on 3 July 2006 Zalm served as acting [[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]] until 7 July 2006 when the [[Caretaker government|caretaker]] [[Third Balkenende cabinet|Cabinet Balkenende III]] was installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1992/09/14/de-enige-linkse-liberaal-van-nederland-profiel-van-7155912-a664615|title=De enige linkse liberaal van Nederland|date=14 September 1992|publisher=NRC Handelsblad|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/algemeen/43172/gerrit-zalm-is-de-nieuwe-vvd-leider.html|title=Gerrit Zalm is de nieuwe VVD-leider|date=16 May 2002|publisher=NU.nl|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/kabinet-balkenende-ii-is-zo-goed-als-rond~a736386/|title=Kabinet-Balkenende II is zo goed als rond|date=22 May 2003|publisher=Trouw|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref>


Zalm studied [[Economics]] at the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]], obtaining a [[Master of Economics]] degree, and worked as a civil servant for the [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Ministry of Finance]], the [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)|Ministry of Economic Affairs]] and the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]] from June 1975 until August 1994, and as a professor of [[Political economy]] at his alma mater from January 1990 until August 1994. After the [[1994 Dutch general election|1994 general election]], Zalm was appointed [[List of Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands|Minister of Finance]] in the [[First Kok cabinet|Kok I cabinet]], taking office on 22 August 1994. After the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998 general election]], Zalm continued his position in the [[Second Kok cabinet|Kok II cabinet]]. In the [[2002 Dutch general election|2002 general election]], Zalm was elected to the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] on 23 May 2002. Shortly after the election, [[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|party leader]] and [[parliamentary leader]] [[Hans Dijkstal]] announced he was stepping down and Zalm was unanimously selected as his successor as leader on 16 May 2002, and became parliamentary leader on 23 May 2002. For the [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general election]], Zalm served as [[lead candidate]], and following a successful cabinet formation that formed the [[Second Balkenende cabinet|Balkenende II cabinet]] was appointed as [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] and Minister of Finance, taking office on 27 May 2003. On 27 November 2004 Zalm announced he was stepping down as party leader in favor of and parliamentary leader [[Jozias van Aartsen]]. The Balkenende II cabinet fell on 30 June 2006 and was replaced by the [[Caretaker government|caretaker]] [[Third Balkenende cabinet|Balkenende III cabinet]], with Zalm continuing his offices. In August 2006, Zalm announced his retirement, stating he would not stand for the [[2006 Dutch general election|2006 general election]].
Shortly thereafter Zalm announced that his retirement from national politics and that he would not stand for the [[2006 Dutch general election|election of 2006]]. Following the end of his active political career, he became active in the finance industry. Zalm was a [[financial adviser]] for the [[DSB Bank]] from 1 July 2007 until 1 January 2008 and served as CFO of the [[DSB Bank]] from 1 January 2008 until 1 January 2009. Zalm became a [[Board of directors|corporate director]] for [[ABN AMRO]] serving from 23 December 2008 until 28 February 2008 when he was appointed as [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] and [[Chairman]] of [[ABN AMRO]]. On 1 April 2010 he became interim [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] and [[Chairman]] of [[Fortis Bank Nederland]] until it was integrated into the new [[ABN AMRO Group]] on 1 July 2010. Zalm served as [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] and [[Chairman]] of both [[ABN AMRO]] and the [[ABN AMRO Group]] until his retirement on 1 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/economie/4320611/gerrit-zalm-stopt-eerder-dan-verwacht-bij-abn-amro.html|title=Gerrit Zalm stopt eerder dan verwacht bij ABN Amro|date=13 September 2016|publisher=NU.nl|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref>


Zalm is known for his abilities as a [[Management|manager]] and [[Consensus decision-making|consensus builder]]. He holds the distinction of being the longest serving [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/zalm-op-een-na-beste-minister-van-financien~ad2b6003/|title=Zalm op een na beste minister van Financiën|date=1 November 2006|publisher=Trouw|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/25202/verkiezing-van-de-beste-minister-van-financien.html|title=Verkiezing van de Beste Minister van Financiën|date=15 May 2009|publisher=Historisch Nieuwsblad|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref>
Zalm retired from active politics at 54 and became active in the private sector as a corporate director, and worked as a banker for the [[DSB Bank]], [[Fortis Bank Nederland|Fortis Bank]] and [[ABN AMRO]] from July 2007 until February 2017. Following his retirement Zalm became active in the [[public sector]] as a non-profit director and served on several [[:nl:Staatscommissie|state commissions]] and councils on behalf of the government, and worked as a occasional mediator for coalition agreements. Zalm is known for his abilities as a skilful manager and effective debater and as of {{Currentyear}} continues to comment on political affairs. He holds the distinction as the longest-serving Minister of Finance, with 11 years and 240 days, in Dutch history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/economie/4320611/gerrit-zalm-stopt-eerder-dan-verwacht-bij-abn-amro.html|title=Gerrit Zalm stopt eerder dan verwacht bij ABN Amro|date=13 September 2016|publisher=NU.nl|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/zalm-op-een-na-beste-minister-van-financien~ad2b6003/|title=Zalm op een na beste minister van Financiën|date=1 November 2006|publisher=Trouw|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/25202/verkiezing-van-de-beste-minister-van-financien.html|title=Verkiezing van de Beste Minister van Financiën|date=15 May 2009|publisher=Historisch Nieuwsblad|access-date=21 July 2017|language=nl}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
===Early life===
===Early life===
Gerrit Zalm was born on 6 May 1952 in [[Enkhuizen]] in the Province of [[North Holland]]. Following his graduation from high school ("HBS-A" level) in Enkhuizen, Zalm began a study in economics at the [[Vrije Universiteit]] in Amsterdam, from which he graduated in 1975. In the same year he joined the [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Ministry of Finance]]. From 1983 he worked for the [[Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministry of Economic Affairs]], where he eventually became a director. In 1988 he was appointed deputy director of the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Centraal Planbureau]], a state institution that, among other things, calculates the financial effects of government plans. In 1989 he became director of this institute. In that capacity Zalm had, although not formally a politician, a significant influence on politics. From 1990 he also gave lectures at the [[Vrije Universiteit]].
Gerrit Zalm was born on 6 May 1952 in [[Enkhuizen]], Netherlands. Following his graduation from high school ("HBS-A" level) in Enkhuizen, Zalm began a study in economics at the [[Vrije Universiteit]] in Amsterdam, from which he graduated in 1975. In the same year he joined the [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Ministry of Finance]]. From 1983 he worked for the [[Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministry of Economic Affairs]], where he eventually became a director. In 1988 he was appointed deputy director of the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Centraal Planbureau]], a state institution that, among other things, calculates the financial effects of government plans. In 1989 he became director of this institute. In that capacity Zalm had, although not formally a politician, a significant influence on politics. From 1990 he also gave lectures at the [[Vrije Universiteit]].


[[File:Gerrit Zalm (1989).jpg|thumb|left|220px|Gerrit Zalm as the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Director of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]] in 1989.]]
[[File:Directeuren, commissies, Bestanddeelnr 934-4592.jpg|thumb|left|Director of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis Gerrit Zalm during a press conference in The Hague on 24 May 1989.]]


===Politics===
===Politics===
Between 22 August 1994 and 22 July 2002, Zalm, member of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]], was Minister of Finance in the first and second [[Wim Kok]] administrations. The Dutch economy being very healthy during those years, he did not experience large difficulties. However, he did introduce certain standards that are in effect until now, among which the Zalmnorm (Zalm standard) which describes a state policy by which the state does not respond extremely to economic fluctuations but just counteracts them.During the first, short [[Jan Peter Balkenende|Balkenende]] administration, Zalm was the acting leader of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] group in parliament. On 27 May 2003 he started his third term as [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]], in the second Balkenende administration, also serving as Deputy Prime Minister. On 30 June 2006, he succeeded [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] as Minister of Economic Affairs, ad interim, with most tasks delegated to Undersecretary [[Karien van Gennip]]. On 7 July 2006 [[Joop Wijn]] was appointed as the new [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Environment (Netherlands)|Minister of Economic Affairs]].
Between 22 August 1994 and 22 July 2002, Zalm, member of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]], was Minister of Finance in the first and second [[Wim Kok]] administrations. The Dutch economy being very healthy during those years, he did not experience large difficulties. However, he did introduce certain standards that are in effect until now, among which the Zalmnorm (Zalm standard) which describes a state policy by which the state does not respond extremely to economic fluctuations but just counteracts them. During the first, short [[Jan Peter Balkenende|Balkenende]] administration, Zalm was the acting leader of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] group in parliament. On 27 May 2003 he started his third term as [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]], in the second Balkenende administration, also serving as Deputy Prime Minister. On 30 June 2006, he succeeded [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] as Minister of Economic Affairs, ad interim, with most tasks delegated to Undersecretary [[Karien van Gennip]]. On 7 July 2006 [[Joop Wijn]] was appointed as the new [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Environment (Netherlands)|Minister of Economic Affairs]].


===Banking===
===Banking===
Line 102: Line 95:


===Personal===
===Personal===
Zalm is a fan of [[Pinball]] and during his second term as [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]] he had a pinball machine in his department. He is an honorary member of the Dutch Pinball Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/twintig-jaar-pinball-in-de-polder~a03ceb02/|title=Twintig jaar pinball in de Polder|date=8 October 2012|publisher=Trouw|access-date=10 December 2012|language=nl}}</ref> In 2004 he had a [[cameo appearance]] in the movie ''[[:nl:Cool!|Cool!]]'' by [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]]. In January 2019, in an episode of the Dutch version of ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', it became known that Zalm is related to rebel leader and pirate [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]], through his mother's family.
Zalm is a fan of the game of [[pinball]] and during his second term as [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]] he had a pinball machine in his department. He is an honorary member of the Dutch Pinball Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/twintig-jaar-pinball-in-de-polder~a03ceb02/|title=Twintig jaar pinball in de Polder|date=8 October 2012|publisher=Trouw|access-date=10 December 2012|language=nl}}</ref> In 2004 he had a [[cameo appearance]] in the movie ''[[:nl:Cool!|Cool!]]'' by [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]]. In January 2019, in an episode of the Dutch version of ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', it became known that Zalm is related to rebel leader and pirate [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]], through his mother's family.


==Decorations==
==Decorations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
|+ Honours
|- style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"
| colspan=5 |'''Honours'''
|-
! style="width:80px;"| Ribbon bar !! Honour !! Country !! Date !! Comment
! style="width:80px;"| Ribbon bar !! Honour !! Country !! Date !! Comment
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
| [[File:NLD Order of Orange-Nassau - Commander BAR.png|80px]]
| [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Commander.svg|80px]]
| [[Order (distinction)|Commander]] of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]
| [[Order (distinction)|Commander]] of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]
| Netherlands
| Netherlands
Line 152: Line 143:
| 1 August 2010
| 1 August 2010
|
|
|-
|}
|}


==Honorary degrees==
==Honorary degrees==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
|+ [[Honorary degree|Honorary degrees]]
|- style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"
| colspan=5 |'''[[Honorary degree|Honorary degrees]]'''
|-
! University !! Field !! Country !! Date !! Comment
! University !! Field !! Country !! Date !! Comment
|-
|-
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| 20 October 2008
| 20 October 2008
|
|
|-
|}
|}


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;Official
;Official
* {{nl icon}} [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lldw6vzx/g_gerrit_zalm Dr. G. (Gerrit) Zalm] Parlement & Politiek
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lldw6vzx/g_gerrit_zalm Dr. G. (Gerrit) Zalm] Parlement & Politiek {{in lang|nl}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Benk Korthals]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy#Deputy Leaders|Deputy Leader of the People's Party <br/> for Freedom and Democracy]]|years=1998–2002|alongside=[[Annemarie Jorritsma]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jozias van Aartsen]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hans Dijkstal]]|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hans Dijkstal]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|Leader of the People's Party <br/> for Freedom and Democracy]]|years=2002–2004}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|Leader of the <br/> People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]|years=2002–2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jozias van Aartsen]]|rows=2}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jozias van Aartsen]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Parliamentary leader]] of the <br/> [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] <br/> in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]|years=2002–2003}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Parliamentary leader]] of the <br/> [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] <br/> in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]|years=2002–2003}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hans Dijkstal]] <br/> [[2002 Dutch general election|2002]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hans Dijkstal]] <br/> [[2002 Dutch general election|2002]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lijsttrekker]] of the <br/> [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for <br/> Freedom and Democracy]]|years=[[2003 Dutch general election|2003]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lead candidate]] of the <br/> [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]|years=[[2003 Dutch general election|2003]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Rutte]] <br/> [[2006 Dutch general election|2006]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Rutte]] <br/> [[2006 Dutch general election|2006]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wim Kok]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wim Kok]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]|years=2003–2007|alongside=[[Thom de Graaf]] <small>(2003–2005)</small> <br/> [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] <small>(2005–2006)</small>}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wouter Bos]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wouter Bos]] <br/> [[André Rouvoet]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Roelf de Boer]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[André Rouvoet]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]] <br/> <small>''Ad interim''</small>|years=2006}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]] <br/> <small>''Ad interim''</small>|years=2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joop Wijn]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joop Wijn]]}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Deputy Director-General of the <br/> Department for Budgetary Affairs <br/> of the [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Ministry of Finance]]|years=1981–1983}}
{{s-aft|after=''Unknown''}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Deputy Director-General of the <br/> Department for General Economic Policy <br/> of the [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)|Ministry of Economic Affairs]]|years=1983–1985}}
{{s-aft|after=''Unknown''}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director-General of the Department for <br/> General Economic Policy of the <br/> [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)|Ministry of Economic Affairs]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=''Unknown''}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Deputy Director of the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Bureau for <br/> Economic Policy Analysis]]|years=1988–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=''Unknown''}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter de Ridder]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter de Ridder]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director of the [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis|Bureau for <br/> Economic Policy Analysis]]|years=1989–1994}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director of the <br/> [[Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]]|years=1989–1994}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henk Don]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Henk Don}}
{{s-bef|before=Inge Brakman}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[supervisory board]] of <br/> [[Statistics Netherlands]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
{{s-ttl|title=CFO of the [[DSB Bank]]|years=2007–2008}}
{{s-ttl|title=CFO of the [[DSB Bank]]|years=2007–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frank de Grave]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frank de Grave]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rijkman Groenink]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rijkman Groenink]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=CEO and Chairman of the <br/> [[Board of directors]] of <br/> [[ABN AMRO]]|years=2009–2017}}
{{s-ttl|title=CEO and Chairman of the [[board of directors]] of <br/> [[ABN AMRO]]|years=2009–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kees van Dijkhuizen]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Kees van Dijkhuizen}}
{{s-bef|before=''Office established''|rows=2}}
{{s-new|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=CEO and Chairman of the <br/> [[Board of directors]] of <br/> [[Fortis Bank Nederland]]|years=2010}}
{{s-ttl|title=CEO and Chairman of the [[board of directors]] of <br/> [[Fortis Bank Nederland]]|years=2010}}
{{s-aft|after=''Office discontinued''}}
{{s-non|reason=Office discontinued}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=CEO and Chairman of the <br/> [[Board of directors]] of the <br/> [[ABN AMRO Group]]|years=2010–2017}}
{{s-ttl|title=CEO and Chairman of the [[board of directors]] of the <br/> [[ABN AMRO Group]]|years=2010–2017}}
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{{s-aft|after=Kees van Dijkhuizen}}
{{s-bef|before=''Unknown''}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chairman of the <br/> [[Supervisory board]] of the <br/> [[Danske Bank]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chairman of the [[supervisory board]] of the <br/> [[Danske Bank]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
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[[Category:Danske Bank people]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Directors of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]]
[[Category:Directors of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis]]
[[Category:Directors of Royal Dutch Shell]]
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[[Category:Financial economists]]
[[Category:Financial economists]]
[[Category:Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Honorary Members of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Leaders of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]
[[Category:Leaders of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands]]
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[[Category:Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II]]
[[Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]]
[[Category:ABN AMRO people]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch economists]]

Latest revision as of 21:03, 2 December 2024

Gerrit Zalm
Zalm in 2006
Minister of Economic Affairs
In office
3 July 2006 – 7 July 2006
Acting
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byLaurens Jan Brinkhorst
Succeeded byJoop Wijn
Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands
In office
27 May 2003 – 22 February 2007
Serving with Thom de Graaf (2003–2005)
Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (2005–2006)
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byJohan Remkes
Roelf de Boer
Succeeded byWouter Bos
André Rouvoet
Parliamentary leader in the
House of Representatives
In office
23 May 2002 – 27 May 2003
Preceded byHans Dijkstal
Succeeded byJozias van Aartsen
Parliamentary groupPeople's Party for
Freedom and Democracy
Leader of the People's Party
for Freedom and Democracy
In office
16 May 2002 – 27 November 2004
Preceded byHans Dijkstal
Succeeded byJozias van Aartsen
Member of the House of Representatives
In office
23 May 2002 – 27 May 2003
In office
19 May 1998 – 3 August 1998
Minister of Finance
In office
27 May 2003 – 22 February 2007
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byHans Hoogervorst
Succeeded byWouter Bos
In office
26 June 1996 – 22 July 2002
Prime MinisterWim Kok
Preceded byHans Wijers (ad interim)
Succeeded byHans Hoogervorst
In office
22 August 1994 – 4 June 1996
Prime MinisterWim Kok
Preceded byWim Kok
Succeeded byHans Wijers (ad interim)
Director of the
Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
In office
1 January 1989 – 22 August 1994
Preceded byPeter de Ridder
Succeeded byHenk Don
Personal details
Born
Gerrit Zalm

(1952-05-06) 6 May 1952 (age 72)
Enkhuizen, Netherlands
Political partyPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy
(from 1982)
Other political
affiliations		Labour Party (1971–1981)
Spouses
First wife
​
​
(m. 1971; div. 1978)​
Lydia Brouwer
​
(m. 1982)​
Children3 sons and 2 daughters
RelativesPier Gerlofs Donia
(relative)
Residence(s)The Hague, Netherlands
Alma materVrije Universiteit Amsterdam
(BEc, M.Econ)
Occupation

Gerrit Zalm (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣɛrɪt ˈsɑl(ə)m]; born 6 May 1952) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and businessman.[1][2][3]

Zalm studied Economics at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, obtaining a Master of Economics degree, and worked as a civil servant for the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis from June 1975 until August 1994, and as a professor of Political economy at his alma mater from January 1990 until August 1994. After the 1994 general election, Zalm was appointed Minister of Finance in the Kok I cabinet, taking office on 22 August 1994. After the 1998 general election, Zalm continued his position in the Kok II cabinet. In the 2002 general election, Zalm was elected to the House of Representatives on 23 May 2002. Shortly after the election, party leader and parliamentary leader Hans Dijkstal announced he was stepping down and Zalm was unanimously selected as his successor as leader on 16 May 2002, and became parliamentary leader on 23 May 2002. For the 2003 general election, Zalm served as lead candidate, and following a successful cabinet formation that formed the Balkenende II cabinet was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Finance, taking office on 27 May 2003. On 27 November 2004 Zalm announced he was stepping down as party leader in favor of and parliamentary leader Jozias van Aartsen. The Balkenende II cabinet fell on 30 June 2006 and was replaced by the caretaker Balkenende III cabinet, with Zalm continuing his offices. In August 2006, Zalm announced his retirement, stating he would not stand for the 2006 general election.

Zalm retired from active politics at 54 and became active in the private sector as a corporate director, and worked as a banker for the DSB Bank, Fortis Bank and ABN AMRO from July 2007 until February 2017. Following his retirement Zalm became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government, and worked as a occasional mediator for coalition agreements. Zalm is known for his abilities as a skilful manager and effective debater and as of 2025 continues to comment on political affairs. He holds the distinction as the longest-serving Minister of Finance, with 11 years and 240 days, in Dutch history.[4][5][6]

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Gerrit Zalm was born on 6 May 1952 in Enkhuizen, Netherlands. Following his graduation from high school ("HBS-A" level) in Enkhuizen, Zalm began a study in economics at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, from which he graduated in 1975. In the same year he joined the Ministry of Finance. From 1983 he worked for the Ministry of Economic Affairs, where he eventually became a director. In 1988 he was appointed deputy director of the Centraal Planbureau, a state institution that, among other things, calculates the financial effects of government plans. In 1989 he became director of this institute. In that capacity Zalm had, although not formally a politician, a significant influence on politics. From 1990 he also gave lectures at the Vrije Universiteit.

Director of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis Gerrit Zalm during a press conference in The Hague on 24 May 1989.

Politics

[edit]

Between 22 August 1994 and 22 July 2002, Zalm, member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, was Minister of Finance in the first and second Wim Kok administrations. The Dutch economy being very healthy during those years, he did not experience large difficulties. However, he did introduce certain standards that are in effect until now, among which the Zalmnorm (Zalm standard) which describes a state policy by which the state does not respond extremely to economic fluctuations but just counteracts them. During the first, short Balkenende administration, Zalm was the acting leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy group in parliament. On 27 May 2003 he started his third term as Minister of Finance, in the second Balkenende administration, also serving as Deputy Prime Minister. On 30 June 2006, he succeeded Laurens Jan Brinkhorst as Minister of Economic Affairs, ad interim, with most tasks delegated to Undersecretary Karien van Gennip. On 7 July 2006 Joop Wijn was appointed as the new Minister of Economic Affairs.

Banking

[edit]

On 26 November 2006, Zalm announced in the Sunday morning talk show Buitenhof that he would step down from politics and would probably seek employment in the private sector. Three months after his 2007 retirement from politics, Zalm went to work for DSB Bank, a company that he had criticized in his earlier role as finance minister for what he considered misleading advertising for consumer credit. He initially held the position of chief economist, but quickly became CFO of the faltering bank after the Dutch central bank DNB had threatened to curtail DSB's financial autonomy.

On 21 November 2008 it was announced by Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende that Zalm will be the new CEO of the bank resulting from the merger of ABN and Fortis Netherlands, two recently nationalized banks. This new position came under scrutiny after Zalm's previous employer DSB went bankrupt in 2009. The Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM) and the central bank both investigated Zalm's role in DSB's final years, with AFM concluding that he was "not competent" and should be dismissed from ABN AMRO's board, while DNB decided to keep Zalm in his position.

Personal

[edit]

Zalm is a fan of the game of pinball and during his second term as Minister of Finance he had a pinball machine in his department. He is an honorary member of the Dutch Pinball Association.[7] In 2004 he had a cameo appearance in the movie Cool! by Theo van Gogh. In January 2019, in an episode of the Dutch version of Who Do You Think You Are?, it became known that Zalm is related to rebel leader and pirate Pier Gerlofs Donia, through his mother's family.

Decorations

[edit]
Honours
Ribbon bar Honour Country Date Comment
Knight Commander of the Order of Merit Germany 21 March 1996
Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II Belgium 24 December 1999
Grand Officer of the Order of the Oak Crown Luxembourg 10 December 2003
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit Italy 15 September 2005
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour France 8 May 2006
Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau Netherlands 11 April 2007 Elevated from Officer (10 December 2002)
Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown Belgium 1 August 2010

Honorary degrees

[edit]
Honorary degrees
University Field Country Date Comment
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Economics Netherlands 20 October 2008

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Banning, Cees; Calje, Kees (14 September 1992). "De enige linkse liberaal van Nederland". NRC (in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  2. ^ "Gerrit Zalm is de nieuwe VVD-leider" (in Dutch). NU.nl. 16 May 2002. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  3. ^ "Kabinet-Balkenende II is zo goed als rond" (in Dutch). Trouw. 22 May 2003. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  4. ^ "Gerrit Zalm stopt eerder dan verwacht bij ABN Amro" (in Dutch). NU.nl. 13 September 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Zalm op een na beste minister van Financiën" (in Dutch). Trouw. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  6. ^ "Verkiezing van de Beste Minister van Financiën" (in Dutch). Historisch Nieuwsblad. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  7. ^ "Twintig jaar pinball in de Polder" (in Dutch). Trouw. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gerrit Zalm.
Official
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2002–2004 		Succeeded by
Parliamentary leader of the
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
in the House of Representatives
2002–2003
Preceded by Lead candidate of the
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2003 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1994–1996 		Succeeded by
Hans Wijers
Ad interim
Preceded by
Hans Wijers
Ad interim
 Minister of Finance
1996–2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
2003–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands
2003–2007
Served alongside: Thom de Graaf (2003–2005)
Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (2005–2006) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Economic Affairs
Ad interim
2006 		Succeeded by
Civic offices
Preceded by Director of the
Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
1989–1994 		Succeeded by
Henk Don
Preceded by
Inge Brakman
 Chairman of the supervisory board of
Statistics Netherlands
2017–present 		Incumbent
Business positions
Preceded by
Unknown
 CFO of the DSB Bank
2007–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by CEO and Chairman of the board of directors of
ABN AMRO
2009–2017 		Succeeded by
Kees van Dijkhuizen
New title CEO and Chairman of the board of directors of
Fortis Bank Nederland
2010 		Office discontinued
CEO and Chairman of the board of directors of the
ABN AMRO Group
2010–2017 		Succeeded by
Kees van Dijkhuizen
Preceded by
Unknown
 Vice Chairman of the supervisory board of the
Danske Bank
2019–present 		Incumbent
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