Jump to content

1821: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Births: add refs
moved lead image
 
(9 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Year dab|1821}}
{{Year dab|1821}}
{{Year nav|1821}}
{{Year nav|1821}}
[[File:Epanastasi.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[April 6]] (March 25 Greek calendar): Germanos of Patras declares the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire to start the [[Greek War of Independence]].]]

{{C19 year in topic}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1821}}
{{Year article header|1821}}
Line 9: Line 11:
=== January–March ===
=== January–March ===
* [[January 21]] – [[Peter I Island]] in the [[Antarctic]] is first sighted, by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].
* [[January 21]] – [[Peter I Island]] in the [[Antarctic]] is first sighted, by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].
* [[January 26]] – [[Congress of Laibach]] convenes in [[Ljubljana|Laibach]] to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.
* [[January 26]] – [[Congress of Laibach]] convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.
* [[January 28]] – [[Alexander Island]], the largest in [[Antarctica]], is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
* [[January 28]] – [[Alexander Island]], the largest in [[Antarctica]], is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
* [[February 9]] – [[Columbian College]] in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes [[George Washington University]]).
* [[February 9]] – [[Columbian College]] in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes [[George Washington University]]).
Line 15: Line 17:
* [[February 28]] – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.<ref>Palmer, Alan. ''Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace''. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17</ref>
* [[February 28]] – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.<ref>Palmer, Alan. ''Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace''. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17</ref>
* [[March 4]] – [[James Monroe]] begins his second term, as President of the United States
* [[March 4]] – [[James Monroe]] begins his second term, as President of the United States
* [[March 5]] – President James Monroe is [[Second inauguration of James Monroe|sworn in]], for his second term.
* [[March 7]] – The [[Battle of Rieti]] is fought in [[Italy]] between intervening [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] forces and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Neapolitan]] rebels.<ref>Roberts, Warren. ''Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe''. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111</ref>
* [[March 7]] – The [[Battle of Rieti]] is fought in [[Italy]] between intervening [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] forces and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Neapolitan]] rebels.<ref>Roberts, Warren. ''Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe''. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111</ref>
* [[March 21]] – Austrian forces under [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Johann Frimont]] enter [[Naples]] and restore the authority of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].
* [[March 21]] – Austrian forces under [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Johann Frimont]] enter [[Naples]] and restore the authority of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].


=== April–June ===
=== April–June ===
[[File:Epanastasi.jpg|150px|thumb|right|March 25 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/April 6 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]): Start of the [[Greek War of Independence]]]]
* [[March 25]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 6]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] raises the [[:File:Greek Revolution flag.svg|revolutionary flag of Greece]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]] (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the [[Greek War of Independence]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; later celebrated as Greece's traditional [[Celebration of the Greek Revolution|Independence Day]].
⚫
[[File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG|150px|thumb|right|June 24: [[Battle of Carabobo]]]]
* [[March 25]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 6]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] raises the [[:File:Greek Revolution flag.svg|revolutionary flag of Greece]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]] (according to oral tradition, not historical record), symbolically marking the beginning of the [[Greek War of Independence]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; later celebrated as Greece's traditional [[Celebration of the Greek Revolution|Independence Day]].
* [[April 10]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 22]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Gregory V of Constantinople]] is blamed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government for being unable to suppress [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
* [[April 10]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 22]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Gregory V of Constantinople]] is blamed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government for being unable to suppress [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
* [[May 5]]
* [[May 5]]
Line 29: Line 28:
* [[May 8]] – Greek War of Independence: At the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]], a 120-man Greek force led by [[Odysseas Androutsos]] repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.
* [[May 8]] – Greek War of Independence: At the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]], a 120-man Greek force led by [[Odysseas Androutsos]] repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.
* [[May 12]] – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned [[Congress of Verona]] in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting.
* [[May 12]] – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned [[Congress of Verona]] in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting.
* [[May 26]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[June 7]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Peloponnesian Senate]] is established by the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek rebels]].
* [[June 14]] – [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]: King [[Badi VII]] of [[Sennar (sultanate)|Sennar]] surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ending the existence of the [[Funj Sultanate]] in Sudan.
* [[June 14]] – [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]: King [[Badi VII]] of [[Sennar (sultanate)|Sennar]] surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ending the existence of the [[Funj Sultanate]] in Sudan.
* [[June 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[June 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Battle of [[Drăgășani]], Wallachia: The [[Filiki Eteria]] are decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
* [[June 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[June 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Battle of Drăgășani]], Wallachia: The [[Filiki Eteria]] are decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
⚫
[[File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG|200px|thumb|right|June 24: [[Battle of Carabobo]]]]
* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Carabobo]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] wins Venezuela's [[History of Venezuela#19th century: independence|independence from Spain]].
* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Carabobo]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] wins Venezuela's [[History of Venezuela#19th century: independence|independence from Spain]].


=== July–September ===
=== July–September ===
[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|150px|thumb|right|July 19: Coronation of [[George IV of the United Kingdom]]]]
[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 19: Coronation of [[George IV of the United Kingdom]]]]
[[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|150px|thumb|right|July 28: Proclamation of the [[Independence of Peru]]]]
[[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 28: Proclamation of the [[Independence of Peru]]]]
[[File:Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg|150px|thumb|right|September 15: Declaration of [[Independence of Central America]]]]
[[File:Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 15: Declaration of [[Independence of Central America]]]]
[[File:Entrada del Generalisimo Don Agustin de Iturbide a Mexico.jpg|150px|thumb|right|September 27: Entrance of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] to Mexico City]]
[[File:Entrada del Generalisimo Don Agustin de Iturbide a Mexico.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 27: Entrance of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] to Mexico City]]
* [[July 4]] – Return of [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the ''Bases da Constituição''.
* [[July 4]] – Return of [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the ''Bases da Constituição''.
* [[July 19]] – [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] is crowned king of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].
* [[July 19]] – [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] is crowned king of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. His estranged wife, [[Caroline of Brunswick]], is turned away from the ceremony.
* [[July 28]] – Argentine general [[José de San Martín]] [[Independence of Peru|declares the independence]] of [[Peru]] from the [[Spanish Empire]].
* [[July 28]] – Argentine general [[José de San Martín]] [[Independence of Peru|declares the independence]] of [[Peru]] from the [[Spanish Empire]].
* [[August 10]] – [[Missouri]] is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
* [[August 10]] – [[Missouri]] is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
Line 54: Line 53:


=== October–December ===
=== October–December ===
[[File:Η πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς.jpg|150px|thumb|right|September 23 ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/October 5 ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]): [[Siege of Tripolitsa]]]]
[[File:Η πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[October 5]] (September 23 [[Julian calendar|Greek calendar]]): The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] by Greek rebels is followed by a massacre.]]
* [[September 23]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 5]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] ends when Greek rebels capture the city of [[Tripoli, Greece]]; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] have besieged the city for several months during the [[Greek War of Independence]] from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)<ref>{{Cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Lieberman|year=2013|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Tucker, Spencer C.|year=2009|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1139}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 5]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] ends when Greek rebels capture the city of [[Tripoli, Greece]]; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] have besieged the city for several months during the [[Greek War of Independence]] from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)<ref>{{Cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Lieberman|year=2013|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Tucker, Spencer C.|year=2009|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1139}}</ref>
* [[October 8]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 20]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] issues an imperial [[ukase]] guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from [[Persia]].<ref>"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". ''The Oriental Herald'' (November 1826) p. 285.</ref>
* [[October 8]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 20]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] issues an imperial [[ukase]] guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from [[Persia]].<ref>"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". ''The Oriental Herald'' (November 1826) p. 285.</ref>
Line 66: Line 65:
=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
* The town of [[Al-Ubayyid]], Sudan is established.
* The town of [[Al-Ubayyid]], Sudan is established.
* High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.
* [[Widener University]] is founded in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], as The Bullock School for Boys.
* [[Widener University]] is founded in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], as The Bullock School for Boys.


Line 136: Line 134:
* [[December 1]] – [[John M. B. Clitz]], American admiral (d. [[1897]])
* [[December 1]] – [[John M. B. Clitz]], American admiral (d. [[1897]])
* [[December 12]] – [[Gustave Flaubert]], French writer (d. [[1880]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gustave Flaubert|title=The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|page=1}}</ref>
* [[December 12]] – [[Gustave Flaubert]], French writer (d. [[1880]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gustave Flaubert|title=The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|page=1}}</ref>
* [[December 22]] – [[Junius Brutus Booth, Jr.]], American actor, theatre manager (d. [[1883]])
* [[December 22]] – [[Junius Brutus Booth Jr.]], American actor, theatre manager (d. [[1883]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Gabriel García Moreno]], former [[President of Ecuador]] (d. [[1875]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Gabriel García Moreno]], former [[President of Ecuador]] (d. [[1875]])
* [[December 25]] – [[Clara Barton]], first president of American Red Cross (d. [[1912]])
* [[December 25]] – [[Clara Barton]], first president of American Red Cross (d. [[1912]])
Line 156: Line 154:
* [[March 13]] – [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]], second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* [[March 13]] – [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]], second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* [[April 10]] – [[Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople]] (b. 1746)
* [[April 10]] – [[Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople]] (b. 1746)
* [[April 14]] – [[Susan Carnegie]], writer and founder of the first public asylum in Scotland (b. 1743)
* [[April 20]] – [[Franz Karl Achard]], German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
* [[April 20]] – [[Franz Karl Achard]], German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
* [[April 23]] – [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville]], French general (b. 1752)
* [[April 23]] – [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville]], French general (b. 1752)
* [[May 2]] – [[Hester Thrale]], Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2=Joy Dorothy Harvey|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA1026|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-92040-7|pages=1026}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] – [[Hester Thrale]], Welsh diarist (b. 1741)
* [[May 5]] – [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], French Emperor and general (b. 1769)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon I {{!}} Biography, Achievements, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 5]] – [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], French Emperor and general (b. 1769)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon I {{!}} Biography, Achievements, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] – [[Camille Jordan (politician)|Camille Jordan]], French politician (b. 1771)
* [[May 19]] – [[Camille Jordan (politician)|Camille Jordan]], French politician (b. 1771)
Line 175: Line 172:
* [[August 7]] – [[Caroline of Brunswick]], Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
* [[August 7]] – [[Caroline of Brunswick]], Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
* [[August 20]] – [[Dorothea von Medem]], Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
* [[August 20]] – [[Dorothea von Medem]], Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
* [[August 24]] – [[John William Polidori]], English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)
* [[August 24]] – [[John William Polidori]], English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Viets|first=Henry R.|date=1961|title="By The Visitation Of God": The Death Of John William Polidori, M.D., In 1821|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5269|pages=1773–1775|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5269.1773|jstor=20356143|pmid=14037964|pmc=1970869|issn=0007-1447}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] – [[José Miguel Carrera]], Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
* [[September 4]] – [[José Miguel Carrera]], Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
* [[September 10]] – [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]], German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
* [[September 10]] – [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]], German painter, art historian (b. 1748)

Latest revision as of 21:17, 2 December 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
April 6 (March 25 Greek calendar): Germanos of Patras declares the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire to start the Greek War of Independence.
1821 by topic
Humanities
By country
Other topics
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1821 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1821
MDCCCXXI
Ab urbe condita2574
Armenian calendar1270
ԹՎ ՌՄՀ
Assyrian calendar6571
Balinese saka calendar1742–1743
Bengali calendar1227–1228
Berber calendar2771
British Regnal year1 Geo. 4 – 2 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar2365
Burmese calendar1183
Byzantine calendar7329–7330
Chinese calendar庚辰年 (Metal Dragon)
4518 or 4311
    — to —
辛巳年 (Metal Snake)
4519 or 4312
Coptic calendar1537–1538
Discordian calendar2987
Ethiopian calendar1813–1814
Hebrew calendar5581–5582
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1877–1878
 - Shaka Samvat1742–1743
 - Kali Yuga4921–4922
Holocene calendar11821
Igbo calendar821–822
Iranian calendar1199–1200
Islamic calendar1236–1237
Japanese calendarBunsei 4
(文政４年)
Javanese calendar1748–1749
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4154
Minguo calendar91 before ROC
民前91年
Nanakshahi calendar353
Thai solar calendar2363–2364
Tibetan calendar阳金龙年
(male Iron-Dragon)
1947 or 1566 or 794
    — to —
阴金蛇年
(female Iron-Snake)
1948 or 1567 or 795
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1821.

1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1821st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 821st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1821, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]
June 24: Battle of Carabobo

July–September

[edit]
July 19: Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom
July 28: Proclamation of the Independence of Peru
September 15: Declaration of Independence of Central America
September 27: Entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees to Mexico City

October–December

[edit]
October 5 (September 23 Greek calendar): The Siege of Tripolitsa by Greek rebels is followed by a massacre.

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
James Longstreet

July–December

[edit]
Louis Vuitton
Rudolf Virchow
Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Date unknown

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Napoleon Bonaparte

July–December

[edit]
John William Polidori

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Palmer, Alan. Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17
  2. ^ Roberts, Warren. Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111
  3. ^ "History of the Guardian". The Guardian. December 11, 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  4. ^ Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9.
  5. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1139.
  6. ^ "Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". The Oriental Herald (November 1826) p. 285.
  7. ^ Headland, Robert K. (1989). Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30903-5. OCLC 185311468.
  8. ^ "South Orkney Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Academic ed.).
  9. ^ Charles Baudelaire, Richard Howard. Les Fleurs Du Mal. David R. Godine Publisher, 1983, p.xxv. ISBN 0-87923-462-8, ISBN 978-0-87923-462-1.
  10. ^ "Prominent Sengleans". Senglea Local Council. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020.
  11. ^ Morson, Gary Saul (November 7, 2023). "Fyodor Dostoyevsky". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  12. ^ Gustave Flaubert (1980). The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857. Harvard University Press. p. 1.
  13. ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: John Keats (1795–1821)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  14. ^ Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie; Joy Dorothy Harvey (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1026. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
  15. ^ "Napoleon I | Biography, Achievements, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  16. ^ Viets, Henry R. (1961). ""By The Visitation Of God": The Death Of John William Polidori, M.D., In 1821". The British Medical Journal. 2 (5269): 1773–1775. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5269.1773. ISSN 0007-1447. JSTOR 20356143. PMC 1970869. PMID 14037964.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1821&oldid=1260830471"