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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
A Jewish presence in [[Grimsby]] (in [[Lincolnshire]], England) was first reported around [[Middle Ages|1182]], and further mentioned during the 13th century, often in connection with the [[Jews' Court, Lincoln|Jews of Lincoln]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gerlis |first=Daphne |title=The story of the Grimsby Jewish community |last2=Gerlis |first2=Leon |publisher=Humberside Leisture Services |year=1986 |isbn=9780904451337 |location=Hull |trans-title=}}</ref> however in 1290 [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] [[Edict of Expulsion|expelled the Jews from England]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Cecil |title=A history of the Jews in England |date=1979 |publisher=Clarendon Pr |isbn=978-0-19-822488-4 |edition=3. ed., repr |location=Oxford}}</ref>
A Jewish presence in [[Grimsby]] (in [[Lincolnshire]], England) was first reported around [[Middle Ages|1182]], and further mentioned during the 13th century, often in connection with the [[Jews' Court, Lincoln|Jews of Lincoln]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gerlis |first=Daphne |title=The story of the Grimsby Jewish community |last2=Gerlis |first2=Leon |publisher=Humberside Leisture Services |year=1986 |isbn=9780904451337 |location=Hull |trans-title=}}</ref> however in 1290 [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] [[Edict of Expulsion|expelled the Jews from England]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Cecil |title=A history of the Jews in England |date=1979 |publisher=Clarendon Pr |isbn=978-0-19-822488-4 |edition=3. ed., repr |location=Oxford}}</ref>


After the opening of a [[Port of Grimsby|deep water dock in 1852]], continental migrants came into Grimsby for its railway terminus, eventually including by 1914 hundreds of thousands of East-European Jews, mostly bound for Liverpool ''en route'' to America. They originated especially from Poland and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Greater Lithuania]], and after 1860 some stayed, with Jews reported resident in Grimsby 87 in 1871, 450 in 1914, but dwindling to 45 by 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Grimsby Jews in the First World War. British Jews in the First World War. https://www.jewsfww.uk/files/21254-1-1.pdf</ref> The growth and decline of the Grimsby community parallels others in England's North Sea ports, especially [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], its [[History of the Jews in Hull|larger sister community directly across the Humber estuary.]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JCR-UK: Grimsby Synagogue and Jewish Community, Lincolnshire, England |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Gr/index.htm#:~:text=Although%20there%20had%20been%20a,attractive%20place%20to%20travel%20through. |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes: Seat Details. Religions. Census 2021. https://henryjacksonsociety.org/religiousdiversity/cgi-bin/seatdetail.py?seat=Great%20Grimsby%20and%20Cleethorpes [31 October 2024]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - A Very British History, Series 1, The Jews of Leeds - From Russia with Love: A Migration Story |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3vx9q1kqKtzFhmDYcssDsdR/from-russia-with-love-a-migration-story |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>
In the 1840's Victor Abrahams, born 1810 in Prussia, settled as a jeweller, later his son became mayor.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=JCR-UK: Grimsby Jewish Community article - extracts of "To Be Buried in Grimsby" by Avrom Saltman |url=https://jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Gr/extracts.htm#:~:text=They%20were%20later%20to%20be%20called%20the,England%20as%20a%20young%20man%20and%20took |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JCR-UK: Grimsby Jewish Community - Newspaper Articles relating to the Community |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Gr/Grimsby_news_clippings.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> After the opening of a [[Port of Grimsby|deep water dock in 1852]], continental migrants came into Grimsby for its railway terminus, eventually including by 1914 hundreds of thousands of East-European Jews, mostly bound for Liverpool ''en route'' to America; other settled in (e.g.) Leeds and Manchester, with Grimsby the third port of entry for Jews, after London and Hull.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1344327&resourceID=19191 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}</ref> They originated especially from Poland and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Greater Lithuania]], and after 1860 some stayed, with Jews reported resident in Grimsby numbering 87 in 1871, 450 in 1914, but dwindling to 45 by 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Grimsby Jews in the First World War. British Jews in the First World War. https://www.jewsfww.uk/files/21254-1-1.pdf</ref> Initially living close to the port, they later moved out along Cleethorpes Road and Hainton Avenue into suburbia. As well as traditional Jewish craft trades and retail businesses, like tailoring, cabinet-making, and jewelry, glaziery was prominent. The growth and decline of the Grimsby community parallels others in England's North Sea ports, especially [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], its [[History of the Jews in Hull|larger sister community directly across the Humber estuary.]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JCR-UK: Grimsby Synagogue and Jewish Community, Lincolnshire, England |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Gr/index.htm#:~:text=Although%20there%20had%20been%20a,attractive%20place%20to%20travel%20through. |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes: Seat Details. Religions. Census 2021. https://henryjacksonsociety.org/religiousdiversity/cgi-bin/seatdetail.py?seat=Great%20Grimsby%20and%20Cleethorpes [31 October 2024]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - A Very British History, Series 1, The Jews of Leeds - From Russia with Love: A Migration Story |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3vx9q1kqKtzFhmDYcssDsdR/from-russia-with-love-a-migration-story |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3" />


== Institutions ==
== Institutions ==
Grimsby's first Jewish congregation dates from 1865, with the new-built Sir Moses Montefiore Synagogue opening in 1888, later expanded with a school and ritual bathhouse behind; it is now a listed building.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1344327&resourceID=19191 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}</ref> The financier and philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore|Montefiore]] (resident in [[Ramsgate]]) died aged 100 a week after the foundation stone-laying in 1885.<ref name=":1" />
Grimsby's first Jewish congregation dates from 1865, with the new-built Sir Moses Montefiore Synagogue opening in 1888, later expanded with a school and ritual bath-house behind; it is now a listed building.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1344327&resourceID=19191 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The financier and philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore|Montefiore]] (resident in [[Ramsgate]]) died aged 100 a week after the foundation stone-laying in 1885.<ref name=":1" />


Grimsby's Old Jewish Cemetery, in Doughty Road, dates from 1854, but closed around 1920. The First Avenue Jewish Cemetery was in use from 1896; among its graves are several of those who died at sea on the journey from Europe.<ref name=":1" /> It holds two [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Commonwealth War Graves]], both airmen killed in [[World War II|World War Two,]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=CWGC |title=Grimsby Hebrew Congregation Cemetery {{!}} Cemetery Details |url=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2042012/grimsby-hebrew-congregation-cemetery/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=CWGC |language=en}}</ref> commemorated on a plaque at the Montefiore Synagogue (above),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Moses Montifiore Synagogue- WW2 Plaque |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/40196 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> as are six Jewish servicemen from Grimsby who died in service among the those who fought during World War One.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grimsby Hebrew Congregation {{!}} British Jews in The First World War |url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/grimsby-hebrew-congregation-5048.php |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=jewsfww.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
Grimsby's Old Jewish Cemetery, in Doughty Road, dates from 1854, closing around 1920. Most burials were in other towns until the First Avenue Jewish Cemetery opened in 1896, around which time a [[Chevra kadisha|burial society]] was formed. Among the approximately 500 First Avenue graves are several of those who died at sea on the journey from Europe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shulman |first=David |title=GRIMSBY, Lincolnshire (2 burial sites): {{!}} England - other than London {{!}} International Jewish Cemetery Project |url=https://iajgscemetery.org/british-isles/england/grimsby |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=IAJGS Cemetery Project |language=en-gb}}</ref> It holds two [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Commonwealth War Graves]], both airmen killed in [[World War II|World War Two]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=CWGC |title=Grimsby Hebrew Congregation Cemetery {{!}} Cemetery Details |url=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2042012/grimsby-hebrew-congregation-cemetery/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=CWGC |language=en}}</ref> commemorated on a plaque at the Montefiore Synagogue (above),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Moses Montifiore Synagogue- WW2 Plaque |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/40196 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> as are six Jewish servicemen from Grimsby who died in service among the 43 men who fought during World War One.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grimsby Hebrew Congregation {{!}} British Jews in The First World War |url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/grimsby-hebrew-congregation-5048.php |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=jewsfww.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=JCR-UK: Grimsby Synagogue and Jewish Community, Lincolnshire, England |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Gr/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref>

A young men's association was formed in 1895, a charity for the poor formed in 1900, and young refugees from Nazi Germany were taken in c. 1939.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Grimsby Refugee Committee |url=https://www.ukholocaustmap.org.uk/map/records/grimsby-refugee-committee |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.ukholocaustmap.org.uk}}</ref>


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
In addition to ministers of religion and leading members of the congregation, there were five Jewish Mayors of Grimsby, and a Mayors of Cleethorpes, as well as Aldermen, Town Councillors, and Justices of the Peace.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
Amongst many ministers of religion, Rev. M Warshawsky served the congregation 1916-56, with the last lay reader being Harry Goodman. The community produced five Mayors of Grimsby and a Mayor of Cleethorpes, as well as Aldermen, Town Councillors, and Justices of the Peace.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />


'''[[Jonathan Arkush]]''', former president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.
'''[[Jonathan Arkush]]''', former president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.


Alf Bowers (1920-2017) Born London, involved in [[Battle of Cable Street]], decorated naval officer in WW2 [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic Convoys]] and [[Normandy landings|D-Day]] landings, later President, Grimsby Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BOWERS |first=JOHN |title=Obituary: Alfred Bowers |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/obituaries/obituary-alfred-bowers-po3hf0w8 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.thejc.com |language=en}}</ref>
John Bowers KC, principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, (b. Grimsby 1956), barrister and law writer.

[[John Bowers (barrister)|John Bowers]] KC (b. Grimsby 1956) human and employment rights lawyer and author.

Raoul Feld (1930-2020) Vienna-born [[Kindertransport]] child, left Germany in 1939, chemist who developed worldwide use of titanium oxide in white paint.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-11 |title=Tributes to renowned Grimsby scientist who escaped Nazi Germany |url=https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/grimsby-news/tributes-renowned-grimsby-scientist-who-4162934 |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=Grimsby Live |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Feld |first=David |date=2020-06-08 |title=Raoul Feld obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jun/08/raoul-feld-obituary |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowe |first=Peter |title=The Organic Chemistry of Titanium |last2=Feld |first2=Raoul |publisher=Butterworths |year=1965 |isbn=9780408283007 |location=Washington DC}}</ref>

Louis Furman (1908-83) owned shoe-shops in Grimsby, trained horses, and rode in the [[Grand National]] of 1951.<ref name=":1" />


Max Gold (1944-2017), born in Grimsby, a well-known [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] solicitor, who families of trawlermen of [[FV Gaul|The Gaul]].
Max Gold (1944-2017), born Grimsby, a well-known [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] solicitor, who represented families of trawlermen of lost fishing vessel [[FV Gaul|The Gaul]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grantham |first=Anna |title=Obituary: Max Gold |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/obituaries/obituary-max-gold-jfobzofk |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.thejc.com |language=en}}</ref>


Dr David Husain (1937-2007) was raised in Grimsby, later scientific adviser to the government (1974-1976), chemist at Cambridge University.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=John Meurig |date=3 April 2008 |title=David Husain: Enterprising physical chemist |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-husain-enterprising-physical-chemist-804020.html}}</ref>
Dr David Husain (1937-2007) was raised in Grimsby, later scientific adviser to the government (1974-1976), chemist at Cambridge University.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=John Meurig |date=3 April 2008 |title=David Husain: Enterprising physical chemist |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-husain-enterprising-physical-chemist-804020.html}}</ref>


Leo Solomon MBE (d.2021) Jazz pianist, Director Grimsby Symphony Orchestra, music teacher and synagogue president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=QC |first=John Bowers |title=Leo Solomon |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/leo-solomon-dpir9y26 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.thejc.com |language=en}}</ref>
Leo Solomon MBE (1930-2021) Jazz pianist, Director Grimsby Symphony Orchestra, music teacher and synagogue president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=QC |first=John Bowers |title=Leo Solomon |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/leo-solomon-dpir9y26 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.thejc.com |language=en}}</ref>


Mayors of Grimsby:<ref name=":0" />
Mayors of Grimsby:<ref name=":0" />
Line 34: Line 42:
Mayor of Cleethorpes:<ref name=":0" />
Mayor of Cleethorpes:<ref name=":0" />


Ald. Wolf Solomon JP OBE (1899-1970)[[File:Grimsby Synagogue - geograph.org.uk - 264444.jpg|thumb|Sir Moses Montefiore Synagogue, Grimsby]]
Ald. Wolf (Woolf) Solomon JP OBE (1899-1970), president of the synagogue, hoster of refugee committee 1939.<ref name=":5" />[[File:Grimsby Synagogue - geograph.org.uk - 264444.jpg|thumb|Sir Moses Montefiore Synagogue, Grimsby]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:07, 2 December 2024

Overview

[edit]

A Jewish presence in Grimsby (in Lincolnshire, England) was first reported around 1182, and further mentioned during the 13th century, often in connection with the Jews of Lincoln;[1] however in 1290 Edward I expelled the Jews from England.[2]

In the 1840's Victor Abrahams, born 1810 in Prussia, settled as a jeweller, later his son became mayor.[3][4] After the opening of a deep water dock in 1852, continental migrants came into Grimsby for its railway terminus, eventually including by 1914 hundreds of thousands of East-European Jews, mostly bound for Liverpool en route to America; other settled in (e.g.) Leeds and Manchester, with Grimsby the third port of entry for Jews, after London and Hull.[5] They originated especially from Poland and Greater Lithuania, and after 1860 some stayed, with Jews reported resident in Grimsby numbering 87 in 1871, 450 in 1914, but dwindling to 45 by 2021.[6][7] Initially living close to the port, they later moved out along Cleethorpes Road and Hainton Avenue into suburbia. As well as traditional Jewish craft trades and retail businesses, like tailoring, cabinet-making, and jewelry, glaziery was prominent. The growth and decline of the Grimsby community parallels others in England's North Sea ports, especially Hull, its larger sister community directly across the Humber estuary.[1][6][8][9][3]

Institutions

[edit]

Grimsby's first Jewish congregation dates from 1865, with the new-built Sir Moses Montefiore Synagogue opening in 1888, later expanded with a school and ritual bath-house behind; it is now a listed building.[1][10][4] The financier and philanthropist Montefiore (resident in Ramsgate) died aged 100 a week after the foundation stone-laying in 1885.[1]

Grimsby's Old Jewish Cemetery, in Doughty Road, dates from 1854, closing around 1920. Most burials were in other towns until the First Avenue Jewish Cemetery opened in 1896, around which time a burial society was formed. Among the approximately 500 First Avenue graves are several of those who died at sea on the journey from Europe.[1][11] It holds two Commonwealth War Graves, both airmen killed in World War Two,[12] commemorated on a plaque at the Montefiore Synagogue (above),[13] as are six Jewish servicemen from Grimsby who died in service among the 43 men who fought during World War One.[14][7][15]

A young men's association was formed in 1895, a charity for the poor formed in 1900, and young refugees from Nazi Germany were taken in c. 1939.[1][16]

Notable people

[edit]

Amongst many ministers of religion, Rev. M Warshawsky served the congregation 1916-56, with the last lay reader being Harry Goodman. The community produced five Mayors of Grimsby and a Mayor of Cleethorpes, as well as Aldermen, Town Councillors, and Justices of the Peace.[1][6]

Jonathan Arkush, former president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.

Alf Bowers (1920-2017) Born London, involved in Battle of Cable Street, decorated naval officer in WW2 Arctic Convoys and D-Day landings, later President, Grimsby Chamber of Commerce.[17]

John Bowers KC (b. Grimsby 1956) human and employment rights lawyer and author.

Raoul Feld (1930-2020) Vienna-born Kindertransport child, left Germany in 1939, chemist who developed worldwide use of titanium oxide in white paint.[18][19][20]

Louis Furman (1908-83) owned shoe-shops in Grimsby, trained horses, and rode in the Grand National of 1951.[1]

Max Gold (1944-2017), born Grimsby, a well-known Hull solicitor, who represented families of trawlermen of lost fishing vessel The Gaul.[21]

Dr David Husain (1937-2007) was raised in Grimsby, later scientific adviser to the government (1974-1976), chemist at Cambridge University.[22]

Leo Solomon MBE (1930-2021) Jazz pianist, Director Grimsby Symphony Orchestra, music teacher and synagogue president.[23]

Mayors of Grimsby:[6]

Ald. Moses Abrahams JP (d. 1925), 1901-2.

Ald.Isidore Abrahams OBE (c.1887-1962), 1929-30.

Ald. Max Bloom JP (c.1891-1962), 1943-4.

Ald. Wilfred Harris OBE (d.1961), 1954-6.

Mayor of Cleethorpes:[6]

Ald. Wolf (Woolf) Solomon JP OBE (1899-1970), president of the synagogue, hoster of refugee committee 1939.[16]

Sir Moses Montefiore Synagogue, Grimsby

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Gerlis, Daphne; Gerlis, Leon (1986). The story of the Grimsby Jewish community. Hull: Humberside Leisture Services. ISBN 9780904451337.
  2. ^ Roth, Cecil (1979). A history of the Jews in England (3. ed., repr ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Pr. ISBN 978-0-19-822488-4.
  3. ^ a b "JCR-UK: Grimsby Jewish Community article - extracts of "To Be Buried in Grimsby" by Avrom Saltman". jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  4. ^ a b "JCR-UK: Grimsby Jewish Community - Newspaper Articles relating to the Community". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  5. ^ "Heritage Gateway - Results". www.heritagegateway.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  6. ^ a b c d e "JCR-UK: Grimsby Synagogue and Jewish Community, Lincolnshire, England". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  7. ^ a b Grimsby Jews in the First World War. British Jews in the First World War. https://www.jewsfww.uk/files/21254-1-1.pdf
  8. ^ Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes: Seat Details. Religions. Census 2021. https://henryjacksonsociety.org/religiousdiversity/cgi-bin/seatdetail.py?seat=Great%20Grimsby%20and%20Cleethorpes [31 October 2024]
  9. ^ "BBC Four - A Very British History, Series 1, The Jews of Leeds - From Russia with Love: A Migration Story". BBC. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  10. ^ "Heritage Gateway - Results". www.heritagegateway.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  11. ^ Shulman, David. "GRIMSBY, Lincolnshire (2 burial sites): | England - other than London | International Jewish Cemetery Project". IAJGS Cemetery Project. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  12. ^ CWGC. "Grimsby Hebrew Congregation Cemetery | Cemetery Details". CWGC. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  13. ^ "Sir Moses Montifiore Synagogue- WW2 Plaque". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  14. ^ "Grimsby Hebrew Congregation | British Jews in The First World War". jewsfww.uk. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  15. ^ "JCR-UK: Grimsby Synagogue and Jewish Community, Lincolnshire, England". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  16. ^ a b "Grimsby Refugee Committee". www.ukholocaustmap.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  17. ^ BOWERS, JOHN. "Obituary: Alfred Bowers". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  18. ^ "Tributes to renowned Grimsby scientist who escaped Nazi Germany". Grimsby Live. 2020-06-11. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  19. ^ Feld, David (2020-06-08). "Raoul Feld obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  20. ^ Cowe, Peter; Feld, Raoul (1965). The Organic Chemistry of Titanium. Washington DC: Butterworths. ISBN 9780408283007.
  21. ^ Grantham, Anna. "Obituary: Max Gold". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  22. ^ Thomas, John Meurig (3 April 2008). "David Husain: Enterprising physical chemist".
  23. ^ QC, John Bowers. "Leo Solomon". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
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