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{{short description|Aviation services company}}
{{short description|Aviation services company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
|name = Evergreen International Aviation
|name = Evergreen International Aviation
|logo =
|logo =
|logo_size = 150px
|logo_size = 150px
|foundation = 1960 as Evergreen Helicopters
|foundation = {{Start date and age|1960}}<br/><small>as Evergreen Helicopters</small>
|defunct = 2014
|defunct = {{End date and age|2014}}
|fate = [[Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation]]
|fate = [[Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation]]
|location = [[McMinnville, Oregon]], United States
|location = [[McMinnville, Oregon]], United States
Line 13: Line 12:
}}
}}


'''Evergreen International Aviation, Inc.''' was a global aviation services company based in [[McMinnville, Oregon]], United States, rumoured to be closely tied to the [[CIA]].<ref name=ain/> Founded in 1960, Evergreen was primarily known publicly for commercial [[helicopter]] operations in agricultural and forestry applications. Covertly, it supported Central Intelligence Agency operations around the globe, from illegal drug-abatement spraying to flying an exiled US-allied deposed monarch.<ref name=ain/>
'''Evergreen International Aviation, Inc.''' was a global aviation services company based in [[McMinnville, Oregon]], United States. Founded in 1960, Evergreen was primarily known publicly for commercial [[helicopter]] operations in agricultural and forestry applications.


The airline division, [[Evergreen International Airlines]], operated worldwide, in 168 countries, and by the end had been reduced to a fleet of all-cargo [[Boeing 747]] freighters. The company also operated a helicopter division, [[Evergreen Helicopters]] which was sold to [[Erickson Air-Crane]], an Oregon-based helicopter operator, for $250 million in 2013. Faced with bankruptcy and tax investigations,<ref name=ain/> Evergreen ceased all aviation-related operations in 2013 and shut down in 2014.<ref name=ain/>
The airline division, [[Evergreen International Airlines]], operated worldwide, in 168 countries, and by the end had been reduced to a fleet of all-cargo [[Boeing 747]] freighters. The company also operated a helicopter division, [[Evergreen Helicopters]] which was sold to [[Erickson Air-Crane]], an Oregon-based helicopter operator, for $250 million in 2013. Faced with bankruptcy and tax investigations,<ref name=ain/> Evergreen ceased all aviation-related operations in 2013 and shut down in 2014.<ref name=ain/>
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==History==
==History==
[[File:Evergreen International Aviation entrance - McMinnville, Oregon.JPG|thumb|Monument to Capt Michael King Smith, USAF, son of Evergreen founder Del Smith, at the entrance to Evergreen International Aviation headquarters near the [[McMinnville Municipal Airport]]. Capt Smith, an [[F-15 Eagle]] pilot in the [[Oregon Air National Guard]], was killed in an auto accident in 1995.]]
[[File:Evergreen International Aviation entrance - McMinnville, Oregon.JPG|thumb|Monument to Capt Michael King Smith, USAF, son of Evergreen founder Del Smith, at the entrance to Evergreen International Aviation headquarters near the [[McMinnville Municipal Airport]]. Capt Smith, an [[F-15 Eagle]] pilot in the [[Oregon Air National Guard]], was killed in an auto accident in 1995.]]
[[Delford M. Smith]] founded the company as '''Evergreen Helicopters''' in 1960.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Delford Smith, Founder of Aviation Company, Dies at 84|date=13 November 2014|author=William Yardley}}</ref><ref name=smith>{{cite book|last=Yenne|first=Bill|title=The Evergreen Story|page=66|publisher=AGS Bookworks Inc|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9776374-1-6}}</ref> Smith was involved in the development of the commercial use of helicopters, and his company was one of the first to use helicopters for spraying [[fertilizer]] and [[herbicide]]s, spreading seeds and fighting [[forest fire]]s. Smith helped develop a helicopter spray system called the "PaceSpreader" which permitted accurate, fast delivery of granular agents over large areas.<ref name=smith/> The PaceSpreader allowed the helicopter to operate at relatively high speeds while still delivering the product evenly and with measured precision. In 1972 the company expanded into the use of heavy lift helicopters, acquiring a number of [[Sikorsky S-61]]. In March 1973 the massive [[Sikorsky S-64]] Skycrane was added to the fleet, with a lift capacity of 20,000 pounds.
[[Delford M. Smith]] founded the company as '''Evergreen Helicopters''' in 1960.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Delford Smith, Founder of Aviation Company, Dies at 84|date=2014-11-13|author=William Yardley}}</ref><ref name=smith>{{cite book|last=Yenne|first=Bill|title=The Evergreen Story|page=66|publisher=AGS Bookworks Inc|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9776374-1-6}}</ref> Smith was involved in the development of the commercial use of helicopters, and his company was one of the first to use helicopters for spraying [[fertilizer]] and [[herbicide]]s, spreading seeds and fighting [[forest fire]]s. Smith helped develop a helicopter spray system called the "PaceSpreader" which permitted accurate, fast delivery of granular agents over large areas.<ref name=smith/> The PaceSpreader allowed the helicopter to operate at relatively high speeds while still delivering the product evenly and with measured precision. In 1972 the company expanded into the use of heavy lift helicopters, acquiring a number of [[Sikorsky S-61]]. In March 1973 the massive [[Sikorsky S-64]] Skycrane was added to the fleet, with a lift capacity of 20,000 pounds.{{fact|date=November 2021}}


In 1974 Smith became aware that the Johnson Flying Service was looking to sell its assets. The business was a small supplemental carrier that had two 94-passenger [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] four-engine turbo-prop passenger aircraft.<ref name=smith/> More importantly, it held a supplemental air carrier operating certificate which allowed it to operate as an airline. After significant deliberation, the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] approved the transfer in 1975. [[Evergreen International Airlines]] was officially formed and incorporated on 16 April 1975 as a subsidiary of Evergreen Helicopters, Inc.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4236433 |title=Evergreen International Airlines, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek |work=investing.businessweek.com|access-date=24 September 2012}}</ref> The business subsequently continued to expand and split into a number of subsidiary divisions.<ref name=bates>{{cite web|url=http://web.newsregister.com/ss/goose/StaffCoverage/CompanyProfile.html|title=Airline With an Attitude: A Special Report on Evergreen Aviation|last=Bates|first=David|work=Yamhill Valley News-Register|date=21 December 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005002938/http://web.newsregister.com/ss/goose/StaffCoverage/CompanyProfile.html|archive-date=5 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The main subsidiary was Evergreen International Airlines which operated the [[Boeing 747]] as a cargo or tanker aircraft to locations around the world. The 747-200 "[[Evergreen Supertanker]]" was capable of delivering 20,000 gallons of water on wildfires, nearly ten times what could be delivered by a conventional [[U.S. Forest Service]] firefighting air tanker such as the [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] turboprop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/10/28/30782-giant-jet-unlikely-to-attack-california-fire/|last=Copenhaver|first=Larry|title=Giant Jet Unlikely to Attack California Fire|work=Tucson Citizen|date=28 October 2006}}</ref>
In 1974 Smith became aware that the [[Johnson Flying Service]] was looking to sell its assets. The business was a small supplemental carrier that had two 94-passenger [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] four-engine turbo-prop passenger aircraft.<ref name=smith/> More importantly, it held a supplemental air carrier operating certificate which allowed it to operate as an airline. After significant deliberation, the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] approved the transfer in 1975. [[Evergreen International Airlines]] was officially formed and incorporated on 16 April 1975 as a subsidiary of Evergreen Helicopters, Inc.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4236433 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130118171135/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4236433 |url-status= dead |archive-date= January 18, 2013 |title=Evergreen International Airlines, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek |website=investing.businessweek.com|access-date=2012-09-24}}</ref> The business subsequently continued to expand and split into a number of subsidiary divisions.<ref name=bates>{{cite web|url=http://web.newsregister.com/ss/goose/StaffCoverage/CompanyProfile.html|title=Airline With an Attitude: A Special Report on Evergreen Aviation|last=Bates|first=David|work=Yamhill Valley News-Register|date=1999-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005002938/http://web.newsregister.com/ss/goose/StaffCoverage/CompanyProfile.html |archive-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> The main subsidiary was Evergreen International Airlines which operated the [[Boeing 747]] as a cargo or tanker aircraft to locations around the world. The 747-200 "[[Evergreen Supertanker]]" was capable of delivering 20,000 gallons of water on wildfires, nearly ten times what could be delivered by a conventional [[U.S. Forest Service]] firefighting air tanker such as the [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] turboprop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/10/28/30782-giant-jet-unlikely-to-attack-california-fire/|last=Copenhaver|first=Larry|title=Giant Jet Unlikely to Attack California Fire|work=Tucson Citizen |date=2006-10-28}}</ref>


===Scheduled passenger airline operations===
===Scheduled passenger airline operations===


The airline division conducted some scheduled passenger operations with [[Douglas DC-8]] jet and [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] turboprop aircraft with [[Detroit]] (DTW), [[Minneapolis]]/[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] (MSP), [[Seattle]] (SEA) and [[Spokane]] (GEG) being served in 1978. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ez2.htm|title = Evergreen International Airlines}}</ref> The company also operated a commuter airline, Evergreen Airspur, in southern California with [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]] [[STOL]] turboprops in 1985.<ref>http://www.airliners.net, photo of Evergreen Airspur DHC-6 Twin Otter at LAX</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ot.htm|title = Evergreen Airspur}}</ref>
The airline division conducted some scheduled passenger operations with [[Douglas DC-8]] jet and [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] turboprop aircraft with [[Detroit]] (DTW), [[Minneapolis]]/[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] (MSP), [[Seattle]] (SEA) and [[Spokane]] (GEG) being served in 1978. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ez2.htm|title = Evergreen International Airlines}}</ref> The company also operated a commuter airline, Evergreen Airspur, in southern California with [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]] [[STOL]] turboprops in 1985.<ref>[http://www.airliners.net photo of Evergreen Airspur DHC-6 Twin Otter at LAX]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ot.htm|title = Evergreen Airspur}}</ref>


===U.S. government work===
===U.S. government work===
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===CIA front===
===CIA front===
Evergreen served as a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) front in numerous operations over its history:<ref>[https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Evergreen_International_Aviation,_Inc. Evergreen International Aviation at sourcewatch.org]</ref>
Evergreen served as a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) front in numerous operations over its history:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Evergreen_International_Aviation,_Inc.|title=Evergreen International Aviation, Inc. |website= SourceWatch }}</ref>


<blockquote>
<blockquote>
Wherever there was a hot spot in the world, Evergreen’s helicopters and later airplanes were never far behind. Evergreen’s hardware was so inextricably linked with political intrigue that rumors swirled that the company was owned by, or a front for, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Indeed, several of the company’s senior executives either worked for the agency or had close ties to it.
Wherever there was a hot spot in the world, Evergreen’s helicopters and later airplanes were never far behind. Evergreen’s hardware was so inextricably linked with political intrigue that rumors swirled that the company was owned by, or a front for, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Indeed, several of the company’s senior executives either worked for the agency or had close ties to it.


Smith never let on, disingenuously telling the Portland Oregonian in 1988, “We don't know when we’ve ever worked for them [the CIA], but if we did we’re proud of it. We believe in patriotism, and, you know, they're not the [Russian spy service] KGB.”<ref name=ain>{{cite news | url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2014-12-07/evergreens-del-smith-dead-84 | title=Evergreen's Del Smith Dead at 84 | work=Aviation International News | first=Mark | last=Huber | date=7 December 2014}}</ref></blockquote>
Smith never let on, disingenuously telling the Portland Oregonian in 1988, “We don't know when we’ve ever worked for them [the CIA], but if we did we’re proud of it. We believe in patriotism, and, you know, they're not the [Russian spy service] KGB.”<ref name=ain>{{cite news | url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2014-12-07/evergreens-del-smith-dead-84 | title=Evergreen's Del Smith Dead at 84 | work=Aviation International News | first=Mark | last=Huber | date=2014-12-07}}</ref></blockquote>


Evergreen bought assets during the 1970s that were previously linked to CIA operations, including Montana’s Johnson Flying Service and the CIA’s aviation "skunk works" at [[Pinal Airpark]] in [[Marana, Arizona]], which under Evergreen did special aircraft modifications such as building the [[Boeing Dreamlifter]]s (outsized 747s designed to transport [[Boeing 787]] composite fuselage barrels) and servicing the [[NASA]] operated [[Boeing 747]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]] (SCA) used to transport the [[Space Shuttle]]. Evergreen subsequently sold the Pinal Airpark facility to Relativity Capital in 2011.<ref name=ain/>
Evergreen bought assets during the 1970s that were previously linked to CIA operations, including Montana’s Johnson Flying Service and the CIA’s aviation "skunk works" at [[Pinal Airpark]] in [[Marana, Arizona]], which under Evergreen did special aircraft modifications such as building the [[Boeing Dreamlifter]]s (outsized 747s designed to transport [[Boeing 787]] composite fuselage barrels) and servicing the [[NASA]] operated [[Boeing 747]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]] (SCA) used to transport the [[Space Shuttle]]. Evergreen subsequently sold the Pinal Airpark facility to Relativity Capital in 2011.<ref name=ain/>
Line 43: Line 42:


===Sale of Evergreen Helicopters===
===Sale of Evergreen Helicopters===
Evergreen Helicopters was sold to [[Erickson Air-Crane]] in March 2013 for $250 million. The sale provided Evergreen International Aviation with the liquidity needed to continue operations. Smith said: "The sale of EHI provides us with needed capital to repay existing debt and gives us the liquidity to support our airline and remaining businesses."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evergreenaviation.com/p_releases/031913.html|author=Evergreen Aviation|title=Press Release|date=19 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511142006/http://www.evergreenaviation.com/p_releases/031913.html|archive-date=11 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The deal was contingent upon Erickson Air-Crane obtaining the necessary financing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Siemers|first=Erik|title=Erickson Air-Crane to acquire Evergreen Helicopters in $250M deal|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2013/03/19/erickson-air-crane-to-acquire.html|access-date=20 March 2013|newspaper=Portland Business Journal|date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=ain />
Evergreen Helicopters was sold to [[Erickson Air-Crane]] in March 2013 for $250 million. The sale provided Evergreen International Aviation with the liquidity needed to continue operations. Smith said: "The sale of EHI provides us with needed capital to repay existing debt and gives us the liquidity to support our airline and remaining businesses."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evergreenaviation.com/p_releases/031913.html|author=Evergreen Aviation|title=Press Release|date=2013-03-19 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511142006/http://www.evergreenaviation.com/p_releases/031913.html|archive-date=2013-05-11}}</ref> The deal was contingent upon Erickson Air-Crane obtaining the necessary financing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Siemers|first=Erik|title=Erickson Air-Crane to acquire Evergreen Helicopters in $250M deal|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2013/03/19/erickson-air-crane-to-acquire.html|access-date=2013-03-20 |newspaper=Portland Business Journal|date=2013-03-19}}</ref><ref name=ain />


===Demise===
===Demise===
On 8 November 2013 Evergreen International Airlines, a subsidiary of Evergreen International Aviation, announced via a voicemail to their employees that all operations would cease effective 29 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2013/11/evergreen_international_airlin_2.html | work=The Oregonian | title=Evergreen International Airlines, McMinnville-based air freight company, will reportedly close Nov. 29 | date=7 November 2013}}</ref>
On 8 November 2013 Evergreen International Airlines, a subsidiary of Evergreen International Aviation, announced via a voicemail to their employees that all operations would cease effective 29 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2013/11/evergreen_international_airlin_2.html | work=The Oregonian | title=Evergreen International Airlines, McMinnville-based air freight company, will reportedly close Nov. 29 | date=2013-11-07}}</ref>


In addition to its work for the CIA, Evergreen’s airplanes and helicopters had once "supported United Nations peacekeeping operations in 30 countries, flew insect-eradication missions throughout Africa, were used for illegal-drug abatement spraying in Mexico and South America, helped build the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline and developed and serviced the offshore energy market worldwide. All told, Smith said his company flew in 168 countries over the years. 'We were all over the world. Everywhere they needed a helicopter, they needed an airplane as well,'" said Smith.<ref name=ain/>
Evergreen’s airplanes and helicopters had once "supported United Nations peacekeeping operations in 30 countries, flew insect-eradication missions throughout Africa, were used for illegal-drug abatement spraying in Mexico and South America, helped build the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline and developed and serviced the offshore energy market worldwide. All told, Smith said his company flew in 168 countries over the years. 'We were all over the world. Everywhere they needed a helicopter, they needed an airplane as well,'" said Smith.<ref name=ain/>


In June of 2014, Evergreen had declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/01/evergreen_international_airlin_4.html |title=Evergreen International Airlines files voluntary Chapter 7 petition on New Year's Eve |date=2 January 2014 |publisher=OregonLive.com |access-date=2014-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Evergreen International Airlines Chapter 7 Petition|url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/PEG4EYQ/Evergreen_International_Airlines__nyebke-13-47494__0001.0.pdf|website=PacerMonitor|publisher=PacerMonitor|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> and began a liquidation of assets, including its headquarters campus in McMinnville.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Giegerich|first1=Andy|title=Report: Evergreen's McMinnville campus draws interest from three buyers|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning_call/2014/08/report-evergreens-mcminnville-campus-draws.html|access-date=21 August 2014|work=Portland Business Journal|date=20 August 2014}}</ref>
In June of 2014, Evergreen had declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/01/evergreen_international_airlin_4.html |title=Evergreen International Airlines files voluntary Chapter 7 petition on New Year's Eve |date=2014-01-02 |publisher=OregonLive.com |access-date=2014-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Evergreen International Airlines Chapter 7 Petition|url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/PEG4EYQ/Evergreen_International_Airlines__nyebke-13-47494__0001.0.pdf|website=PacerMonitor|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> and began a liquidation of assets, including its headquarters campus in McMinnville.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Giegerich|first1=Andy|title=Report: Evergreen's McMinnville campus draws interest from three buyers|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning_call/2014/08/report-evergreens-mcminnville-campus-draws.html|access-date=2014-08-21 |work=Portland Business Journal|date=2014-08-20}}</ref>


By the time of Smith's death 7 November 2014, the remains of his once billion-dollar Evergreen Aviation empire had been sold off, shut down, or was in bankruptcy and under investigation by tax authorities.<ref name=ain/>
By the time of Smith's death 7 November 2014, the remains of his once billion-dollar Evergreen Aviation empire had been sold off, shut down, or was in bankruptcy and under investigation by tax authorities.<ref name=ain/>


==Current fleet at the time of the end of aviation operations in 2013==
==Fleet at the time of the end of aviation operations in 2013==


⚫
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin:1em auto;"
<center>
⚫
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|+ '''Evergreen International Aviation Fleet:'''
|+ '''Evergreen International Aviation Fleet:'''
|- style="background:green;"
|- style="background:green;"
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|
|
|}
|}
</center>


==Previous fixed wing aircraft==
==Previous fixed wing aircraft==


Evergreen also operated the following jet and turboprop aircraft at various times during its existence:<ref>https://www.airliners.net, photos of Evergreen fixed wing aircraft listed under Evergreen International Airlines section</ref><ref>https://www.airliners.net, photos of fixed wing aircraft listed under Evergreen Helicopters section</ref><ref>https://www.fireaviation.com/2013/03/20/erickson-to-buy-evergreen-helicoptersinc/, photos of Evergreen fixed wing aircraft</ref>
Evergreen also operated the following jet and turboprop aircraft at various times during its existence:<ref>[https://www.airliners.net photos of Evergreen fixed wing aircraft listed under Evergreen International Airlines section]</ref><ref>[https://www.airliners.net photos of fixed wing aircraft listed under Evergreen Helicopters section]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fireaviation.com/2013/03/20/erickson-to-buy-evergreen-helicoptersinc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813110235/https://fireaviation.com/2013/03/20/erickson-to-buy-evergreen-helicoptersinc/ |archive-date=2020-08-13 |title= photos of Evergreen fixed wing aircraft|date=20 March 2013 }}</ref>


* [[Beechcraft King Air]] - ''including BE-90 King Air and BE-200C Super King Air aircraft''
* [[Beechcraft King Air]] - ''including BE-90 King Air and BE-200C Super King Air aircraft''
Line 102: Line 99:
==Previous helicopter types==
==Previous helicopter types==


The helicopter division of Evergreen operated the following rotorcraft at various times during its existence:<ref>https://www.airliners.net, photos of Evergreen Helicopters rotorcraft</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/airline/Evergreen%20Helicopters|title=Evergreen Helicopters aviation photos on JetPhotos}}</ref><ref>https://www.fireaviation.com/2013/03/20/erickson-to-buy-evergreen-helicoptersinc/, photos of Evergreen Helicopters rotorcraft</ref>
The helicopter division of Evergreen operated the following rotorcraft at various times during its existence:<ref>[https://www.airliners.net photos of Evergreen Helicopters rotorcraft]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/airline/Evergreen%20Helicopters|title=Evergreen Helicopters aviation photos |website=JetPhotos}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fireaviation.com/2013/03/20/erickson-to-buy-evergreen-helicoptersinc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813110235/https://fireaviation.com/2013/03/20/erickson-to-buy-evergreen-helicoptersinc/ |archive-date=2020-08-13|title= photos of Evergreen Helicopters rotorcraft |newspaper=Fire Aviation |date=20 March 2013 |last1=Gabbert |first1=Bill }}</ref>


*[[Aerospatiale Alouette III]] - ''SA 316B models''
*[[Aerospatiale Alouette III]] - ''SA 316B models''
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[[Category:McMinnville, Oregon]]
[[Category:McMinnville, Oregon]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Oregon]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Oregon]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Oregon]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Oregon]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in Oregon]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in Oregon]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2014]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2014]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1960]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1960]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations]]
[[Category:Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2014]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1960]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1960]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2014]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2014]]

Latest revision as of 23:11, 2 December 2024

Evergreen International Aviation
Founded1960; 65 years ago (1960)
as Evergreen Helicopters
Defunct2014; 11 years ago (2014)
FateChapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation
HeadquartersMcMinnville, Oregon, United States
Key people
Delford M. Smith

Evergreen International Aviation, Inc. was a global aviation services company based in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1960, Evergreen was primarily known publicly for commercial helicopter operations in agricultural and forestry applications.

The airline division, Evergreen International Airlines, operated worldwide, in 168 countries, and by the end had been reduced to a fleet of all-cargo Boeing 747 freighters. The company also operated a helicopter division, Evergreen Helicopters which was sold to Erickson Air-Crane, an Oregon-based helicopter operator, for $250 million in 2013. Faced with bankruptcy and tax investigations,[1] Evergreen ceased all aviation-related operations in 2013 and shut down in 2014.[1]

History

[edit]
Monument to Capt Michael King Smith, USAF, son of Evergreen founder Del Smith, at the entrance to Evergreen International Aviation headquarters near the McMinnville Municipal Airport. Capt Smith, an F-15 Eagle pilot in the Oregon Air National Guard, was killed in an auto accident in 1995.

Delford M. Smith founded the company as Evergreen Helicopters in 1960.[2][3] Smith was involved in the development of the commercial use of helicopters, and his company was one of the first to use helicopters for spraying fertilizer and herbicides, spreading seeds and fighting forest fires. Smith helped develop a helicopter spray system called the "PaceSpreader" which permitted accurate, fast delivery of granular agents over large areas.[3] The PaceSpreader allowed the helicopter to operate at relatively high speeds while still delivering the product evenly and with measured precision. In 1972 the company expanded into the use of heavy lift helicopters, acquiring a number of Sikorsky S-61. In March 1973 the massive Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane was added to the fleet, with a lift capacity of 20,000 pounds.[citation needed]

In 1974 Smith became aware that the Johnson Flying Service was looking to sell its assets. The business was a small supplemental carrier that had two 94-passenger Lockheed L-188 Electra four-engine turbo-prop passenger aircraft.[3] More importantly, it held a supplemental air carrier operating certificate which allowed it to operate as an airline. After significant deliberation, the Civil Aeronautics Board approved the transfer in 1975. Evergreen International Airlines was officially formed and incorporated on 16 April 1975 as a subsidiary of Evergreen Helicopters, Inc.[4] The business subsequently continued to expand and split into a number of subsidiary divisions.[5] The main subsidiary was Evergreen International Airlines which operated the Boeing 747 as a cargo or tanker aircraft to locations around the world. The 747-200 "Evergreen Supertanker" was capable of delivering 20,000 gallons of water on wildfires, nearly ten times what could be delivered by a conventional U.S. Forest Service firefighting air tanker such as the Lockheed P-3 Orion turboprop.[6]

Scheduled passenger airline operations

[edit]

The airline division conducted some scheduled passenger operations with Douglas DC-8 jet and Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop aircraft with Detroit (DTW), Minneapolis/St. Paul (MSP), Seattle (SEA) and Spokane (GEG) being served in 1978. [7] The company also operated a commuter airline, Evergreen Airspur, in southern California with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter STOL turboprops in 1985.[8][9]

U.S. government work

[edit]

Evergreen was part of the US Civil Reserve Air Fleet and the International Peace Operations Association. It was known to do work for the United States federal government, including fire suppression for the U.S. Forest Service, troop transportation in the Gulf War of 1991, as well as helicopter transportation for oil rig firefighters at the end of hostilities.

CIA front

[edit]

Evergreen served as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) front in numerous operations over its history:[10]

Wherever there was a hot spot in the world, Evergreen’s helicopters and later airplanes were never far behind. Evergreen’s hardware was so inextricably linked with political intrigue that rumors swirled that the company was owned by, or a front for, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Indeed, several of the company’s senior executives either worked for the agency or had close ties to it.

Smith never let on, disingenuously telling the Portland Oregonian in 1988, “We don't know when we’ve ever worked for them [the CIA], but if we did we’re proud of it. We believe in patriotism, and, you know, they're not the [Russian spy service] KGB.”[1]

Evergreen bought assets during the 1970s that were previously linked to CIA operations, including Montana’s Johnson Flying Service and the CIA’s aviation "skunk works" at Pinal Airpark in Marana, Arizona, which under Evergreen did special aircraft modifications such as building the Boeing Dreamlifters (outsized 747s designed to transport Boeing 787 composite fuselage barrels) and servicing the NASA operated Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) used to transport the Space Shuttle. Evergreen subsequently sold the Pinal Airpark facility to Relativity Capital in 2011.[1]

Officially, the company provided "aviation services" for the CIA, including transporting the Shah of Iran from Egypt to Panama,[1] then Panama to the United States in 1980.[5]

Sale of Evergreen Helicopters

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Evergreen Helicopters was sold to Erickson Air-Crane in March 2013 for $250 million. The sale provided Evergreen International Aviation with the liquidity needed to continue operations. Smith said: "The sale of EHI provides us with needed capital to repay existing debt and gives us the liquidity to support our airline and remaining businesses."[11] The deal was contingent upon Erickson Air-Crane obtaining the necessary financing.[12][1]

Demise

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On 8 November 2013 Evergreen International Airlines, a subsidiary of Evergreen International Aviation, announced via a voicemail to their employees that all operations would cease effective 29 November 2013.[13]

Evergreen’s airplanes and helicopters had once "supported United Nations peacekeeping operations in 30 countries, flew insect-eradication missions throughout Africa, were used for illegal-drug abatement spraying in Mexico and South America, helped build the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline and developed and serviced the offshore energy market worldwide. All told, Smith said his company flew in 168 countries over the years. 'We were all over the world. Everywhere they needed a helicopter, they needed an airplane as well,'" said Smith.[1]

In June of 2014, Evergreen had declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy[14][15] and began a liquidation of assets, including its headquarters campus in McMinnville.[16]

By the time of Smith's death 7 November 2014, the remains of his once billion-dollar Evergreen Aviation empire had been sold off, shut down, or was in bankruptcy and under investigation by tax authorities.[1]

Fleet at the time of the end of aviation operations in 2013

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Evergreen International Aviation Fleet:
Aircraft Active Stored Notes
Boeing 747-100F 1 10 1 Converted to Evergreen Supertanker
Boeing 747-200F 0 9
Boeing 747-400F 4 0

Previous fixed wing aircraft

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Evergreen also operated the following jet and turboprop aircraft at various times during its existence:[17][18][19]

Previous helicopter types

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The helicopter division of Evergreen operated the following rotorcraft at various times during its existence:[20][21][22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Huber, Mark (2014-12-07). "Evergreen's Del Smith Dead at 84". Aviation International News.
  2. ^ William Yardley (2014-11-13). "Delford Smith, Founder of Aviation Company, Dies at 84". The New York Times.
  3. ^ a b c Yenne, Bill (2008). The Evergreen Story. AGS Bookworks Inc. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-9776374-1-6.
  4. ^ "Evergreen International Airlines, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". investing.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  5. ^ a b Bates, David (1999-12-29). "Airline With an Attitude: A Special Report on Evergreen Aviation". Yamhill Valley News-Register. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05.
  6. ^ Copenhaver, Larry (2006-10-28). "Giant Jet Unlikely to Attack California Fire". Tucson Citizen.
  7. ^ "Evergreen International Airlines".
  8. ^ photo of Evergreen Airspur DHC-6 Twin Otter at LAX
  9. ^ "Evergreen Airspur".
  10. ^ "Evergreen International Aviation, Inc". SourceWatch.
  11. ^ Evergreen Aviation (2013-03-19). "Press Release". Archived from the original on 2013-05-11.
  12. ^ Siemers, Erik (2013-03-19). "Erickson Air-Crane to acquire Evergreen Helicopters in $250M deal". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  13. ^ "Evergreen International Airlines, McMinnville-based air freight company, will reportedly close Nov. 29". The Oregonian. 2013-11-07.
  14. ^ "Evergreen International Airlines files voluntary Chapter 7 petition on New Year's Eve". OregonLive.com. 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  15. ^ "Evergreen International Airlines Chapter 7 Petition" (PDF). PacerMonitor. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  16. ^ Giegerich, Andy (2014-08-20). "Report: Evergreen's McMinnville campus draws interest from three buyers". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  17. ^ photos of Evergreen fixed wing aircraft listed under Evergreen International Airlines section
  18. ^ photos of fixed wing aircraft listed under Evergreen Helicopters section
  19. ^ "photos of Evergreen fixed wing aircraft". 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.
  20. ^ photos of Evergreen Helicopters rotorcraft
  21. ^ "Evergreen Helicopters aviation photos". JetPhotos.
  22. ^ Gabbert, Bill (20 March 2013). "photos of Evergreen Helicopters rotorcraft". Fire Aviation. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.
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