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{{Short description|Filipino academic}}
{{Short description|Filipino academic (1871–1928)}}
{{for|the major road named after him|EDSA}}
{{for|the major road named after him|EDSA}}
{{family name hatnote|de los Santos|Cristóbal|lang=Spanish}}
{{family name hatnote|de los Santos|Cristóbal|lang=Spanish}}
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{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Islahuddin Aribam
|name = Epifanio de los Santos
| image =
|image = EDSA (1871-1928).jpg
| image_size = 220px
|image_size = 220px
| caption =
|caption = de los Santos graduation picture at [[Ateneo de Manila]]
|office = Director of the [[National Library of the Philippines|Philippine Library]] and [[National Museum of the Philippines|Museum]]
| office = Social Activities, Legal Volunteer,
| term_start = March12, 1985
|term_start = May 16, 1925
| term_end = Til date
|term_end = April 18, 1928<ref name="library" />
| appointer =
|appointer = [[Leonard Wood]]
| predecessor =
|predecessor = [[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]]
| office1 =
|office1 = [[Governor of Nueva Ecija]]
| term_start1 =
|term_start1 = 1902
| term_end1 =
|term_end1 = 1906
| predecessor1 =
|predecessor1 = Felino Cajucom
| successor1 =
|successor1 = [[Isauro Gabaldon]]
|office2 = Member of the [[Malolos Congress]]<br>from [[Nueva Ecija's at-large congressional district|Nueva Ecija]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
|term_start2 = September 15, 1898
| term_end2 =
|term_end2 = November 13, 1899
| alongside2 =
|alongside2 = [[José Turiano Santiago]] and Gregorio Macapinlac
| birth_name = Islahuddin Aribam
|birth_name = Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1983|3|12}}<!--Don't change-->
|birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1871|4|7}}<!--Don't change-->
| birth_place = [[Kwakta]], [[Moirang (Bishnupur)|Manipur]], [[India]]
|birth_place = [[Malabon]], [[Manila (province)|Manila]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]]
| death_date =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1928|4|18|1871|4|7}}
| death_place =
|death_place = [[Manila]], [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]]
| nickname =
|nickname = Don Pañong, G. Solon (pen name), Señor de los Santos, ED or EDS (acronym)
| spouse = Rajina Bibi
|spouse = Ursula Paez<br>Margarita Torralba
| children = 4
|children = 12
|known_for = The First Filipino Academician,<ref>Bacallan, Joyce. 1988. Hero of the month- Epifanio delos Santos- a great Filipino academician. The youngster. p.&nbsp;7.</ref><ref>Epifanio de los Santos (undated)Printed by National Bookstore. Manila, Philippines 260061</ref> Great among the Great Filipino Scholars,<ref>Zaide, Gregorio F. 1965.Epifanio de los Santos: Great among the great Filipino scholars. In Great Filipinos in history. 88: 575-581.</ref><ref>Epifanio de los Santos (Great among the great Filipino scholars). 1982. Printed by Merriam School & Office. Supplies Corporation, Manila.</ref><ref>Epifanio de los Santos (Pinakadakilang Iskolar Na Pilipino). 1988. Karapatang-ari ng Merriam & Websters.</ref> A Man of Many Talents<ref>Philippine National Heroes from Philippine Centennial 1898-1998 [http://park.org/Philippines/centennial/herolist.htm Philippine National Heroes]. Retrieved December 12, 2010.</ref><ref>The New Philippine Almanac- The Philippine National Heroes. Encleare Foundation. 2007. p.439. {{ISBN|978-971-0328-22-2}}</ref><ref>Filipinas Heritage Library - Himig (Filipino Music Trivia) [http://www.himig.com.ph/features/20-filipino-music-trivia Himig | Features] accessed December 14, 2010</ref>
| known_for =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
|occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* social activities
* researcher
* legal volunteer
* lawyer
* social worker
* politician
* politician
* public servant
*
}}
}}
|alma_mater = [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo Municipal de Manila]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small><br>[[University of Santo Tomas]] <small>([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])</small>
| alma_mater =
}}
}}

⚫
[[File:EdsStatue.jpg|thumb|A 10-foot high statue of Epifanio de los Santos in [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]] was made in recognition of his contributions to arts, culture and the country's history.]]
⚫
'''Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal''', also known as '''Don Pañong''' or '''Don Panyong''' (April 7, 1871 – April 18, 1928), was a notable Filipino historian, journalist, and civil servant.<ref name="filipiniana1">Afan, Carolina L. Epifanio de los Santos y Cristobal. Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. ISBN does not apply.</ref><ref name="chanrobles1">Philippines Laws, Statutes and Codes [http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2140.html Virtual Law Library: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue] accessed December 15, 2010</ref><ref name="publishing37"/> He was regarded as one of the best Filipino writers and a literary genius.<ref name="filipiniana2" /> He also entered politics, serving as a member of the [[Malolos Congress]] from 1898 to 1899 from [[Nueva Ecija]] and later as [[governor of Nueva Ecija]] from 1902 to 1906. As a lawyer, he was named the district attorney of [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]] in 1900 and later as fiscal of the provinces of [[Bulacan]] and [[Bataan]]. He was named as an assistant technical director of the Philippine Census in 1918. He was appointed Director of the [[National Library of the Philippines|Philippine Library]] and [[National Museum of the Philippines|Museum]] by [[Governor General of the Philippines|Governor General]] [[Leonard Wood]] in 1925, serving until his death in 1928.<ref name="library" />
⚫
[[File:EdsBust.jpg|thumb|Marble bust of Epifanio de los Santos made by [[Guillermo Tolentino]]]]
⚫
[[File:PH nhi epifanio de los santos.jpg|thumb|A Man of Many Talents.]]
⚫
'''Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal''', sometimes known as '''Don Pañong''' or '''Don Panyong''' (April 7, 1871 – April 18, 1928), was a noted Filipino historian, journalist, and civil servant.<ref name="filipiniana1">Afan, Carolina L. Epifanio de los Santos y Cristobal. Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. ISBN does not apply.</ref><ref name="chanrobles1">Philippines Laws, Statutes and Codes [http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2140.html Virtual Law Library: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue] accessed December 15, 2010</ref><ref name="publishing37"/> He was regarded as one of the best Filipino writers and a literary genius.<ref name="filipiniana2" /> He also entered politics, serving as a member of the [[Malolos Congress]] from 1898 to 1899 from [[Nueva Ecija]] and later as [[governor of Nueva Ecija]] from 1902 to 1906. As a lawyer, he was named as the district attorney of [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]] in 1900 and later as fiscal of the provinces of [[Bulacan]] and [[Bataan]]. He was named as an assistant technical director of the Philippine Census in 1918. He was appointed Director of the [[National Library of the Philippines|Philippine Library]] and [[National Museum of the Philippines|Museum]] by [[Governor General of the Philippines|Governor General]] [[Leonard Wood]] in 1925, serving until his death in 1928.<ref name="library" />


==Early life and marriage==
==Early life and marriage==
⚫
[[File:PH nhi epifanio de los santos.jpg|thumb|left|A Man of Many Talents.]]
Epifanio de los Santos was born in April 7, 1871, in Potrero, [[Malabon]], [[Manila (province)|Province of Manila]] to Escolastico de los Santos of [[Nueva Ecija]] and musician Antonina Cristóbal y Tongco. He studied at the [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo Municipal de Manila]] where he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree graduating ''[[summa cum laude]]''. He devoted some time for painting but music became part of his daily life and was even awarded a professorship in music.<ref name="filipiniana2"/> He finished his law studies at [[University of Santo Tomas]] and topped the bar exams in 1898.<ref>Dungo, Dolores T. Epifanio de los Santos. Epifanio de los Santos College, Malabon, Rizal.</ref> [[Rafael Palma]] (1930) noticed that during his college years, his collecting instinct was early manifested when he curiously dedicated himself to gathering plants and flowers in the Nueva Ecija wherein he also sought the company and even communed with the rural communities.<ref name="translation4">Palma, Rafael. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal.(English translation by Tiburcio Tumaneng from the Spanish Original). Manila. p.4. Archived from the original. Filipiniana Division. National Library-Government Property. (ISBN does not apply)</ref> According to Agoncillo, "nobody suspected that he would someday become a literary man". As a young law student, his fascination with the study of Spanish literature was through readings of [[Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano|Juan Valera's]] novel entitled "Pepita Jimenez" and most of all his available works.<ref name="international1977">Espino, Licsi F. Jr. 1977. A Historian with style: love of learning chiseled the man. Archipelago: International Magazine of the Philippines 1:37-38. {{ISSN|0303-8564}}</ref> Eventually, he formed a delightful and lasting friendship with this author which he met in Spain.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Manila Tribune. April 19, 1928.</ref><ref name="translation4"/> His home in [[Intramuros]] became the meeting place of literary cliques composed of [[Cecilio Apóstol]] (Catulo), [[Fernando María Guerrero]] (Fulvio Gil), [[José Palma]], [[Rafael Palma]], [[Jaime C. de Veyra]], Macario Pineda, Mariano V. del Rosario, Salvador V. del Rosario, Ysidro Paredes, Macario Adriatico, [[Jose Zulueta|Jose Clemente Zulueta]] and Jose G. Abreu.<ref name="international1977"/> He made a beautiful oil portrait of Rosa Sevilla and composed a melody dedicated to her.<ref name="publishing37"/>
Epifanio de los Santos was born in April 7, 1871, in Potrero, [[Malabon]], [[Manila (province)|Province of Manila]] to Escolastico de los Santos of [[Nueva Ecija]] and musician Antonina Cristóbal y Tongco. He studied at the [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo Municipal de Manila]] where he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree graduating ''[[summa cum laude]]''. He devoted some time for painting but music became part of his daily life and was even awarded a professorship in music.<ref name="filipiniana2"/> He finished his law studies at the [[University of Santo Tomas]] and topped the bar exams in 1898.<ref>Dungo, Dolores T. Epifanio de los Santos. Epifanio de los Santos College, Malabon, Rizal.</ref> [[Rafael Palma]] (1930) noticed that during his college years, his collecting instinct was early manifested when he curiously dedicated himself to gathering plants and flowers in the Nueva Ecija wherein he also sought the company and even communed with the rural communities.<ref name="translation4">Palma, Rafael. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal.(English translation by Tiburcio Tumaneng from the Spanish Original). Manila. p.4. Archived from the original. Filipiniana Division. National Library-Government Property. (ISBN does not apply)</ref> According to Agoncillo, "Nobody suspected that he would someday become a literary man". As a young law student, his fascination with the study of Spanish literature was through readings of [[Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano|Juan Valera's]] novel entitled "Pepita Jimenez" and most of all his available works.<ref name="international1977">Espino, Licsi F. Jr. 1977. A Historian with style: love of learning chiseled the man. Archipelago: International Magazine of the Philippines 1:37-38. {{ISSN|0303-8564}}</ref> Eventually, he formed a delightful and lasting friendship with this author which he met in Spain.<ref name="autogenerated1">The Manila Tribune. April 19, 1928.</ref><ref name="translation4"/> His home in [[Intramuros]] became the meeting place of literary cliques composed of [[Cecilio Apóstol]] (Catulo), [[Fernando María Guerrero]] (Fulvio Gil), [[José Palma]], [[Rafael Palma]], [[Jaime C. de Veyra]], Macario Pineda, Mariano V. del Rosario, Salvador V. del Rosario, Ysidro Paredes, Macario Adriatico, [[Jose Zulueta|Jose Clemente Zulueta]] and Jose G. Abreu.<ref name="international1977"/> He made a beautiful oil portrait of Rosa Sevilla and composed a melody dedicated to her.<ref name="publishing37"/>


Epifanio's first wife was Doña Ursula Paez of Malabon; his second was Margarita Torralba of [[Malolos]]. Jose, his son to his first wife, became a historian, biographer, and collector. His brother, Escolastico, became a pianist for [[silent film]]s and has made artistic contributions as a poet and a [[Literary realism|realist]] story teller in Philippine magazines and newspapers. Socrates, his son from second wife, became a leading [[the Pentagon|Pentagon]] [[aeronautics]] engineer in his time.
Epifanio's first wife was Doña Ursula Paez of Malabon; his second was Margarita Torralba of [[Malolos]]. Jose, his son to his first wife, became a historian, biographer, and collector. His brother, Escolastico, became a pianist for [[silent film]]s and has made artistic contributions as a poet and a [[Literary realism|realist]] story teller in Philippine magazines and newspapers. Socrates, his son from second wife, became a leading [[the Pentagon|Pentagon]] [[aeronautics]] engineer in his time.


He has two lines of descendants with four children on his first wife Ursula Paez namely Jose, Rosario, Escolastico and Antonio and eight children on his second wife Margarita Torralba namely Leticia, Fernando, Socrates, Federico, Hipatia Patria, Espacia Lydia, Glicera Ruth & Margarita.
He has two lines of descendants with four children on his first wife Ursula Paez namely Jose, Rosario, Escolastico and Antonio and eight children on his second wife Margarita Torralba namely Leticia, Fernando, Socrates, Federico, Hipatia Patria, Espacia Lydia, Glicera Ruth & Margarita.
[[File:Epifdelossantospostcard.jpg|thumb|A postcard depicting Epifanio de los Santos]]


==Literary and scholarly works==
==Literary and scholarly works==
⚫
[[File:EdsBust.jpg|thumb|left|Marble bust of Epifanio de los Santos made by [[Guillermo Tolentino]]]]
Epifanio was considered one of the best Filipino writers in Spanish of his time and regarded as a literary [[genius]].<ref name="filipiniana2">Cayco, Libardo D. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal. Manila. National Heroes Day. Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. Archived from the original.</ref><ref>Hardtendorp, A. V. H. Don Pañong – genius. Philippine Magazine 26 (Sept.) 210-11, 234-235.</ref> When he was young, he was the first Filipino to become a member of the [[Real Academia Española|Spanish Royal Academy]] of Language, [[Real Academia Española|Spanish Royal Academy]] of Literature and [[Real Academia Española|Spanish Royal Academy]] of History in [[Madrid]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="international1977"/> It was the admiration of his writings that [[Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo]] asked the [[Real Academia Española]] to open its door to the benevolent young native scholar.
Epifanio was considered one of the best Filipino writers in Spanish of his time and regarded as a literary [[genius]].<ref name="filipiniana2">Cayco, Libardo D. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal. Manila. National Heroes Day. Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. Archived from the original.</ref><ref>Hardtendorp, A. V. H. Don Pañong – genius. Philippine Magazine 26 (Sept.) 210-11, 234-235.</ref> When he was young, he was the first Filipino to become a member of the [[Real Academia Española|Spanish Royal Academy]] of Language, [[Real Academia Española|Spanish Royal Academy]] of Literature and [[Real Academia Española|Spanish Royal Academy]] of History in [[Madrid]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="international1977"/> It was the admiration of his writings that [[Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo]] asked the [[Real Academia Española]] to open its door to the benevolent young native scholar.


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===Collections===
===Collections===
⚫
[[File:EdsStatue.jpg|thumb|left|A {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} statue of Epifanio de los Santos in [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]] was made in recognition of his contributions to arts, culture and the country's history.]]
Epifanio de los Santos traveled to many places in Europe, Asia, and Americas searching for rare Philippine documents in museums, archives, and libraries. He collected almost 200 paintings and sculpted pieces done by [[Juan Luna]], [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo|Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo]], [[Fabián de la Rosa]], [[Juan M. Arellano|Juan Arellano]], [[Pablo Amorsolo]], [[Fernando Amorsolo]], [[Graciano Nepomuceno]] and [[Guillermo Tolentino]], musical literatures, opera records, valuable printed materials, documents and manuscripts on the revolution and historical pictures. According to Zaide, his famous [[Filipiniana]] collection was rated by foreign scholars as the best in the world. In [[Europe]], he was recognized as the [[philologist]] and writer of biographical matters about the [[Philippines]].
Epifanio de los Santos traveled to many places in Europe, Asia, and Americas searching for rare Philippine documents in museums, archives, and libraries. He collected almost 200 paintings and sculpted pieces done by [[Juan Luna]], [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo|Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo]], [[Fabián de la Rosa]], [[Juan M. Arellano|Juan Arellano]], [[Pablo Amorsolo]], [[Fernando Amorsolo]], [[Graciano Nepomuceno]] and [[Guillermo Tolentino]], musical literatures, opera records, valuable printed materials, documents and manuscripts on the revolution and historical pictures. According to Zaide, his famous [[Filipiniana]] collection was rated by foreign scholars as the best in the world. In [[Europe]], he was recognized as the [[philologist]] and writer of biographical matters about the [[Philippines]].


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In all, there are 115 printed matter and 213 documents in the collection dealing with [[Philippine revolution]]
In all, there are 115 printed matter and 213 documents in the collection dealing with [[Philippine revolution]]


After de los Santos's death, the Philippine legislature, by virtue of the Philippine Clarin Act, negotiated with the widow and heirs of the great collector for the purchase of the collection and library. The Philippine government bought the priceless collections for P 19,250.00.<ref>Zaide, Gregorio F. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos, his collection and library. The Tribune Magazine. pp.&nbsp;4–5</ref>
After de los Santos's death, the [[Philippine Legislature]], by virtue of the Philippine Clarin Act, negotiated with the widow and heirs of the great collector for the purchase of the collection and library. The Philippine government bought the priceless collections for {{Philippine peso|19,250.00|link=yes}}.<ref>Zaide, Gregorio F. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos, his collection and library. The Tribune Magazine. pp.&nbsp;4–5</ref>


===Other interests===
===Other interests===
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==Public service==
==Public service==
⚫
[[File:Epifanio de los Santos Monument in Cabanatuan City 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal bust, memorial, Caalibangbangan Park, [[Cabanatuan]]]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Epifanio de los Santos as a young man.jpg|thumb|right|100px|de los Santos as a young man.{{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, June 10, 2020|PROD}}]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Epifanio de los Santos as a young man.jpg|thumb|right|100px|de los Santos as a young man.{{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, June 10, 2020|PROD}}]] -->
Epifanio de los Santos was elected the [[Malolos Congress]] in September 1898, serving as one of the three representatives from [[Nueva Ecija's at-large congressional district|Nueva Ecija]] until November 1899.<ref name="pasion" /> In 1900, he was appointed district attorney of the town of [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]]. He was later elected as [[governor of Nueva Ecija|governor]] of [[Nueva Ecija]] in 1902 and again in 1904, serving until 1906.<ref name="filipiniana1"/> His election victory made him the first democratically elected provincial [[governor]] and head of the Federal Party in Nueva Ecija. A member of the [[Philippine Commission]], he was immediately considered as one of those Filipino intellectuals to represent the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|Saint Louis World's Fair]] in 1904. He was later appointed provincial fiscal of [[Bulacan]] and [[Bataan]] provinces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2014/05/16/1323468/ecija-town-unveils-monument-epifanio-de-los-santos|title=Ecija town unveils monument of Epifanio de los Santos|first=Manny|last=Galvez|access-date=January 12, 2022|date=May 16, 2014|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> He wrote a treatise on electoral fraud "[[Electoral fraud|Electoral Fraud]] and its Remedies" (Fraudes Electorales y Sus Remedios) in 1907 for the [[Philippine Assembly]]. On the side, he devoted his spare time to researches in [[Philippine history]] and literature. Portions of his collections where destroyed when fires hit his house in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. According to Agoncillo and Palma, his interest lies not in politics. In 1918, he was appointed by [[Governor General of the Philippines|Governor General]] [[Francis Burton Harrison]] as Assistant Technical Director of the [[Philippines census|Philippine Census]].<ref name="filipiniana1"/>
Epifanio de los Santos was elected the [[Malolos Congress]] in September 1898, serving as one of the three representatives from [[Nueva Ecija's at-large congressional district|Nueva Ecija]] until November 1899.<ref name="pasion" /> In 1900, he was appointed district attorney of the town of [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]]. He was later elected as [[governor of Nueva Ecija|governor]] of [[Nueva Ecija]] in 1902 and again in 1904, serving until 1906.<ref name="filipiniana1"/> His election victory made him the first democratically elected provincial [[governor]] and head of the Federal Party in Nueva Ecija. A member of the [[Philippine Commission]], he was immediately considered as one of those Filipino intellectuals to represent the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|Saint Louis World's Fair]] in 1904. He was later appointed provincial fiscal of [[Bulacan]] and [[Bataan]] provinces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2014/05/16/1323468/ecija-town-unveils-monument-epifanio-de-los-santos|title=Ecija town unveils monument of Epifanio de los Santos|first=Manny|last=Galvez|access-date=January 12, 2022|date=May 16, 2014|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> He wrote a treatise on electoral fraud "[[Electoral fraud|Electoral Fraud]] and its Remedies" (Fraudes Electorales y Sus Remedios) in 1907 for the [[Philippine Assembly]]. On the side, he devoted his spare time to researches in [[Philippine history]] and literature. Portions of his collections where destroyed when fires hit his house in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. According to Agoncillo and Palma, his interest lies not in politics. In 1918, he was appointed by [[Governor General of the Philippines|Governor General]] [[Francis Burton Harrison]] as assistant technical director of the [[Philippines census|Philippine Census]].<ref name="filipiniana1"/>


[[File:Epifanio de los Santos NHCP historical marker.jpg|thumb|left|Historical marker installed by the [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]] in 2015 in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija]]
The last and most significant position de los Santos held was Director of the [[National Library of the Philippines|Philippine Library]] and [[National Museum of the Philippines|Museum]], to which he was appointed by Governor General [[Leonard Wood]] in 1925. He succeeded his colleague [[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]], who died on March 26, 1925.<ref name="pasion">{{cite web|url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/epifanio-de-los-santos-commemorating-the-filipino-genius-in-his-150th-birth-anniversary-pioneer/|title=Epifanio de los Santos: Commemorating the Filipino genius on his 150th Birth Anniversary|first=Francis Kristoffer|last=Pasion|date=April 6, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> He was also elected as third President of the Philippine Library Association (now Philippine Librarians Association, Inc.), becoming the first Filipino of native parentage to assume such position professionally for Philippine [[library science]].<ref name="filipiniana1"/> As a director of the Philippine Library, he immersed himself in his work and, according to bibliographer Gabriel Bernardo, gave up “all his other avocations except music and bibliophily.”<ref name="library">{{cite news|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/99083/past-librarian-need-new-one|title=A past librarian and the need for a new one|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|first=Ambeth|last=Ocampo|date=November 9, 2016|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref>
The last and most significant position de los Santos held was Director of the [[National Library of the Philippines|Philippine Library]] and [[National Museum of the Philippines|Museum]], to which he was appointed by Governor General [[Leonard Wood]] in 1925. He succeeded his colleague [[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]], who died on March 26, 1925.<ref name="pasion">{{cite web|url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/epifanio-de-los-santos-commemorating-the-filipino-genius-in-his-150th-birth-anniversary-pioneer/|title=Epifanio de los Santos: Commemorating the Filipino genius on his 150th Birth Anniversary|first=Francis Kristoffer|last=Pasion|date=April 6, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> He was also elected as third President of the Philippine Library Association (now Philippine Librarians Association, Inc.), becoming the first Filipino of native parentage to assume such position professionally for Philippine [[library science]].<ref name="filipiniana1"/> As a director of the Philippine Library, he immersed himself in his work and, according to bibliographer Gabriel Bernardo, gave up “all his other avocations except music and bibliophily.”<ref name="library">{{cite news|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/99083/past-librarian-need-new-one|title=A past librarian and the need for a new one|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|first=Ambeth|last=Ocampo|date=November 9, 2016|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
⚫
[[File:Epifanio de los Santos Monument in Cabanatuan City 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal bust, memorial, Caalibangbangan Park, [[Cabanatuan]]]]
He died in office on April 18, 1928, 11 days after his 57th birthday. The Philippine government paid him the tribute of a state funeral. Local and foreign scholars lamented the loss of one who they described as a "Great among the Great Filipino Scholars."
He died in office on April 18, 1928, 11 days after his 57th birthday. The Philippine government paid him the tribute of a state funeral. Local and foreign scholars lamented the loss of one who they described as a "Great among the Great Filipino Scholars."


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* {{Gutenberg author |id=6107}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=6107}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Epifanio de los Santos}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Epifanio de los Santos}}
* [http://www.epifaniodelossantos.com/ Who is EDSA?]
* [http://www.epifaniodelossantos.com/ Who is EDSA?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128230959/http://epifaniodelossantos.com/ |date=January 28, 2011 }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123212/http://geocities.com/sinupan/delosantosefipanio.htm |date=October 27, 2009 |title=TOMAS L }} at www.geocities.com
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123212/http://geocities.com/sinupan/delosantosefipanio.htm |date=October 27, 2009 |title=TOMAS L }} at www.geocities.com
* [http://www.filipinostar.org/issues/fstar-feb-2006.pdf The North American Filipino Star - great composers and the success of the Kundiman ] at www.filipinostar.org
* [http://www.filipinostar.org/issues/fstar-feb-2006.pdf The North American Filipino Star - great composers and the success of the Kundiman ] at www.filipinostar.org
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[[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Filipino artists]]
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[[Category:Filipino composers]]
[[Category:Filipino male composers]]
[[Category:Linguists from the Philippines]]
[[Category:Linguists from the Philippines]]
[[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]]
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[[Category:Filipino journalists]]
[[Category:People of the Philippine Revolution]]
[[Category:People of the Philippine Revolution]]
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Latest revision as of 02:22, 3 December 2024

For the major road named after him, see EDSA.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is de los Santos and the second or maternal family name is Cristóbal.

Epifanio de los Santos
de los Santos graduation picture at Ateneo de Manila
Director of the Philippine Library and Museum
In office
May 16, 1925 – April 18, 1928[1]
Appointed byLeonard Wood
Preceded byTrinidad Pardo de Tavera
Governor of Nueva Ecija
In office
1902–1906
Preceded byFelino Cajucom
Succeeded byIsauro Gabaldon
Member of the Malolos Congress
from Nueva Ecija
In office
September 15, 1898 – November 13, 1899
Serving with José Turiano Santiago and Gregorio Macapinlac
Personal details
Born
Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal

(1871-04-07)April 7, 1871
Malabon, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
DiedApril 18, 1928(1928-04-18) (aged 57)
Manila, Philippine Islands
Spouse(s)Ursula Paez
Margarita Torralba
Children12
Alma materAteneo Municipal de Manila (BA)
University of Santo Tomas (LLB)
Occupation
  • Writer
  • researcher
  • lawyer
  • politician
  • public servant
Known forThe First Filipino Academician,[2][3] Great among the Great Filipino Scholars,[4][5][6] A Man of Many Talents[7][8][9]
Nickname(s)Don Pañong, G. Solon (pen name), Señor de los Santos, ED or EDS (acronym)

Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal, also known as Don Pañong or Don Panyong (April 7, 1871 – April 18, 1928), was a notable Filipino historian, journalist, and civil servant.[10][11][12] He was regarded as one of the best Filipino writers and a literary genius.[13] He also entered politics, serving as a member of the Malolos Congress from 1898 to 1899 from Nueva Ecija and later as governor of Nueva Ecija from 1902 to 1906. As a lawyer, he was named the district attorney of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija in 1900 and later as fiscal of the provinces of Bulacan and Bataan. He was named as an assistant technical director of the Philippine Census in 1918. He was appointed Director of the Philippine Library and Museum by Governor General Leonard Wood in 1925, serving until his death in 1928.[1]

Early life and marriage

[edit]
A Man of Many Talents.

Epifanio de los Santos was born in April 7, 1871, in Potrero, Malabon, Province of Manila to Escolastico de los Santos of Nueva Ecija and musician Antonina Cristóbal y Tongco. He studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree graduating summa cum laude. He devoted some time for painting but music became part of his daily life and was even awarded a professorship in music.[13] He finished his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas and topped the bar exams in 1898.[14] Rafael Palma (1930) noticed that during his college years, his collecting instinct was early manifested when he curiously dedicated himself to gathering plants and flowers in the Nueva Ecija wherein he also sought the company and even communed with the rural communities.[15] According to Agoncillo, "Nobody suspected that he would someday become a literary man". As a young law student, his fascination with the study of Spanish literature was through readings of Juan Valera's novel entitled "Pepita Jimenez" and most of all his available works.[16] Eventually, he formed a delightful and lasting friendship with this author which he met in Spain.[17][15] His home in Intramuros became the meeting place of literary cliques composed of Cecilio Apóstol (Catulo), Fernando María Guerrero (Fulvio Gil), José Palma, Rafael Palma, Jaime C. de Veyra, Macario Pineda, Mariano V. del Rosario, Salvador V. del Rosario, Ysidro Paredes, Macario Adriatico, Jose Clemente Zulueta and Jose G. Abreu.[16] He made a beautiful oil portrait of Rosa Sevilla and composed a melody dedicated to her.[12]

Epifanio's first wife was Doña Ursula Paez of Malabon; his second was Margarita Torralba of Malolos. Jose, his son to his first wife, became a historian, biographer, and collector. His brother, Escolastico, became a pianist for silent films and has made artistic contributions as a poet and a realist story teller in Philippine magazines and newspapers. Socrates, his son from second wife, became a leading Pentagon aeronautics engineer in his time.

He has two lines of descendants with four children on his first wife Ursula Paez namely Jose, Rosario, Escolastico and Antonio and eight children on his second wife Margarita Torralba namely Leticia, Fernando, Socrates, Federico, Hipatia Patria, Espacia Lydia, Glicera Ruth & Margarita.

Literary and scholarly works

[edit]
Marble bust of Epifanio de los Santos made by Guillermo Tolentino

Epifanio was considered one of the best Filipino writers in Spanish of his time and regarded as a literary genius.[13][18] When he was young, he was the first Filipino to become a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Language, Spanish Royal Academy of Literature and Spanish Royal Academy of History in Madrid.[17][16] It was the admiration of his writings that Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo asked the Real Academia Española to open its door to the benevolent young native scholar.

Epifanio was a young associate editor of the revolutionary paper "La Independencia" (1898), writing in prose under the pen name G. Solon and also a member of the Malolos Congress. He also co-founded other newspapers like La Libertad, El Renaciemento, La Democracia, La Patria and Malaysia. He also made valuable publications namely; Algo de Prosa (1909), Literatura Tagala (1911), El Teatro Tagala (1911) Nuestra Literatura (1913), El Proceso del Dr. José Rizal (1914), Folklore Musical de Filipinas (1920). He also authored Filipinos y filipinistas (Filipinos and Filipinists), Filipinas para los Filipinos, Cuentos y paisajes Filipinos (Philippine Stories and Scenes) and Criminality in the Philippines (1903–1908).

He was a member of Samahan ng mga Mananagalog which was initiated by Felipe Calderon in 1904, and it includes active members with the likes of Lope K. Santos, Rosa Sevilla, Hermenegildo Cruz, Jaime C. de Veyra and Patricio Mariano.[19] He was a polyglot, being fluent in Spanish, English, French, German, Ita, Tingian, and Ibalao. He notably translated Florante and Laura classically into sonorous Castilian.[12] As one of the brilliant writers in the Golden Age of Fil-Hispanic literature who had published numerous titles and books, he was an honorary member of the Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española.[20]

As a versatile researcher, he also contributed to early Philippine studies on anthropology, ethnology, archaeology, linguistics and demographics.[21][22]

Collections

[edit]
A 10-foot-high (3.0 m) statue of Epifanio de los Santos in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija was made in recognition of his contributions to arts, culture and the country's history.

Epifanio de los Santos traveled to many places in Europe, Asia, and Americas searching for rare Philippine documents in museums, archives, and libraries. He collected almost 200 paintings and sculpted pieces done by Juan Luna, Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, Fabián de la Rosa, Juan Arellano, Pablo Amorsolo, Fernando Amorsolo, Graciano Nepomuceno and Guillermo Tolentino, musical literatures, opera records, valuable printed materials, documents and manuscripts on the revolution and historical pictures. According to Zaide, his famous Filipiniana collection was rated by foreign scholars as the best in the world. In Europe, he was recognized as the philologist and writer of biographical matters about the Philippines.

According to Zaide, there are documents and printed matter in his collection that cannot be found elsewhere, not even in the Filipiniana Division of The National Library nor in any library the world over, the Library of Congress of the United States included. The best years of his life were spent in looking for them only to find them after an almost "wild goose chase" of a lifetime. His Rizaliana collections were greatly acknowledged by W. E. Retana, James A. Le-Roy, and Austin Craig.

In all, there are 115 printed matter and 213 documents in the collection dealing with Philippine revolution

After de los Santos's death, the Philippine Legislature, by virtue of the Philippine Clarin Act, negotiated with the widow and heirs of the great collector for the purchase of the collection and library. The Philippine government bought the priceless collections for ₱19,250.00.[23]

Other interests

[edit]

Aside from his scholarly works on different facets of the Philippines, he was also known to be one of the best guitarists at that time. According to Teodoro Agoncillo, there were at least two guitarists that could contend with him, and these were Fernando Canon and General Antonio Luna. For him, music is the embodiment of happiness of the soul, the one that could refreshen the withered spirit.[24]

There was even a story that de los Santos and his friend, Clemente Jose Zulueta had a bitter face-off in the office of La Independencia and Antonio Luna offered to pacify the two gentlemen and he offer his guitar to the one who would win the argumentation, and de los Santos won so he received Luna's guitar.[25]

Public service

[edit]
Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal bust, memorial, Caalibangbangan Park, Cabanatuan

Epifanio de los Santos was elected the Malolos Congress in September 1898, serving as one of the three representatives from Nueva Ecija until November 1899.[26] In 1900, he was appointed district attorney of the town of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. He was later elected as governor of Nueva Ecija in 1902 and again in 1904, serving until 1906.[10] His election victory made him the first democratically elected provincial governor and head of the Federal Party in Nueva Ecija. A member of the Philippine Commission, he was immediately considered as one of those Filipino intellectuals to represent the Saint Louis World's Fair in 1904. He was later appointed provincial fiscal of Bulacan and Bataan provinces.[27] He wrote a treatise on electoral fraud "Electoral Fraud and its Remedies" (Fraudes Electorales y Sus Remedios) in 1907 for the Philippine Assembly. On the side, he devoted his spare time to researches in Philippine history and literature. Portions of his collections where destroyed when fires hit his house in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. According to Agoncillo and Palma, his interest lies not in politics. In 1918, he was appointed by Governor General Francis Burton Harrison as assistant technical director of the Philippine Census.[10]

Historical marker installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2015 in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija

The last and most significant position de los Santos held was Director of the Philippine Library and Museum, to which he was appointed by Governor General Leonard Wood in 1925. He succeeded his colleague Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, who died on March 26, 1925.[26] He was also elected as third President of the Philippine Library Association (now Philippine Librarians Association, Inc.), becoming the first Filipino of native parentage to assume such position professionally for Philippine library science.[10] As a director of the Philippine Library, he immersed himself in his work and, according to bibliographer Gabriel Bernardo, gave up “all his other avocations except music and bibliophily.”[1]

Death and legacy

[edit]

He died in office on April 18, 1928, 11 days after his 57th birthday. The Philippine government paid him the tribute of a state funeral. Local and foreign scholars lamented the loss of one who they described as a "Great among the Great Filipino Scholars."

Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (commonly known as EDSA), the main road through Metro Manila, was named after him.[11] Several schools, streets, a college, a hospital, a printing press and an auditorium in National Library of the Philippines were also named in his honor.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Ocampo, Ambeth (November 9, 2016). "A past librarian and the need for a new one". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  2. ^ Bacallan, Joyce. 1988. Hero of the month- Epifanio delos Santos- a great Filipino academician. The youngster. p. 7.
  3. ^ Epifanio de los Santos (undated)Printed by National Bookstore. Manila, Philippines 260061
  4. ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. 1965.Epifanio de los Santos: Great among the great Filipino scholars. In Great Filipinos in history. 88: 575-581.
  5. ^ Epifanio de los Santos (Great among the great Filipino scholars). 1982. Printed by Merriam School & Office. Supplies Corporation, Manila.
  6. ^ Epifanio de los Santos (Pinakadakilang Iskolar Na Pilipino). 1988. Karapatang-ari ng Merriam & Websters.
  7. ^ Philippine National Heroes from Philippine Centennial 1898-1998 Philippine National Heroes. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  8. ^ The New Philippine Almanac- The Philippine National Heroes. Encleare Foundation. 2007. p.439. ISBN 978-971-0328-22-2
  9. ^ Filipinas Heritage Library - Himig (Filipino Music Trivia) Himig | Features accessed December 14, 2010
  10. ^ a b c d Afan, Carolina L. Epifanio de los Santos y Cristobal. Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. ISBN does not apply.
  11. ^ a b Philippines Laws, Statutes and Codes Virtual Law Library: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue accessed December 15, 2010
  12. ^ a b c Bernardo, Fernando A. 2000. Silent storms: inspiring lives of 101 great Filipinos. Anvil Publishing, Inc. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-971-27-0929-6
  13. ^ a b c Cayco, Libardo D. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal. Manila. National Heroes Day. Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. Archived from the original.
  14. ^ Dungo, Dolores T. Epifanio de los Santos. Epifanio de los Santos College, Malabon, Rizal.
  15. ^ a b Palma, Rafael. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal.(English translation by Tiburcio Tumaneng from the Spanish Original). Manila. p.4. Archived from the original. Filipiniana Division. National Library-Government Property. (ISBN does not apply)
  16. ^ a b c Espino, Licsi F. Jr. 1977. A Historian with style: love of learning chiseled the man. Archipelago: International Magazine of the Philippines 1:37-38. ISSN 0303-8564
  17. ^ a b The Manila Tribune. April 19, 1928.
  18. ^ Hardtendorp, A. V. H. Don Pañong – genius. Philippine Magazine 26 (Sept.) 210-11, 234-235.
  19. ^ Mojares, Resil B. 2006. Brains of the nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes and the production of modern knowledge. Ateneo de Manila University Press. Bellarmine Hall, Katipunan Avenue Loyola Heights, Quezon City. p. 477. ISBN 971-550-496-5
  20. ^ Brillantes, Lourdes Castrillo. 2006. 81 Years of Premio Zobel: A Legacy of Philippine Literature in Spanish. Vival Publishing House, Inc. pp. 34 &45. ISBN 978-971-8551-54-7
  21. ^ Afan, Carolina L. Epifanio de los Santos y Cristobal (In listed works). Filipiniana Division. National Library. Government Property. p. 37. (ISBN does not apply)
  22. ^ The Philippine journal of science- Anthropology. [Vol. 77, no. 1]. As coworkers in Archaeology. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. 2005. p. 223
  23. ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos, his collection and library. The Tribune Magazine. pp. 4–5
  24. ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1998). Bahaghari't Bulalakaw: Katipunan ng mga Sanaysay at Mga Pag-Aaral. University of the Philippines Press.
  25. ^ Agoncillo 1998, p. 287.
  26. ^ a b Pasion, Francis Kristoffer (April 6, 2021). "Epifanio de los Santos: Commemorating the Filipino genius on his 150th Birth Anniversary". Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  27. ^ Galvez, Manny (May 16, 2014). "Ecija town unveils monument of Epifanio de los Santos". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol IX. Philippine Literature. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1994
  • Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 2002 ed. The revolt of the masses- the story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. University of the Philippines Press. E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City.
  • Epifanio de los Santos (Great among the great Filipino scholars). 1982. Printed by Merriam School & Office. Supplies Corporation, Manila.
  • The Delos Santos family descendants memorabilia, historical pictures and clippings.
  • Philippine Free Press. Manila. April 28, 1928.
  • The Manila Tribune. April 19, 1928
  • National Historical Institute (NHI). 1990. Filipinos in history. Vol. II. Manila.
  • Bacallan, Joyce. 1988. Hero of the month- Epifanio delos Santos- a great Filipino academician. The youngster. p. 7.
  • Bernardo, Fernando A. 2000. Silent storms: inspiring lives of 101 great Filipinos. Anvil Publishing, Inc. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-971-27-0929-6
  • Bantug, Jose P. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal. pp. 215–223.
  • Baylon, Gloria J. EDSA: Country's Avenue of History. The Philippine Post Nation: Leading to the Next Millennium. February 23, 1998.
  • Buencamino, Felipe; De los Santos, Epifanio. Census of the Philippine Islands: taken under the direction of Philippine legislature in the year 1918. A Government Publication. Manila: Bureau Printing. (1921?)
  • Carson, Taylor; De los Santos, Epifanio. 1927. History of the Philippine Press. Manila. 61 pp.
  • Cayco, Librado D. (1934) Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal. Manila. National Heroes Day. University of the Philippines.
  • Churchill, Bernadette R. Epifanio de los Santos, pioneer historian. In History & Culture, Language & Literature: Selected Essays of Teodoro A. Agoncillo. pp. 239–245.
  • Cullinane, Michael. 2003. Illustrado politics: Filipino elite responses to American rule, 1989–1908. Ateneo de Manila University.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1909. Algo de prosa. Madrid Fortanet. 70 pp.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1909. Cinco notas al Capitulo octavo de los "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" del Dr. Antonio de Morga (en su nueva edición de W.E. Retana). Madrid Fortanet. 24 pp.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1909. Literatura tagala : Conferencia leída en el Liceo de Manila ante el "Samahan ng mananagálog". Madrid Fortanet.25 pp.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1911. Informe acerca de una obra sobre los orígenes de la imprenta filipina. Madrid Imprenta de Fortanet. 52 pp.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1913. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera. Cultura Filipina 4 (1): 1-49.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1913. Ignacio Villamor: El funcionario y el hombre. Cultura Filipina 4 (3): 351–359.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1915. Ignacio Villamor: El funcionario y el hombre. Cultura Filipina 5 (4): 275–294.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1916. Rafael del Pan: The Philippine Review 1 (May): 41–44.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio.1957.Marcelo H. del Pilar; Andres Bonifacio; Emilio Jacinto. Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas. English and Tagalog. Translated from Spanish.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1973. The revolutionists: Aguinaldo, Bonifacio, Jacinto. Translated and edited by Teodoro A. Agoncillo. Manila: National Historical Commission.
  • De los Santos, Epifanio. 1909. Epifanía Wenceslao E. Retana, ensayo crítico acerca de este ilustre filipinista. Establecimiento Tipográfico de Fortanet, Madrid.
  • Dungo, Dolores T. Epifanio de los Santos. Epifanio de los Santos College, Malabon, Rizal.
  • Espino, Licsi F. Jr. 1977. A Historian with style: love of learning chiseled the man. Archipelago: International Magazine of the Philippines 1:37-38. ISSN 0303-8564
  • Fermin, Jose D. 2004. 1904 World's Fair: the Filipino experience. E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman Quezon City. p. 73. ISBN 978-971-542-439-4
  • Gwekoh, Sol H. Biographical Sketch: Epifanio de los Santos. Variety. p 13.
  • Hardtendorp, A. V. H. Don Pañong – genius. Philippine Magazine 26 (Sept.) 210–11, 234–235.
  • Hernandez, Vicente S. 1996. History of books and libraries in the Philippines 1521-1900: A study of the sources and chronology of events pertaining to Philippine library history from the sixteenth to the end of the nineteenth century. National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Manila.
  • Mella, Cesar. 1974. Directory of Filipino Writers: Past and Present. Manila. CTM enterprises.
  • Mojares, Resil B. 2006. Brains of the nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes and the production of modern knowledge. Ateneo de Manila University Press. Bellarmine Hall, Katipunan Avenue Loyola Heights, Quezon City. p. 477. ISBN 971-550-496-5
  • Nieva, Gregorio, ed. 1880- Manila, P.I.: G. Nieva [etc.]. 2005. The Philippine review (Revista filipina) [Vol. 2, no. 1]. More about Jose Rizal by Epifanio de los Santos. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. p. 22.
  • Palma, Rafael. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal.(English translation by Tiburcio Tumaneng from the Spanish Original). Manila. 14 pp.
  • Qurino, Carlos. 1995. Who's who in the Philippine history. Manila. Tahanan Books.
  • San Juan, E. Jr. Social Consciousness and Revolt in Modern Philippine Poetry. pp. 394–399.
  • Santos, Ramon Pagayon. 2007. Tunugan: four essays on Filipino Music. The University of The Philippines Press. 216 pp.
  • Villareal, Hector K. et al. 1965. Eminent Filipinos. Manila: National Historical Commission.
  • Zaide, Gregorio F. 1930. Epifanio de los Santos, his collection and library. The Tribune Magazine. pp. 4–5
  • Zaide, Gregorio F. 1965. Epifanio de los Santos: Great among the great Filipino scholars. In Great Filipinos in history. 88: 575–581.
[edit]
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Political offices
Preceded by
Felino Cajucom
 Governor of Nueva Ecija
1902–1906 		Succeeded by
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