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{{Short description|Hezbollah member (1961–2016)}}
{{Short description|Hezbollah member (1961–2016)}}
{{Update|date=October 2024|reason= The subject of article has been mentioned very frequently. Is recommended to be vigilant when editing this article due to its sensitivity.}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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| caption =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = {{lang-ar|مُصْطَفَىٰ بَدْرِ الدِّينِ|Muṣṭafā Badr ad-Dīn}}
| native_name_lang = {{langx|ar|مُصْطَفَىٰ بَدْرِ الدِّينِ|Muṣṭafā Badr ad-Dīn}}
| pronunciation =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name -->
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name -->
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| alma_mater =
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| occupation =
| occupation =
| years_active = 1983 - 2016
| years_active = 1983–2016
| era =
| era =
| employer =
| employer =
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| mother = Fatima Jezeini <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| mother = Fatima Jezeini <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father = Amine Badreddine <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father = Amine Badreddine <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| relatives = [[Imad Mugniyeh]] (cousin)
| relatives = [[Imad Mughniyeh]] (cousin)
| family =
| family =
| callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant -->
| callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant -->
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| module6 =
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| signature =
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| footnotes =
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}}
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'''Mustafa Badreddine''' ({{lang-ar|مُصْطَفَىٰ بَدْرِ الدِّينِ|Muṣṭafā Badr ad-Dīn}}&lrm;; 6 April 1961 – 12 May 2016; also known by his aliases as '''Mustafa Amine Badreddine''', '''Mustafa Youssef Badreddine''', '''Sami Issa''', and '''Elias Fouad Saab''')<ref name=stfl>{{cite web|title=Mustafa Amine Badreddine
'''Mustafa Badreddine''' ({{langx|ar|مُصْطَفَىٰ بَدْرِ الدِّينِ|Muṣṭafā Badr ad-Dīn}}&lrm;; 6 April 1961 – 12 May 2016; also known by his aliases as '''Mustafa Amine Badreddine''', '''Mustafa Youssef Badreddine''', '''Sami Issa''', and '''Elias Fouad Saab''')<ref name=stfl>{{cite web|title=Mustafa Amine Badreddine
|url=http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/stl-11-01/main/accused/mustafa-amine-badreddine|work=Special Tribune for Lebanon|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031128/http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/stl-11-01/main/accused/mustafa-amine-badreddine|archivedate=20 October 2012}}</ref> was a Lebanese militant leader and both the cousin and brother-in-law of [[Imad Mughniyeh]].<ref name=lwarj14>{{cite news|author=Bill Roggio|title=US adds 2 senior Hezbollah military leaders to terror list|access-date=15 September 2012|work=Long War Journal|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/09/us_ads_two_senior_he.php|date=14 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Erich Follath|title=New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=23 May 2009|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/breakthrough-in-tribunal-investigation-new-evidence-points-to-hezbollah-in-hariri-murder-a-626412-2.html|access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=naharnet/> He was nicknamed [[Dhu al-Fiqar]] referring to the legendary sword of [[Ali]].<ref name="bbcob"/> His death was seen as one of the biggest blows in the Hezbollah leadership.<ref name="middleeasteye1">{{cite web|author=Sharif Nashashibi|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/hezbollah-leaving-itself-exposed-israel-923625986|title=Hezbollah is leaving itself exposed to Israel|work=[[Middle East Eye]]|date=20 May 2016|access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
|url=http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/stl-11-01/main/accused/mustafa-amine-badreddine|work=Special Tribune for Lebanon|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031128/http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/stl-11-01/main/accused/mustafa-amine-badreddine|archivedate=20 October 2012}}</ref> was a Lebanese militant leader and both the cousin and brother-in-law of [[Imad Mughniyeh]].<ref name=lwarj14>{{cite news|author=Bill Roggio|title=US adds 2 senior Hezbollah military leaders to terror list|access-date=15 September 2012|work=Long War Journal|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/09/us_ads_two_senior_he.php|date=14 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Erich Follath|title=New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=23 May 2009|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/breakthrough-in-tribunal-investigation-new-evidence-points-to-hezbollah-in-hariri-murder-a-626412-2.html|access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=naharnet/> He was nicknamed [[Dhu al-Fiqar]] referring to the legendary sword of [[Ali]].<ref name="bbcob"/> His death was seen as one of the biggest blows in the [[Hezbollah]] leadership.<ref name="middleeasteye1">{{cite web|author=Sharif Nashashibi|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/hezbollah-leaving-itself-exposed-israel-923625986|title=Hezbollah is leaving itself exposed to Israel|work=[[Middle East Eye]]|date=20 May 2016|access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
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|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>


Badreddine was also a member of the Shura council for Hezbollah<ref name=allvoices>{{cite news|title=Mustafa Badr Al Din|work=All Voices
Badreddine was also a member of the [[Majlis al-Shura|Shura council]] for Hezbollah<ref name=allvoices>{{cite news|title=Mustafa Badr Al Din|work=All Voices
|url=http://www.allvoices.com/people/Mustafa_Badr_al-Din|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318214918/http://www.allvoices.com/people/Mustafa_Badr_al-Din}}</ref> and the head of the unit for overseas operations, Hezbollah's external operations branch.<ref name=naharnet/><ref name=meiramit>{{cite web|title=Hezbollah: Portrait of a Terrorist Organization|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20436/E_158_12_1231723028.pdf|work=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center|access-date=12 January 2013|date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Samuel Segev|author-link=Samuel Segev
|url=http://www.allvoices.com/people/Mustafa_Badr_al-Din|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318214918/http://www.allvoices.com/people/Mustafa_Badr_al-Din}}</ref> and the head of the unit for overseas operations, Hezbollah's external operations branch.<ref name=naharnet/><ref name=meiramit>{{cite web|title=Hezbollah: Portrait of a Terrorist Organization|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20436/E_158_12_1231723028.pdf|work=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center|access-date=12 January 2013|date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Samuel Segev|author-link=Samuel Segev
|title=Lebanese factions form battle lines|work=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Tel Aviv|access-date=24 October 2012|date=5 July 2011
|title=Lebanese factions form battle lines|work=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Tel Aviv|access-date=24 October 2012|date=5 July 2011
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|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/06/30/mustafa-badreddine-is-main-hezbollah-suspect-in-hariris-murder/|work=Ya Libnan|date=30 June 2011}}</ref>
|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/06/30/mustafa-badreddine-is-main-hezbollah-suspect-in-hariris-murder/|work=Ya Libnan|date=30 June 2011}}</ref>


Following the beginning of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2011 Badreddine went to Syria as one of the Hezbollah commanders to defend the government of [[Bashar Assad]].<ref name=almanar/> He joined the war in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who killed Mustafa Badreddine?|work=Iran News Update
Following the beginning of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2011 Badreddine went to [[Syria]] as one of the Hezbollah commanders to defend the government of [[Bashar Assad]].<ref name=almanar/> He joined the war in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who killed Mustafa Badreddine?|work=Iran News Update
|url=http://irannewsupdate.com/news/middle-east/3590-who-killed-mustafa-badreddine.html|access-date=25 March 2017|date=10 March 2017}}</ref> He was fighting with opposition groups in [[Aleppo]]'s countryside.<ref name="16al16"/>
|url=http://irannewsupdate.com/news/middle-east/3590-who-killed-mustafa-badreddine.html|access-date=25 March 2017|date=10 March 2017}}</ref> He was fighting with opposition groups in [[Aleppo]]'s countryside.<ref name="16al16"/>


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Badreddine was specifically accused of planning and supervising the assassination by the tribunal.<ref>{{cite news|author=Roee Nahmias|work=YNet News|title=Hezbollah members indicted in Hariri murder|access-date=7 November 2012|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4089401,00.html
Badreddine was specifically accused of planning and supervising the assassination by the tribunal.<ref>{{cite news|author=Roee Nahmias|work=YNet News|title=Hezbollah members indicted in Hariri murder|access-date=7 November 2012|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4089401,00.html
|date=30 June 2011}}</ref> In addition, he was described by the STL as the main planner of the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafik Hariri murder: Suspects to be tried in absentia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16849508|access-date=17 March 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Accusations about him and other three Hezbollah members were based on mobile phone evidence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hezbollah leader Nasrallah rejects Hariri indictments|access-date=16 December 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14004096|work=BBC|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Hasan Nasrallah threatened the tribunal upon its declaration.<ref name=dspiegel/> Since then, Badreddine and the others disappeared and allegedly fled to Iran.<ref name=dspiegel/> On 1 February 2012, the STL decided to try him [[trial in absentia|in absentia]].<ref name=stfl/> The trial would begin in March 2013, but it was postponed, and no date was specified.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hariri slaying trial postponed at UN-backed court|newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune|agency=AP|access-date=13 March 2013|date=21 February 2013|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/feb/21/hariri-slaying-trial-postponed-at-un-backed-court/}}</ref> The trial began in January 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Matthew Levitt|title=Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmire|journal=Prism|date=2014|volume=5|issue=1
|date=30 June 2011}}</ref> In addition, he was described by the STL as the main planner of the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafik Hariri murder: Suspects to be tried in absentia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16849508|access-date=17 March 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Accusations about him and other three Hezbollah members were based on mobile phone evidence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hezbollah leader Nasrallah rejects Hariri indictments|access-date=16 December 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14004096|work=BBC|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Hasan Nasrallah threatened the tribunal upon its declaration.<ref name=dspiegel/> Since then, Badreddine and the others disappeared and allegedly fled to Iran.<ref name=dspiegel/> On 1 February 2012, the STL decided to put him to trail [[trial in absentia|in absentia]].<ref name=stfl/> The trial would begin in March 2013, but it was postponed, and no date was specified.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hariri slaying trial postponed at UN-backed court|newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune|agency=AP|access-date=13 March 2013|date=21 February 2013|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/feb/21/hariri-slaying-trial-postponed-at-un-backed-court/}}</ref> The trial began in January 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Matthew Levitt|title=Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmire|journal=Prism|date=2014|volume=5|issue=1
|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hezbollahs-syrian-quagmire}}</ref> During the trail. information regarding Hezbollah's assassination squad - Unit 121. A unit that executed a large number of political assassinations in Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=Salim Ayash, convicted in Rafik Hariri's assassination, reportedly killed in Syria |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1435018/salim-ayash-convicted-in-rafic-hariris-assassination-reportedly-killed-in-syria.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |date=2023 |title=Episode 8: Hezbollah Assassinations Unit 121 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/6965}}</ref>
|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hezbollahs-syrian-quagmire}}</ref>


===Designation===
===Designation===

Latest revision as of 08:31, 3 December 2024

Mustafa Badreddine
Born(1961-04-06)6 April 1961
Al Ghobeiry, Lebanon
Died12 May 2016(2016-05-12) (aged 55)
Damascus International Airport, Syria
Burial placeRawdat Shahidayn, Ghobeiry
CitizenshipLebanese
Years active1983–2016
TitleHezbollah Chief of Staff
PredecessorImad Mughniyeh
SuccessorMustafa Mughnieyeh
Political partyHezbollah
SpouseFatima Hareb
Parents
  • Amine Badreddine (father)
  • Fatima Jezeini (mother)
RelativesImad Mughniyeh (cousin)

Mustafa Badreddine (Arabic: مُصْطَفَىٰ بَدْرِ الدِّينِ, romanized: Muṣṭafā Badr ad-Dīn‎; 6 April 1961 – 12 May 2016; also known by his aliases as Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mustafa Youssef Badreddine, Sami Issa, and Elias Fouad Saab)[1] was a Lebanese militant leader and both the cousin and brother-in-law of Imad Mughniyeh.[2][3][4] He was nicknamed Dhu al-Fiqar referring to the legendary sword of Ali.[5] His death was seen as one of the biggest blows in the Hezbollah leadership.[6]

Early life

[edit]

Badreddine was born on 6 April 1961 in Al Ghobeiry, a municipality in the Baabda District.[4][5][7] His parents were Amine Badreddine and Fatima Jezeini, who originated from South Lebanon.[1]

Hezbollah

[edit]

Until 1982, Badreddine, like Imad Mughniyeh, was part of Fatah's Force 17, and later, they both joined Hezbollah.[8] Badreddine was among Hezbollah's bomb makers.[9]

Badreddine was also a member of the Shura council for Hezbollah[10] and the head of the unit for overseas operations, Hezbollah's external operations branch.[4][8][11] His aide in this post was Abdul Hadi Hammade, who previously commanded Hezbollah's secret Position 71.[12] Prior to his appointment to this post in 2009, replacing Imad Mughniyah,[13][14] Badreddine served as the commander of Hezbollah's military arm[15] and an advisor to Hezbollah's Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah.[12] Badreddine's appointment as the head of overseas operation was not supported by deputy general secretary of Hezbollah, Naim Qassem.[16] He was also Nasrallah's chief of intelligence.[17]

Ya Libnan reported that he had been behind the bombing of the US Marine Corps barracks in Lebanon in 1983, killing 241 marines.[18]

Following the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 Badreddine went to Syria as one of the Hezbollah commanders to defend the government of Bashar Assad.[7] He joined the war in 2013.[19] He was fighting with opposition groups in Aleppo's countryside.[20]

Badreddine was behind the successful Al-Otaiba ambush[21] that killed 175-200 Al-Nusra fighters.

Alleged activities

[edit]

1983 Kuwait bombings

[edit]
Main article: 1983 Kuwait bombings

Badreddine entered Kuwait in 1983 on a fake Lebanese passport under the name of Elias Al Saab.[22][23] He was a member of the militant group Islamic Dawa Party.[24][25]

He was arrested in Kuwait together with 17 suspects one month after seven blasts in the country on 13 December 1983, including the truck bombings of the US and French embassies in Kuwait City.[23][26] The attacks left five people dead and 86 injured.[27] However, it is also argued that the use of the group's name in these events was a deception to hide the real perpetrators.[28] In 1985, Badreddine allegedly ordered the assassination of Kuwait emir, but the attempt failed.[29]

As a result of the 16-week trials,[26] he was sentenced to death for masterminding the attacks.[22][30][31] Since his leg had been amputated, he was with a wooden leg in the jail.[23] In the court, Badreddine told the prosecutor that he did not recognize the sovereignty of Kuwait.[23]

In order to force the authorities to release Badreddine and others, Hezbollah members headed by Imad Mughniyeh kidnapped at least four Western citizens in Lebanon.[32][33] Mugniyeh also hijacked a Kuwait Airways Corporation plane in Bangkok in 1988, demanding the release of him and other detainees.[23][34]

Badreddine escaped from the prison in 1990 during the invasion of Kuwait[10][35] or the Iraqis released the imprisoned Badreddine and the others.[26]

Naharnet argues that after that event Badreddine managed to flee to Iran.[4] Later, the Iran's Revolutionary Guard returned him to Beirut.[4]

Hariri assassination

[edit]
Main article: Assassination of Rafic Hariri

In June 2011, Badreddine and other three people were indicted for charges related to the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL).[1][36][37] The indictment was unsealed on 29 July 2011.[38]

Badreddine was specifically accused of planning and supervising the assassination by the tribunal.[39] In addition, he was described by the STL as the main planner of the operation.[40] Accusations about him and other three Hezbollah members were based on mobile phone evidence.[41] Hasan Nasrallah threatened the tribunal upon its declaration.[17] Since then, Badreddine and the others disappeared and allegedly fled to Iran.[17] On 1 February 2012, the STL decided to put him to trail in absentia.[1] The trial would begin in March 2013, but it was postponed, and no date was specified.[42] The trial began in January 2014.[43] During the trail. information regarding Hezbollah's assassination squad - Unit 121. A unit that executed a large number of political assassinations in Lebanon.[44][45]

Designation

[edit]

Badreddine and Talal Hamiyah were put on the list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists by the US Treasury Department on 13 September 2012 due to his alleged role as top military commander, replacing Mugniyah who died in 2008.[2][46] The basis for their designation was E.O. 13224 for providing support to Hezbollah's terrorist activities in the Middle East and around the world.[47]

Death

[edit]

On 13 May 2016, it was reported that Badreddine had been killed by an explosion near the Damascus International Airport, the cause and timing of which remained unclear.[20][48][49][50][51] At the funeral, Nasrallah, Secretary General of Hezbollah, said: "they would soon announce conclusions about the perpetrators".[52] His corpse was taken to Ghobeiry, Beirut, where it was buried in Rawdat Shahidayn cemetery on 13 May.[20][48]

Allegations

[edit]

Hezbollah: "Takfiri groups"

[edit]

Al Manar TV announced Badreddin's death stating that he was the target in a huge blast near the airport and that other Hezbollah fighters were wounded. The station added that the Hezbollah did not immediately point a finger at Israel and they would investigate whether the blast was from an airstrike, rocket attack or other cause.[52] Then Hezbollah stated that an attack was launched by "Takfiri groups" and said: "Investigations have showed that the explosion, which targeted one of our bases near Damascus International Airport, and which led to the martyrdom of commander Mustafa Badreddine, was the result of artillery bombardment" carried out by Takfiri groups."[53][54]

This claim is disputed by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, who said that no artillery fire had been heard in the area in the past three days and announced that "There is no truth about what have been published by Hezbollah about the assassination of its military commander in Syria 'Mustafa Bader' by rebel shells near the international airport of Damascus". Later aerial images of the site where Badreddine was killed were released that showed that the site did not show any artillery damage.[55]

The killing of Badreddine has not been claimed by any of the various jihadist and rebel groups in and around Damascus.[56][57] It is felt extremely unlikely that the Syrian rebels would have had the information and weaponry as the Middle East Eye reported that "the nearest opposition artillery positions … were 20 kilometres away, and there are doubts that their shells could achieve pinpoint accuracy from that distance." to carry out what seems to be a surgical strike as he was killed in a room and "nobody else was hurt.[6] The conclusion: somebody followed him and knew exactly when he would arrive and when he would be in the room."[58] If it was artillery as claimed, it shows that the security breach could only have come from Hezbollah.[6]

Saudi, Israeli sources: Hezbollah with Iranian backing

[edit]

The Saudi-owned Al Arabiya reported that Badreddine was killed by his former bodyguard, a man he trusted completely and one of Hezbollah's top operatives, Ibrahim Hussein Jazini[59] and bodyguard of Hassan Nasrallah, by order of Nasrallah and Iranian general Qasem Soleimani.[55][60] On 21 March 2017 the head of the Israel Defense Forces, Gadi Eizenkot, stated that Badreddine was killed by his own men due to internal rivalries,[61][62] and the order to kill Badreddine was given by Hassan Nasrallah.[63][64] Meanwhile an editorial in Haaretz argued that it was Soleimani who had him assassinated due to a reluctance to maintain fighters in Syria.[65]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Mustafa Amine Badreddine". Special Tribune for Lebanon. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  2. ^ a b Bill Roggio (14 September 2012). "US adds 2 senior Hezbollah military leaders to terror list". Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  3. ^ Erich Follath (23 May 2009). "New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Mustafa Badreddine, Salim Ayyash, Hassan Aneissy, Assad Sabra among Accused in Hariri Arrest Warrants". Naharnet. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  5. ^ a b "Obituary: Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine". BBC. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Sharif Nashashibi (20 May 2016). "Hezbollah is leaving itself exposed to Israel". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Who Is Martyr Badreddine?". Al Manar. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Hezbollah: Portrait of a Terrorist Organization" (PDF). The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  9. ^ Steven O'Hern (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat that Grows While America Sleeps. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-59797-701-2.
  10. ^ a b "Mustafa Badr Al Din". All Voices. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  11. ^ Samuel Segev (5 July 2011). "Lebanese factions form battle lines". Winnipeg Free Press. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  12. ^ a b Yossi Melman (18 June 2009). "Inside Intel / Why sell arms when you can play golf?". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  13. ^ Charles Glass (2 July 2011). "For Lebanon, the truth is a poisoned chalice". The National. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  14. ^ Levitt Matthew (January 2013). "Hizballah and the Qods Force in Iran's shadow war with the West" (Policy Focus (No. 123)). Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  15. ^ Casey L. Addis; Christopher M. Blanchard (8 October 2010). "Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  16. ^ Zvi Barel (25 February 2013). "Who's breathing down Hezbollah leader's neck?". Haaretz. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  17. ^ a b c Erich Follath (5 November 2012). "Was Murdered Intelligence Chief a Hero or Double Agent". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  18. ^ "Mustafa Badreddine is main Hezbollah suspect in Hariri's murder". Ya Libnan. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  19. ^ "Who killed Mustafa Badreddine?". Iran News Update. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  20. ^ a b c "Hezbollah, Crowds Bid Farewell to Martyr Commander Badreddine". Al Manar. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  21. ^ "Mostafa Badreddine: What You Planted in Syria is Being Harvested". alahedlb.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  22. ^ a b "Lebanon Braces for Hezbollah Backlash Over Hariri Case". Arab Times. Kuwait City. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Top suspect in Hariri murder familiar name in Kuwait jail". Lebanonwire. 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  24. ^ Andrew C. McCarthy (8 December 2006). "Negotiate with Iran". National Review Online. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  25. ^ Shannon W. Caudill (2008). "Hizballah Rising: Iran's Proxy Warriors". IFQ. 29.
  26. ^ a b c "Terrorist attacks on America". PBS. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  27. ^ "Shiite leader demands release of 15". Times Daily. Beirut. AP. 13 August 1990. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  28. ^ A. William Samii (22 June 2003). "Shia political alternatives in postwar Iraq". Middle East Policy. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  29. ^ Elad Benari (30 July 2010). "Report: Hizbullah Activist Behind Hariri Assassination". Arutz Sheva 7. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  30. ^ Bassem Mroue; Elizabeth A. Kennedy (30 June 2011). "Hezbollah figure eyed in Hariri killing". The Washington Times. AP. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  31. ^ "Court publishes names of 4 suspects in Hariri case". USA Today. AP. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  32. ^ Caryle Murphy (24 July 1990). "Bombs, Hostages: A Family Link". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
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