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A '''microinfarct''' is a microscopic [[stroke]] less than 1 millimeter in size.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016|reason=Later in this article it says up to 2.9 mm. What is right?}} Microinfarcts can be found in 25-50% of all elderly deceased persons. Microinfarcts may be the second most important cause of [[dementia]], after [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>[http://www.hbi.ucalgary.ca/news-stories/microinfarcts-%E2%80%93-small-size-big-impact Microinfarcts – Small Size, Big Impact] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140901144303/http://www.hbi.ucalgary.ca/news-stories/microinfarcts-%E2%80%93-small-size-big-impact |date=2014-09-01 }}. ''Hotchkiss rain Institute''. Retrieved September 1, 2014</ref>
A '''microinfarct''' is a microscopic [[stroke]] generally ranging between 0.1 millimeter and 1 millimeter in size.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kalaria |first1=J. Attems |title=Microinfarction |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/microinfarct |website=www.sciencedirect.com/ |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shih |first1=Andy Y. |last2=Blinder |first2=Pablo |last3=Tsai |first3=Philbert S. |last4=Friedman |first4=Beth |last5=Stanley |first5=Geoffrey |last6=Lyden |first6=Patrick D. |title=The smallest stroke: Occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC3952571/ |journal=Nature Neuroscience |year=2013 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=55–63 |publisher=National Institute of Health |doi=10.1038/nn.3278 |pmid=23242312 |pmc=3952571 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> Microinfarcts can be found in 25-50% of all elderly deceased persons. Microinfarcts may be the second most important cause of [[dementia]], after [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>[http://www.hbi.ucalgary.ca/news-stories/microinfarcts-%E2%80%93-small-size-big-impact Microinfarcts – Small Size, Big Impact] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140901144303/http://www.hbi.ucalgary.ca/news-stories/microinfarcts-%E2%80%93-small-size-big-impact |date=2014-09-01 }}. ''Hotchkiss Brain Institute''. Retrieved September 1, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Eric E. |last2=Schneider |first2=Julie A. |last3=Wardlaw |first3=Joanna M. |last4=Greenberg |first4=Steven M. |title=Cerebral Microinfarcts: The Invisible Lesions |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC3359329/ |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |year=2012 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=272–282 |publisher=National Institute of Health |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70307-6 |pmid=22341035 |pmc=3359329 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>


Microinfarcts are microscopic lesions, of cellular death or tissue necrosis, which are a result of pathologies involving small vessels. Such pathologies are arteriosclerosis or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.<ref name=":0">Smith, Eric E. MD, Julie A. Schneider, MD, Joanna M. Wardlaw, MD, and Steven M. Greenberg, MD. “Cerebral Microinfarcts: The Invisible Lesions.” ''Lancet Neurology'' 11.3 (2012): 272–282. ''PMC''. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.</ref> Microinfarcts take longer to affect neuronal death progress, at up to 28 days, rather than hours.<ref>Wang M, Iliff JJ, Liao Y, Chen MJ, Shinseki MS, Venkataraman A, Cheung J, Wang W, Nedergaard M. [http://www.alzforum.org/papers/cognitive-deficits-and-delayed-neuronal-loss-mouse-model-multiple-microinfarcts Cognitive deficits and delayed neuronal loss in a mouse model of multiple microinfarcts]. ''J Neurosci''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238711 PubMed].</ref>
Microinfarcts are microscopic lesions, of cellular death or tissue necrosis, which are a result of pathologies involving small vessels. Such pathologies are arteriosclerosis or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.<ref name=":0">Smith, Eric E. MD, Julie A. Schneider, MD, [[Joanna M. Wardlaw]], MD, and Steven M. Greenberg, MD. “Cerebral Microinfarcts: The Invisible Lesions.” ''Lancet Neurology'' 11.3 (2012): 272–282. ''PMC''. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.</ref> Microinfarcts take longer to affect neuronal death progress, at up to 28 days, rather than hours.<ref>Wang M, Iliff JJ, Liao Y, Chen MJ, Shinseki MS, Venkataraman A, Cheung J, Wang W, Nedergaard M. [http://www.alzforum.org/papers/cognitive-deficits-and-delayed-neuronal-loss-mouse-model-multiple-microinfarcts Cognitive deficits and delayed neuronal loss in a mouse model of multiple microinfarcts]. ''J Neurosci''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238711 PubMed].</ref>


Microinfarcts can range in size from 0.2 to 2.9&nbsp;mm. This ailment usually goes undetected in clinical-radiological, like structural MRI, studies and is known as a “silent pathology”. Depending on the size, large acute microinfarcts may be detected via a special imaging technique known as [[Diffusion_MRI|diffusion weighted imaging]].<ref name=":0" />
This ailment usually goes undetected in clinical-radiological, like structural MRI, studies and is known as a “silent pathology”. Depending on the size, large acute microinfarcts may be detected via a special imaging technique known as [[Diffusion MRI|diffusion weighted imaging]].<ref name=":0" />


Microinfarcts tend to occur at a high frequency, without specific regionalized locations. They are common in aging brains. This high frequency is thought to directly disrupt cognitive networks that are imperative to brain operation.<ref name=":0" /> Even though microinfarcts are usually undetectable, there is a general assessment of the cognitive status measured on a scale called the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). This scale measures different parts of the brain such as diffuse white matter, periventricular myelination and cortical microinfarcts. Assessments of cortical microinfarcts have had the highest rates with being associated with cognitive degeneration.<ref name=":1">Kövari, Enikö, MD, Gabriel Gold, MD, François R. Herrmann, MD,MPH, Alessandra Canuto, MD, Patrick R. Hof, MD, Jean-Pierre Michel, MD, Constantin Bouras, MD, and Panteleimon Giannakopoulos, MD. "Cortical Microinfarcts and Demyelination Significantly Affect Cognition in Brain Aging." ''Stroke'' 35 (2004): 410-14. ''Ahajournals.org'' Web. 20 Mar. 2016.</ref> This lower cognition specifically affects perceptual speed and memory (semantic and episodic). People with high frequency of this ailment tend to have greater chances of developing dementia.<ref name=":2">Arvanitakis, Zoe, MD, MS, Sue E. Leurgans, PhD, Lisa L. Barnes, PhD, David A. Bennett, MD, and Julie A. Schneider, MD, MS. "Microinfarct Pathology, Dementia, and Cognitive Systems." ''Stroke'' 42 (2011): 722-27. ''Ahajournals.org''. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.</ref>
Microinfarcts tend to occur at a high frequency, without specific regionalized locations. They are common in aging brains. This high frequency is thought to directly disrupt cognitive networks that are imperative to brain operation.<ref name=":0" /> Even though microinfarcts are usually undetectable, there is a general assessment of the cognitive status measured on a scale called the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Performance on this scale is associated with integrity of white matter, periventricular myelination, and cortical microinfarcts. Assessments of cortical microinfarcts have had the highest rates with being associated with cognitive degeneration.<ref name=":1">Kövari, Enikö, MD, Gabriel Gold, MD, François R. Herrmann, MD, MPH, Alessandra Canuto, MD, Patrick R. Hof, MD, Jean-Pierre Michel, MD, Constantin Bouras, MD, and Panteleimon Giannakopoulos, MD. "Cortical Microinfarcts and Demyelination Significantly Affect Cognition in Brain Aging." ''Stroke'' 35 (2004): 410-14. ''Ahajournals.org'' Web. 20 Mar. 2016.</ref> This lower cognition specifically affects perceptual speed and memory (semantic and episodic). People with high frequency of this ailment tend to have greater chances of developing dementia.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Arvanitakis|first1=Zoe|last2=Leurgans|first2=Sue E.|author2-link=Sue Leurgans|last3=Barnes|first3=Lisa L.|last4=Bennett|first4=David A.|last5=Schneider|first5=Julie A.|date=March 2011|doi=10.1161/strokeaha.110.595082|issue=3|journal=Stroke|pages=722–727|pmid=21212395|pmc=3042494|title=Microinfarct Pathology, Dementia, and Cognitive Systems|volume=42}}</ref>


Although not many studies have been conducted and little is known between microinfarcts and other vascular or epidemiological risk factors,<ref name=":0" /> these brain lesions are thought to be masked by other pathologies.<ref name=":1" /> However, the common macroscopic infarct is not exhibited in 45% of people tested for microinfarcts.<ref name=":2" />
Although not many studies have been conducted and little is known about microinfarcts and other vascular or epidemiological risk factors,<ref name=":0" /> these brain lesions are thought to be masked by other pathologies.<ref name=":1" /> However, the common macroscopic infarct is not exhibited in 45% of people tested for microinfarcts.<ref name=":2" />


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 11:03, 3 December 2024

A microinfarct is a microscopic stroke generally ranging between 0.1 millimeter and 1 millimeter in size.[1][2] Microinfarcts can be found in 25-50% of all elderly deceased persons. Microinfarcts may be the second most important cause of dementia, after Alzheimer's disease.[3][4]

Microinfarcts are microscopic lesions, of cellular death or tissue necrosis, which are a result of pathologies involving small vessels. Such pathologies are arteriosclerosis or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.[5] Microinfarcts take longer to affect neuronal death progress, at up to 28 days, rather than hours.[6]

This ailment usually goes undetected in clinical-radiological, like structural MRI, studies and is known as a “silent pathology”. Depending on the size, large acute microinfarcts may be detected via a special imaging technique known as diffusion weighted imaging.[5]

Microinfarcts tend to occur at a high frequency, without specific regionalized locations. They are common in aging brains. This high frequency is thought to directly disrupt cognitive networks that are imperative to brain operation.[5] Even though microinfarcts are usually undetectable, there is a general assessment of the cognitive status measured on a scale called the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Performance on this scale is associated with integrity of white matter, periventricular myelination, and cortical microinfarcts. Assessments of cortical microinfarcts have had the highest rates with being associated with cognitive degeneration.[7] This lower cognition specifically affects perceptual speed and memory (semantic and episodic). People with high frequency of this ailment tend to have greater chances of developing dementia.[8]

Although not many studies have been conducted and little is known about microinfarcts and other vascular or epidemiological risk factors,[5] these brain lesions are thought to be masked by other pathologies.[7] However, the common macroscopic infarct is not exhibited in 45% of people tested for microinfarcts.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kalaria, J. Attems. "Microinfarction". www.sciencedirect.com/. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  2. ^ Shih, Andy Y.; Blinder, Pablo; Tsai, Philbert S.; Friedman, Beth; Stanley, Geoffrey; Lyden, Patrick D. (2013). "The smallest stroke: Occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit". Nature Neuroscience. 16 (1). National Institute of Health: 55–63. doi:10.1038/nn.3278. PMC 3952571. PMID 23242312. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  3. ^ Microinfarcts – Small Size, Big Impact Archived 2014-09-01 at archive.today. Hotchkiss Brain Institute. Retrieved September 1, 2014
  4. ^ Smith, Eric E.; Schneider, Julie A.; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Greenberg, Steven M. (2012). "Cerebral Microinfarcts: The Invisible Lesions". The Lancet. Neurology. 11 (3). National Institute of Health: 272–282. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70307-6. PMC 3359329. PMID 22341035. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Smith, Eric E. MD, Julie A. Schneider, MD, Joanna M. Wardlaw, MD, and Steven M. Greenberg, MD. “Cerebral Microinfarcts: The Invisible Lesions.” Lancet Neurology 11.3 (2012): 272–282. PMC. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.
  6. ^ Wang M, Iliff JJ, Liao Y, Chen MJ, Shinseki MS, Venkataraman A, Cheung J, Wang W, Nedergaard M. Cognitive deficits and delayed neuronal loss in a mouse model of multiple microinfarcts. J NeurosciPubMed.
  7. ^ a b Kövari, Enikö, MD, Gabriel Gold, MD, François R. Herrmann, MD, MPH, Alessandra Canuto, MD, Patrick R. Hof, MD, Jean-Pierre Michel, MD, Constantin Bouras, MD, and Panteleimon Giannakopoulos, MD. "Cortical Microinfarcts and Demyelination Significantly Affect Cognition in Brain Aging." Stroke 35 (2004): 410-14. Ahajournals.org Web. 20 Mar. 2016.
  8. ^ a b Arvanitakis, Zoe; Leurgans, Sue E.; Barnes, Lisa L.; Bennett, David A.; Schneider, Julie A. (March 2011). "Microinfarct Pathology, Dementia, and Cognitive Systems". Stroke. 42 (3): 722–727. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.595082. PMC 3042494. PMID 21212395.
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