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{{short description|Punjabi philosopher and poet (c. 1680–1757)}}
{{short description|Punjabi philosopher and poet (1680–1757)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
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| caption = A drawing of Bulleh Shah
| caption = A drawing of Bulleh Shah
| title =
| title =
| birth_date = c. 1680 CE
| birth_date = {{circa|1680 CE}}
| birth_place = [[Uch]], [[Subah of Lahore]], [[Mughal Empire]] <br>{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| birth_place = [[Uch]], [[Subah of Multan]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| death_date = c. 1757 CE (aged 77)
| death_date = {{circa|1757 CE}} (aged 77)
| death_place = [[Kasur]], [[Bhangi Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] <br>{{small|(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)}}
| death_place = [[Kasur]], [[Bhangi Misl]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| philosophy =
| philosophy =
| lineage =
| lineage =
| resting_place = [[Kasur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| resting_place = Darbar Baba Bulleh Shah, Kasur
| attributes =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| patronage =
Line 27: Line 27:
| birth_name = Syed Abdullah Shah Qadri
| birth_name = Syed Abdullah Shah Qadri
| Sufi_order =
| Sufi_order =
| main_interests = {{Hlist|[[Tassawuf]]|[[Ishq]]|[[Philosophy]]|[[Sufi poetry|Poetry]]|[[Love of God#Islam|Divine love]]}}
| main_interests = {{Hlist|[[Tassawuf]]|[[Ishq]]|[[philosophy]]|[[Sufi poetry|poetry]]|[[Love of God#Islam|Divine love]]}}
| father = Shah Muhammad Darvesh
| father = Shah Muhammad Darwaish
| mother = Fatima Bibi
| mother = Fatima Bibi
| influenced = [[Muhammad Iqbal]]<br/>[[Taimur Rahman]]<br/>[[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]<br/>[[Ali Arshad Mir]]<br/>[[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]]
| influenced = [[Muhammad Iqbal]]<br/>[[Taimur Rahman]]<br/>[[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]<br/>[[Ali Arshad Mir]]<br/>[[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]]
| teachers = [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]]
| teachers = [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]]
| module = {{Infobox writer |embed=yes
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Love]]|[[divine love]]|[[Sufi poetry|Islamic mysticism]]|[[social commentary|society]]|[[nature]]|[[self-reflection]]}}
| notableworks =
| pseudonym = {{hlist|''Bulleh Shāh''|''Bulleyā''}}
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| genres = {{Hlist|''[[Nazm]]''|''[[Kafi]]''|''[[Ghazal]]''}}
}}
}}
}}
{{Sufism}}
{{Sufism}}
{{Punjabis}}
{{Punjabis}}


'''Sayyid Abdullah Shah Qadri'''{{efn|{{lang-pa|{{nq|سید عبداللہ شاہ قادری}}}} {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}}} ({{IPA-pa|səiəd əbdʊllaːɦ ʃaːɦ qaːdɾiː}}; 1680–1757), known popularly as [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] '''Bulleh Shah'''{{efn|also [[Romanization|romanized]] as '''Bullhe Shah'''; {{lang-pa|{{nq|بُلّھے شاہ}}}} {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}}} and '''Bulleya''', was a 17th and 18th-century [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] revolutionary [[philosopher]], [[reformist|reformer]] and a [[Sufism in Punjab|Chishti Sufi]] poet, universally regarded as the "Father of Punjabi Enlightenment". He spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Comparative theology in the millennial classroom : hybrid identities, negotiated boundaries |date=2016 |editor1=Mara Brecht |editor2=Reid B. Locklin |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51250-9 |location=New York |oclc=932622675}}</ref><ref name=APNA>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/poetry/bullahn/ |title=The Life of Bulleh Shah|website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website|author=J.R. Puri |author2=T.R. Shangari|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>
'''Sayyid Abdullāh Shāh Qādrī'''{{efn|{{langx|pa|{{nq|سید عبداللہ شاہ قادری}}}}}} ({{IPA-pa|sə'jəd əbdʊ'laːɦ ʃaːɦ qaːdɾiː|lang}}; {{circa|1680–1757}}), known popularly as [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] '''Bulleh Shah'''{{efn|also [[Romanization|romanised]] as '''Bullhe Shah'''; {{langx|pa|{{nq|بُلّھے شاہ}}}}}} and '''Bulleya''',{{efn|{{langx|pa|{{nq|بُلھیا}}}}}} was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] revolutionary [[philosopher]], [[reformist|reformer]] and a [[Sufism in Punjab|Sufi]] poet of the 17th and 18th centuries, universally regarded as the 'Father of Punjabi Enlightenment'. He criticised powerful [[Religious organization|religious]], [[Political organisation|political]], and [[Social organization|social]] [[institution]]s; and is revered as the 'Poet of the People' amongst [[Punjabis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Comparative theology in the millennial classroom : hybrid identities, negotiated boundaries |date=2016 |editor1=Mara Brecht |editor2=Reid B. Locklin |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51250-9 |location=New York |oclc=932622675}}</ref><ref name=APNA>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/poetry/bullahn/ |title=The Life of Bulleh Shah|website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website|author=J.R. Puri |author2=T.R. Shangari|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>


He lived and was buried in [[Kasur]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Sadia |title=At Freedom's Limit : Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-8232-5786-7 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Fordham University Press |oclc=1204032457}}</ref> He is regarded as the "Poet of the People,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Poet Of The People: The Time And Kalam Of Bulleh Shah |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2022/04/08/poet-of-the-people-the-time-and-kalam-of-bulleh-shah/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Sheikh]] of Both Worlds" in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000160005 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> His poetry marked a new era in [[Punjabi literature]] and spread a wave of [[Reformism|reformist ideas]] throughout the Punjab, which included social, religious and political reforms. His poetry has been sung at many important events, including one organized by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":8" />
He lived and was buried in [[Kasur]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Sadia |title=At Freedom's Limit : Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-8232-5786-7 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Fordham University Press |oclc=1204032457}}</ref> He is regarded as the "Poet of the People,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Poet Of The People: The Time And Kalam Of Bulleh Shah |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2022/04/08/poet-of-the-people-the-time-and-kalam-of-bulleh-shah/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Sheikh]] of Both Worlds" in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000160005 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> His poetry marked a new era in [[Punjabi literature]] and spread a wave of [[Reformism|reformist ideas]] throughout the Punjab, which included social, religious and political reforms. His poetry has been sung at many important events, including one organized by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":8" />
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== Life ==
== Life ==
===Early life and education===
===Early life and education===
He was born around 1680 in [[Uch]], [[Subah of Multan|Multan province]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan) in a [[Sayyid]] family.
Bulleh Shah was born around 1680 in [[Uch]], [[Subah of Multan|Multan province]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan) in a [[Sayyid]] family.


Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was well-versed in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and the [[Quran]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=bl&pg=PA190 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables, Ancient, Medieval and Modern |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |location=Delhi, India |page=190 |language=English |oclc=277277425 |quote=It is said that from among the ancestors of Bulleh Shah, Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari came to Multan from Surakh-Bukhara three hundred years earlier. [...] Bulleh Shah's family, of being Sayyiad caste, was related to prophet Muhammad [...] Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Mohammed Dervish, was well versed in Arabic, Persian and the holy Qura'n. [...] There is a strong historical evidence to show that Bulleh Shah was an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.}}</ref> For unknown reasons he moved to [[Malakwal]], a village near [[Sahiwal]]. Bulleh Shah had at least one sister who was also [[Sufism|Sufi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Shāh |first=Bullhe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hic3XnRU-VgC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Mystic Muse |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-341-0 |language=en}}</ref> Both siblings never married.<ref name=":10" /> According to another account, he had two sisters and none of them ever married.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Punjab Studies (Vol. 3) (1996) |url=https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=556fd070db8e09d3&sxsrf=ACQVn09Si3ZyDgL3tpaXn92CjkrPA_bzsw:1714308495659&q=sister+of+bullhe+shah&tbm=bks&source=lnms&prmd=ivsnbz&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO6qzn-OSFAxWccfEDHaubCFkQ0pQJegQIRhAB&biw=1455&bih=645&dpr=1.32 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>
Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was well-versed in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and the [[Quran]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=bl&pg=PA190 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables, Ancient, Medieval and Modern |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |location=Delhi, India |page=190 |language=English |oclc=277277425 |quote=It is said that from among the ancestors of Bulleh Shah, Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari came to Multan from Surakh-Bukhara three hundred years earlier. [...] Bulleh Shah's family, of being Sayyiad caste, was related to prophet Muhammad [...] Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Mohammed Dervish, was well versed in Arabic, Persian and the holy Qura'n. [...] There is a strong historical evidence to show that Bulleh Shah was an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.}}</ref> For unknown reasons he moved to [[Malakwal]], a village near [[Sahiwal]]. Bulleh Shah had at least one sister who was also [[Sufism|Sufi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Shāh |first=Bullhe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hic3XnRU-VgC |title=The Mystic Muse |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-341-0 |language=en}}</ref> Both siblings never married.<ref name=":10" /> According to another account, he had two sisters and none of them ever married.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Punjab Studies (Vol. 3) (1996) |url=https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=556fd070db8e09d3&q=sister+of+bullhe+shah&tbm=bks |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>


Later, when Bulleh Shah was six years old, his family moved to [[Pandoke, Lahore|Pandoke]], which is 50 miles southeast of Kasur. Bulleh Shah was schooled by his father along with the other children of the village. Most sources confirm that Bulleh Shah had to work as a child and adolescent [[herder]] in the village. It is confirmed that he received his higher education in Kasur. Some historians claim that Bulleh Shah received his education at a highly reputed madrassa run by [[Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza]] where he taught for some time after his graduation. After his early education, he went to [[Lahore]] where he studied with [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]], a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[murshid]] of [[Lahore]].<ref name="APNA" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-25|title=Bulleh Shah|url=https://sufipoetry.wordpress.com/poets/bulleh-shah/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Sufi Poetry|language=en}}</ref> Bulleh Shah later became an eminent scholar of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=":0" />
Later, when Bulleh Shah was six years old, his family moved to [[Pandoke, Lahore|Pandoke]], which is 50 miles southeast of Kasur. Bulleh Shah was schooled by his father along with the other children of the village. Most sources confirm that Bulleh Shah had to work as a child and adolescent as a [[herder]] in the village. It is confirmed that he received his higher education in Kasur. Some historians claim that Bulleh Shah received his education at a highly reputed madrassa run by [[Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza]], where he taught for some time after his graduation. After his early education, he went to [[Lahore]] where he studied with [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]], a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[murshid]] of [[Lahore]].<ref name="APNA" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-25|title=Bulleh Shah|url=https://sufipoetry.wordpress.com/poets/bulleh-shah/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Sufi Poetry|language=en}}</ref> Bulleh Shah later became an eminent scholar of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=":0" />


Bulleh Shah was a [[peasant]] by profession.<ref name=":10" />
By caste (profession by birth) Bulleh Shah was a [[peasant]].<ref name=":10" />


===Persecution===
===Persecution===
There is a fort-like [[Gurdwara]] in [[Daftuh]] that was built in the 18th century by the Sikh Chieftainess [[Bibi (title)|Bibi]] Isher Kaur who donated 80 Squares of lands for its construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Pakistan 'neglects' Gurdwara dedicated to Baba Bulleh Shah {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/world-details/SA/41262/pakistan-neglects-gurdwara-dedicated-to-baba-bulleh-shah.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Qaiṣar |first=Iqbāl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3nXAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں |date=1998 |publisher=Punjabi History Board |language=pa}}</ref> Bulleh Shah took refuge in the Gurdwara after a group of Islamic fundamentalists had got after his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=An ode to Baba Bulleh Shah, historic gurdwara in Pakistan falls to nature’s vagaries, govt’s apathy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sufi-poet-baba-bulleh-shah-gurdwara-sahib-in-pakistan-punjab-heritage-8858407/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" />
There is a fort-like [[Gurdwara]] in [[Daftuh]] that was built in the 18th century by the Sikh Chieftainess [[Bibi (title)|Bibi]] Isher Kaur, who donated 80 Squares of lands for its construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Pakistan 'neglects' Gurdwara dedicated to Baba Bulleh Shah {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/world-details/SA/41262/pakistan-neglects-gurdwara-dedicated-to-baba-bulleh-shah.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Qaiṣar |first=Iqbāl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3nXAAAAMAAJ |title=پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں |date=1998 |publisher=Punjabi History Board |language=pa}}</ref> Bulleh Shah took refuge in this Gurdwara after a group of Islamic fundamentalists started threatening his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=An ode to Baba Bulleh Shah, historic gurdwara in Pakistan falls to nature's vagaries, govt's apathy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sufi-poet-baba-bulleh-shah-gurdwara-sahib-in-pakistan-punjab-heritage-8858407/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" />


In his bad times, when even his family looked down upon him (for accepting a lower-caste [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]] as a teacher), his sister loved him and stood with him.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":0" />
In his bad times, when even his family looked down upon him (for accepting a lower-caste [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]] as a teacher), his sister loved him and stood with him.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":0" />


During his lifetime, he was outcast as [[kafir]] (non-Muslim) by some Muslim clerics.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Waheed |first=Sarah Fatima |title=Hidden histories of Pakistan : censorship, literature, and secular nationalism in late colonial India |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-99351-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1263249486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghulam |first=Chatha Akbar |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124524187 |title=Faith, Not Religions : a Collection Of Essays. |date=2012 |publisher=iUniverse.Com |isbn=978-1-4759-6461-5 |oclc=1124524187}}</ref>
During his lifetime, he was outcast as [[kafir]] (non-believer) by some Muslim clerics.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Waheed |first=Sarah Fatima |title=Hidden histories of Pakistan : censorship, literature, and secular nationalism in late colonial India |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-99351-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1263249486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghulam |first=Chatha Akbar |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124524187 |title=Faith, Not Religions : a Collection Of Essays. |date=2012 |publisher=iUniverse.Com |isbn=978-1-4759-6461-5 |oclc=1124524187}}</ref>


===Death===
===Death===
He died in 1757, at the age of 77.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> He was declared non-Muslim by religious fundamentalists of Kasur who had claimed it was prohibited to offer the prayer at his funeral. He was buried in Kasur, where he had spent most of his life. His funeral prayer was led by Syed Zahid Hamdani, a renowned religious personality of Kasur.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1332459|title=My visit to Bulleh Shah's tomb made me feel an otherworldly sense of peace|last=Zia|first=Sidra|date=17 June 2019|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> A [[dargah]] was built over his grave. <gallery>
He died in 1757, at the age of 77.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> He was buried in Kasur, where he had spent most of his life. As he was declared a [[kafir]] (a non-believer), religious fundamentalists of Kasur claimed it was prohibited to offer the prayer at his funeral. His funeral prayer was led by Syed Zahid Hamdani, a renowned religious personality of Kasur.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1332459|title=My visit to Bulleh Shah's tomb made me feel an otherworldly sense of peace|last=Zia|first=Sidra|date=17 June 2019|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> A [[dargah]] was built over his Kabr (i.e. grave). <gallery>
File:Bulleh Shah's Shrine.JPG
File:Bulleh Shah's Shrine.JPG
File:Grave of Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah.jpg
File:Grave of Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah.jpg
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File:Shrine Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah.jpg
File:Shrine Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>



== Poetry ==
== Poetry ==
Bulleh Shah lived after the Punjabi Sufi poet and saint [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1179–1266) and lived in the same period as other Punjabi Sufi poet [[Sultan Bahu]] (1629–1691). His lifespan also overlapped with the Punjabi poet [[Waris Shah]] (1722–1799) who is famous for ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'', the Sindhi Sufi poet [[Sachal Sarmast]] (1739–1829) and the Pashtun poet [[Khushal Khattak]] (1613–1689). Amongst [[Urdu]] poets, Bulleh Shah lived 400 miles away from [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (1723–1810) of [[Delhi]].<ref name=Dawn/>
Bulleh Shah lived after the Punjabi Sufi poet and saint [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1179–1266), and lived in the same period as other Punjabi Sufi poet [[Sultan Bahu]] (1629–1691). His lifespan also overlapped with the Punjabi poet [[Waris Shah]] (1722–1799), who is famous for ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'', the Sindhi Sufi poet [[Sachal Sarmast]] (1739–1829), and the Pashtun poet [[Khushal Khattak]] (1613–1689). Amongst [[Urdu]] poets, Bulleh Shah lived 400 miles away from [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (1723–1810) of [[Delhi]].<ref name=Dawn/>


Bulleh Shah practised the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like [[Shah Hussain]] (1538–1599), [[Sultan Bahu]] (1629–1691), and [[Shah Sharaf]] (1640–1724).<ref name=Dawn/>
Bulleh Shah practised the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like [[Shah Hussain]] (1538–1599), [[Sultan Bahu]] (1629–1691), and [[Shah Sharaf]] (1640–1724).<ref name=Dawn/>
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''And let him revel in the pleasures of heaven,''
''And let him revel in the pleasures of heaven,''


''who labels me an [[Arain]]''."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shāh |first=Bullhe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQE2AAAAMAAJ&newbks=0 |title=Bulleh Shah: The Love-intoxicated Iconoclast |last2=Puri |first2=J. R. |date=1986 |publisher=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |language=en}}</ref>
''who labels me an [[Arain]]''."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shāh |first1=Bullhe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQE2AAAAMAAJ |title=Bulleh Shah: The Love-intoxicated Iconoclast |last2=Puri |first2=J. R. |date=1986 |publisher=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |language=en}}</ref>


== Philosophy and views ==
== Philosophy and views ==


Bulleh Shah's non-orthodox views and simple language played important role in popularization of his poetry. It has been noted in literature that "one reason for his all-time popularity is relatively modern vocabulary."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Crossing boundaries |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Longman |author=Geeti Sen |isbn=81-250-1341-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=38257676}}</ref> Among the core tenets of his philosophy includes humanism, equality, tolerance, rejection of double standards, and defiance of the authority of [[Ulama]] and blind faith in their authority. For his criticism of replication of beliefs (blind faith and following), the "Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare" compared Bulleh Shah with [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cobb |first=Mark |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867929609 |title=Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare. |date=2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Christina M. Puchalski, Bruce Rumbold |isbn=978-0-19-150218-7 |location=Oxford |oclc=867929609}}</ref> For his "ruthless [analysis of] human society" and an "unending quest" to change it, he is often compared with [[Karl Marx]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mushtaq |date=2019-08-26 |title=Punjab Notes: Bulleh Shah: beyond caste and its polluting touch |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1501710 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Among major taboos in his philosophy was reciting words without comprehending them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Michael Muhammad |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/826853777 |title=Journey to the End of Islam. |date=2009 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |isbn=978-1-59376-552-1 |location=Berkeley |oclc=826853777}}</ref> He was a reformer with very much conscious of the contemporary religious, political and social situations.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858762739 |title=First Raj of the Sikhs : the Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur. |date=2013 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-39-5 |location=Carlsbad |oclc=858762739}}</ref>
Bulleh Shah's non-orthodox views and simple language played important role in popularization of his poetry. It has been noted in literature that "one reason for his all-time popularity is his relatively modern vocabulary."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Crossing boundaries |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Longman |author=Geeti Sen |isbn=81-250-1341-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=38257676}}</ref> Among the core tenets of his philosophy includes humanism, equality, tolerance, rejection of double standards, and defiance to the authority of [[Ulama]] and blind faith in their authority. For his criticism of replication of beliefs (blind faith and following), the "Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare" compared Bulleh Shah with [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cobb |first=Mark |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867929609 |title=Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare. |date=2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Christina M. Puchalski, Bruce Rumbold |isbn=978-0-19-150218-7 |location=Oxford |oclc=867929609}}</ref> For his "ruthless [analysis of] human society" and an "unending quest" to change it, he is often compared with [[Karl Marx]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mushtaq |date=2019-08-26 |title=Punjab Notes: Bulleh Shah: beyond caste and its polluting touch |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1501710 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Among major taboos in his philosophy was reciting words without comprehending them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Michael Muhammad |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/826853777 |title=Journey to the End of Islam. |date=2009 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |isbn=978-1-59376-552-1 |location=Berkeley |oclc=826853777}}</ref> He was a reformer with very much conscious of the contemporary religious, political and social situations.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858762739 |title=First Raj of the Sikhs : the Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur. |date=2013 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-39-5 |location=Carlsbad |oclc=858762739}}</ref>


In Bulleh Shah's poetry, [[Sufism]] can be seen as an indigenous philosophy of political activism and class struggle<ref name="Inam">{{Cite web |last=Inam |first=Moniza |date=2018-03-11 |title=IN MEMORIAM: THE SUFI COMMUNIST |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394228 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and resistance to powerful institutions like religion and imperialism.<ref name=":1" /> Through his poems he spoke against "religious, political and social patriarchal high handedness" of his time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=I. D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227921397 |title=Martyr as bridegroom : a folk representation of Bhagat Singh |date=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-81-905835-0-3 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=227921397}}</ref> This side of his poetry is evident from his defying of the imperial ban on dancing and singing,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35151781 |title=The mystic muse |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |others=Kartar Singh Duggal |isbn=81-7017-341-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=35151781}}</ref> and support for [[Sikhs]], in general, and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<ref name=":2" /> and [[Guru Gobind Singh]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lakshman Singh |first=Bhagat |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858588727 |title=Short sketch of the life and work of Guru Govind Singh, the 10th and last guru of the Sikhs |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0576-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=858588727}}</ref> in particular, in their struggle against the imperialist [[Mughal Empire]]. Thus, his version of Sufism is usually considered opposite to that of [[Ali al-Hujwiri|Ali Hajweri]] and other 'more spiritual' sufis who were confined to their libraries and schools and rarely participated in public discourse.<ref name=":3" />
In Bulleh Shah's poetry, [[Sufism]] can be seen as an indigenous philosophy of political activism and class struggle<ref name="Inam">{{Cite web |last=Inam |first=Moniza |date=2018-03-11 |title=IN MEMORIAM: THE SUFI COMMUNIST |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394228 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and resistance to powerful institutions like religion and imperialism.<ref name=":1" /> Through his poems he spoke against "religious, political and social patriarchal high handedness" of his time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=I. D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227921397 |title=Martyr as bridegroom : a folk representation of Bhagat Singh |date=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-81-905835-0-3 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=227921397}}</ref> This side of his poetry is evident from his defying of the imperial ban on dancing and singing,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35151781 |title=The mystic muse |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |others=Kartar Singh Duggal |isbn=81-7017-341-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=35151781}}</ref> and support for [[Sikhs]], in general, and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<ref name=":2" /> and [[Guru Gobind Singh]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lakshman Singh |first=Bhagat |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858588727 |title=Short sketch of the life and work of Guru Govind Singh, the 10th and last guru of the Sikhs |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0576-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=858588727}}</ref> in particular, in their struggle against the imperialist [[Mughal Empire]]. Thus, his version of Sufism is usually considered opposite to that of [[Ali al-Hujwiri|Ali Hajweri]] and other 'more spiritual' sufis who were confined to their libraries and schools and rarely participated in public discourse.<ref name=":3" />


Bulleh Shah was a "revolutionary" and "rebel" poet who spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions of his time<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> and, thus, his influence can be seen on many noted socialists, progressives and workers and women rights activists like [[Jam Saqi]],<ref name="Inam"/> [[Taimur Rahman]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Loye Loye Bhar Ly Kurye Sung By Taimur Rehman, LAAL Band. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOlN8tghs0g |language=en |access-date=2023-02-16}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Richard K. |title=The voice in the drum : music, language, and emotion in Islamicate South Asia |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-252-09650-1 |location=Urbana |oclc=894227410 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Imdad |title=An introduction to the poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz |date=1989 |publisher=Vanguard Books |isbn=969-402-000-X |location=Lahore |oclc=21322031}}</ref> [[Madeeha Gauhar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Ajoka holds festival to mark 9/11 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1042289 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and Major Ishaque Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazmi |first=Sara |title=Of subalterns and Sammi trees: Echoes of Ghadar in the Punjabi literary movement |url=https://socialiststudies.com/index.php/sss/article/download/27242/20156/69627 |journal=[[Socialist Studies (Society for Socialist Studies journal)|Socialist Studies]] |year=2018 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=114–133|doi=10.18740/ss27242 |s2cid=150355584 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Bulleh Shah was a "revolutionary" and "rebel" poet who spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions of his time<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> and, thus, his influence can be seen on many noted socialists, progressives and workers and women rights activists like [[Jam Saqi]],<ref name="Inam"/> [[Taimur Rahman]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Loye Loye Bhar Ly Kurye Sung By Taimur Rehman, LAAL Band. | date=14 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOlN8tghs0g |language=en |access-date=2023-02-16}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Richard K. |title=The voice in the drum : music, language, and emotion in Islamicate South Asia |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-252-09650-1 |location=Urbana |oclc=894227410 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Imdad |title=An introduction to the poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz |date=1989 |publisher=Vanguard Books |isbn=969-402-000-X |location=Lahore |oclc=21322031}}</ref> [[Madeeha Gauhar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Ajoka holds festival to mark 9/11 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1042289 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and Major Ishaque Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazmi |first=Sara |title=Of subalterns and Sammi trees: Echoes of Ghadar in the Punjabi literary movement |url=https://socialiststudies.com/index.php/sss/article/download/27242/20156/69627 |journal=[[Socialist Studies (Society for Socialist Studies journal)|Socialist Studies]] |year=2018 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=114–133|doi=10.18740/ss27242 |s2cid=150355584 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


[[Humanism]] is one of the key attributes of the life and works of Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first=Amin |editor-last=Asfari |date=2020 |title=Civility, Nonviolent Resistance, and the New Struggle for Social Justice |isbn=978-90-04-41758-8 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |oclc=1130904784}}</ref>
[[Humanism]] is the key attribute of the life and works of Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first=Amin |editor-last=Asfari |date=2020 |title=Civility, Nonviolent Resistance, and the New Struggle for Social Justice |isbn=978-90-04-41758-8 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |oclc=1130904784}}</ref>


==Modern renderings==
==Modern renderings==
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The [[Wadali brothers|Wadali Bandhu]], a Punjabi Sufi group from India, have also released a version of "Bullah Ki Jaana" in their album ''Aa Mil Yaar... Call of the Beloved''. They also worked with British-Punjabi music composer, [[Mukhtar Sahota]], to create their own rendition of a famous [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk song]], "Charkha" which was released in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFAHyGWc1AY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/FFAHyGWc1AY|archive-date=2024-03-24 |url-status=live|title=Charka - Mukhtar Sahota & Wadali's - Unpredictable |via=YouTube |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=24 March 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another version was performed by [[Lakhwinder Wadali]] and entitled "Bullah".{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]], a qawwali composed in honour of [[Shahbaz Qalandar]], has been one of Bulleh Shah's most popular poems and has been frequently rendered by many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers including [[Noor Jehan]], [[Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Sabri Brothers]], Wadali brothers, [[Reshman]] and [[Runa Laila]]. Other qawwali songs by Bulleh Shah, include "[[Sade Vehre Aya Kar]]" and "[[Mera Piya Ghar Aaya]]".<ref name="indiatimes1"/> In 2008, a version of Bulleh Shah's famous verse, ''Aao Saiyo Ral Deyo Ni Wadhai'', was sung by [[Shafqat Amanat Ali|Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]], for his debut solo album, ''[[Tabeer (album)|Tabeer]]''. Ali named the song "Bulleh Shah" in honor of the poet.
The [[Wadali brothers|Wadali Bandhu]], a Punjabi Sufi group from India, have also released a version of "Bullah Ki Jaana" in their album ''Aa Mil Yaar... Call of the Beloved''. They also worked with British-Punjabi music composer, [[Mukhtar Sahota]], to create their own rendition of a famous [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk song]], "Charkha" which was released in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFAHyGWc1AY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/FFAHyGWc1AY|archive-date=2024-03-24 |url-status=live|title=Charka - Mukhtar Sahota & Wadali's - Unpredictable |via=YouTube |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=24 March 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another version was performed by [[Lakhwinder Wadali]] and entitled "Bullah".{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]], a qawwali composed in honour of [[Shahbaz Qalandar]], has been one of Bulleh Shah's most popular poems and has been frequently rendered by many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers including [[Noor Jehan]], [[Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Sabri Brothers]], Wadali brothers, [[Reshman]] and [[Runa Laila]]. Other qawwali songs by Bulleh Shah, include "[[Sade Vehre Aya Kar]]" and "[[Mera Piya Ghar Aaya]]".<ref name="indiatimes1"/> In 2008, a version of Bulleh Shah's famous verse, ''Aao Saiyo Ral Deyo Ni Wadhai'', was sung by [[Shafqat Amanat Ali|Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]], for his debut solo album, ''[[Tabeer (album)|Tabeer]]''. Ali named the song "Bulleh Shah" in honor of the poet.


Also in 2016, a collaboration between two EDM artists ([[Headhunterz]] and Skytech) named "Kundalini" used words created by Bulleh Shah, as well as having the words Bulleh Shah in the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8zB7QKU87c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/e8zB7QKU87c |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Headhunterz & Skytech – Kundalini (Official Music Video) |via=YouTube |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=17 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bulleh Shah's verses have been an inspiration to painters as well, as in the two series of paintings (''Jogia Dhoop'' and ''Shah Shabad'') by an Indian painter [[Geeta Vadhera]] inspired by the poetry of Bulleh Shah and other Sufi poets and saints. In 2017, British-Pakistani singer Yasir Akhtar used Bulleh Shah's poetry in his song "Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l9kI5-aiGQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/0l9kI5-aiGQ |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=<nowiki>Yasir Akhtar | Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy ft.Martay M'Kenzy (Official Video)</nowiki>|date=3 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|via=YouTube|publisher=Yasir Akhtar}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/130751-Yasir-Akhtar-the-singing-sensation-is-back-with-Aram-Nal-Kar|title=Yasir Akhtar, the singing sensation, is back with 'Aram Nal Kar'|date=11 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|via=Geo News|publisher=Tanveer Khatana}}</ref> In 2019, [[Sona Mohapatra]] used a verse of Bulleh Shah in her song "R.A.T. Mashup".{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
In 2016, a collaboration between two EDM artists ([[Headhunterz]] and Skytech) named "Kundalini" used words created by Bulleh Shah, as well as having the words Bulleh Shah in the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8zB7QKU87c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/e8zB7QKU87c |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Headhunterz & Skytech – Kundalini (Official Music Video) |via=YouTube |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=17 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bulleh Shah's verses have been an inspiration to painters as well, as in the two series of paintings (''Jogia Dhoop'' and ''Shah Shabad'') by an Indian painter [[Geeta Vadhera]] inspired by the poetry of Bulleh Shah and other Sufi poets and saints. In 2017, British-Pakistani singer [[Yasir Akhtar]] used Bulleh Shah's poetry in his song "Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l9kI5-aiGQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/0l9kI5-aiGQ |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=<nowiki>Yasir Akhtar | Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy ft.Martay M'Kenzy (Official Video)</nowiki>|date=3 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|via=YouTube|publisher=Yasir Akhtar}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/130751-Yasir-Akhtar-the-singing-sensation-is-back-with-Aram-Nal-Kar|title=Yasir Akhtar, the singing sensation, is back with 'Aram Nal Kar'|date=11 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|via=Geo News|publisher=Tanveer Khatana}}</ref> In 2019, [[Sona Mohapatra]] used a verse of Bulleh Shah in her song "R.A.T. Mashup".{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}


===Films===
===Films===
The 1973 movie [[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]] song by [[Narendra Chanchal]] starts with the verse ''Beshaq mandir masjid todo, Bulleh Shah ye kahta''. Some of Bulleh Shah's verses, including "[[Tere Ishq Nachaya]]", have been adapted and used in [[Bollywood]] film songs including "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" and "Thayya Thayya" in the 1998 film ''[[Dil Se..]]'', "Tere Ishq Nachaya" in the 2002 film ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' and "Ranjha Ranjha" in the 2010 film ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Bulleh-Shahs-poetry-in-present-day/articleshow/14098893.cms |title=Bulleh Shah's poetry in present day|website=Times Of India|date=13 June 2012 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> The 2007 Pakistani movie ''[[Khuda Kay Liye]]'' includes Bulleh Shah's poetry in the song "Bandeya Ho". The 2008 [[Bollywood]] film, ''A Wednesday'', included a song titled "Bulle Shah, O Yaar Mere". In 2014, [[Ali Zafar]] sung some of his verses as "[[Chal Bulleya|Chal Buleya]]" for Bollywood soundtrack album ''[[Total Siyapaa]]'', and the song was reprised by Zafar same year in ''[[Pakistan Idol]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/556499-lady-dadas-nightmare |title=Lady Dada's Nightmare – I &#124; Instep |work=The News International |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> The 2016 Bollywood films "[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]" and ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' feature the song "Bulleya", sung by Papon and Amit Mishra respectively, which is short for Bulleh Shah.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Poetry of Bulleh Shah was also used in 2015 film ''[[Wedding Pullav]]'' composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]].<ref name="indiatimes1"/> A song "Hun Kis Theen" based on his poetry was also featured in Punjabi animated film ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-history-hasnt-been-documented-well-and-some-of-the-versions-available-are-inaccurate-4365320/ |title=Sikh history hasn't been documented well and some of the versions available are inaccurate |work=The Indian Express |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In the 1998 [[Bollywood]] film [[Dil Se]] one of the more popular songs [[Chaiyya Chaiyya|chal chaiya chaiya]] is actually a rendition of the popular Bulleh Shah kalam [[Tere ishq Nachaya|Tera ishq nachaya bol thaiyya thaiyya]]. The film starred Bollywood actors [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Manisha Koirala]]. The song was composed and produced by [[A. R. Rahman]], the lyricist was [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]. The singer were [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Sapna Awasthi]].
The 1973 movie [[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]] song by [[Narendra Chanchal]] starts with the verse ''Beshaq mandir masjid todo, Bulleh Shah ye kahta''. Some of Bulleh Shah's verses, including "[[Tere Ishq Nachaya]]", have been adapted and used in [[Bollywood]] film songs including "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" and "Thayya Thayya" in the 1998 film ''[[Dil Se..]]'', "Tere Ishq Nachaya" in the 2002 film ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' and "Ranjha Ranjha" in the 2010 film ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Bulleh-Shahs-poetry-in-present-day/articleshow/14098893.cms |title=Bulleh Shah's poetry in present day|website=Times Of India|date=13 June 2012 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> The 2007 Pakistani movie ''[[Khuda Kay Liye]]'' includes Bulleh Shah's poetry in the song "Bandeya Ho". The 2008 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[A Wednesday!|A Wednesday]]'', included a song titled "Bulle Shah, O Yaar Mere". In 2014, [[Ali Zafar]] sung some of his verses as "[[Chal Bulleya|Chal Buleya]]" for Bollywood soundtrack album ''[[Total Siyapaa]]'', and the song was reprised by Zafar same year in ''[[Pakistan Idol]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/556499-lady-dadas-nightmare |title=Lady Dada's Nightmare – I &#124; Instep |work=The News International |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> The 2016 Bollywood films "[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]" and ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' feature the song "Bulleya", sung by Papon and Amit Mishra respectively, which is short for Bulleh Shah.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Poetry of Bulleh Shah was also used in 2015 film ''[[Wedding Pullav]]'' composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]].<ref name="indiatimes1"/> A song "Hun Kis Theen" based on his poetry was also featured in Punjabi animated film ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-history-hasnt-been-documented-well-and-some-of-the-versions-available-are-inaccurate-4365320/ |title=Sikh history hasn't been documented well and some of the versions available are inaccurate |work=The Indian Express |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In the 1998 [[Bollywood]] film [[Dil Se]] one of the more popular songs [[Chaiyya Chaiyya|chal chaiya chaiya]] is actually a rendition of the popular Bulleh Shah kalam [[Tere ishq Nachaya|Tera ishq nachaya bol thaiyya thaiyya]].


===Coke Studio (Pakistan)===
===Coke Studio (Pakistan)===
In 2009, the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 2)|season 2]] of ''[[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio]]'' featured "Aik Alif" performed by [[Sain Zahoor]] and [[Noori]]. Ali Zafar also used some of Bulleh Shah and [[Shah Hussain]]'s verses in his "Dastan-e-Ishq".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr8NGEGTK6Q |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Zr8NGEGTK6Q |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Dastaan-e-ishq, Ali Zafar – BTS, Coke Studio Pakistan, Season 2|date=23 June 2009|via=YouTube|publisher=Rohail Hyatt}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 3)|season 3]] featured "Na Raindee Hai" and "Makke Gayaan Gal Mukdi Nahi" performed by [[Arieb Azhar]]. In 2012, Shah's poetry was featured with [[Hadiqa Kiani]] performing "Kamlee".<ref>{{cite web|author=Ata ur Rehman |url=http://www.pakium.com/2012/05/13/hadiqa-kiani-kamlee-coke-studio-season-5-episode-1 |title=Hadiqa Kiani Kamlee, Coke Studio Season 5 Episode 1 |date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Pakium.com |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In 2016, [[Ahmed Jahanzeb]] and [[Umair Jaswal]] performed "Khaki Banda";<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-3-promo/38529/ |title=Watch Coke Studio 9 Episode 3 promo &#124; the News Teller |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009082017/http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-3-promo/38529/ |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Rizwan Butt]] and [[Sara Haider]] performed "Meri Meri",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-6/38744/ |title=Watch Coke Studio 9 Episode 6 &#124; the News Teller |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927021000/http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-6/38744/ |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In third episode of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 11)|season 11]] Fareed Ayaz, Abu Muhammad Qawal & Brothers performed a [[Qawwali]] based on [[Kalam]] by Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Aug-2018/coke-studio-releases-third-episode-of-season-11 |title=Coke Studio releases third episode of Season 11 |work=The Nation|location=Pakistan |date=25 August 2018 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 12)|season 12]] [[Hadiqa Kiani]] used verses of Bulleh Shah in the song "Daachi Waaleya".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/coke-studio-brings-love-ballads-and-sufi-poetry-from-top-stars-1.68060545 |title=Coke Studio brings love ballads and Sufi poetry from top stars &#124; Pakistani Cinema|work=Gulf News |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
In 2009, the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 2)|season 2]] of ''[[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio]]'' featured "Aik Alif" performed by [[Sain Zahoor]] and [[Noori]]. [[Ali Zafar]] also used some of Bulleh Shah and [[Shah Hussain]]'s verses in his "Dastan-e-Ishq".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr8NGEGTK6Q |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Zr8NGEGTK6Q |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Dastaan-e-ishq, Ali Zafar – BTS, Coke Studio Pakistan, Season 2|date=23 June 2009|via=YouTube|publisher=Rohail Hyatt}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 3)|season 3]] featured "Na Raindee Hai" and "Makke Gayaan Gal Mukdi Nahi" performed by [[Arieb Azhar]]. In 2012, Shah's poetry was featured with [[Hadiqa Kiani]] performing "Kamlee".<ref>{{cite web|author=Ata ur Rehman |url=http://www.pakium.com/2012/05/13/hadiqa-kiani-kamlee-coke-studio-season-5-episode-1 |title=Hadiqa Kiani Kamlee, Coke Studio Season 5 Episode 1 |date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Pakium.com |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In 2016, [[Ahmed Jahanzeb]] and [[Umair Jaswal]] performed "Khaki Banda";<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-3-promo/38529/ |title=Watch Coke Studio 9 Episode 3 promo &#124; the News Teller |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009082017/http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-3-promo/38529/ |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Rizwan Butt]] and [[Sara Haider]] performed "Meri Meri",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-6/38744/ |title=Watch Coke Studio 9 Episode 6 &#124; the News Teller |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927021000/http://www.thenewsteller.com/showbiz/watch-coke-studio-9-episode-6/38744/ |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In third episode of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 11)|season 11]] Fareed Ayaz, Abu Muhammad Qawal & Brothers performed a [[Qawwali]] based on [[Kalam]] by Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Aug-2018/coke-studio-releases-third-episode-of-season-11 |title=Coke Studio releases third episode of Season 11 |work=The Nation|location=Pakistan |date=25 August 2018 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 12)|season 12]] [[Hadiqa Kiani]] used verses of Bulleh Shah in the song "Daachi Waaleya".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/coke-studio-brings-love-ballads-and-sufi-poetry-from-top-stars-1.68060545 |title=Coke Studio brings love ballads and Sufi poetry from top stars &#124; Pakistani Cinema|work=Gulf News |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Line 133: Line 139:
'''Socio-economics'''
'''Socio-economics'''


In 2012, the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|government of Punjab]], most populous province of Pakistan, renamed an important road in the provincial capital Lahore to "Bulleh Shah Road".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnain |first1=Khalid |title=Roads, intersections' naming: Shahbaz approves CDGL's summary |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/782532/roads-intersections-naming-shahbaz-approves-cdgls-summary |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |date=31 January 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the government of Pakistan also approved his name for a road in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnain |first1=Khalid |title=Lahore streets, intersections to be named after famous personalities |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1640853 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
In 2012, the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|government of Punjab]], most populous province of Pakistan, renamed an important road in the provincial capital Lahore to "Bulleh Shah Road".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnain |first1=Khalid |title=Roads, intersections' naming: Shahbaz approves CDGL's summary |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/782532/roads-intersections-naming-shahbaz-approves-cdgls-summary |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |date=31 January 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the government of Pakistan also approved his name for a road in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnain |first1=Khalid |title=Lahore streets, intersections to be named after famous personalities |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1640853 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan's "largest renewable packaging facility" is also named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.bullehshah.com.pk/ |website=www.bullehshah.com.pk |publisher=Bulleh Shah Packaging (Pvt.) Limited |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> There is a housing community in Kasur called "Bulleh Shah Colony." Also, a road in Kasur is called "Baba Bulleh Shah Road." A roadway junction on [[Lahore Ring Road]] is called "Bulleh Shah Interchange." In 2023, a public hospital in Kasur was renamed to "Baba Bulleh Shah Hospital."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=DHQ hospital named after Baba Bulleh Shah |url=https://pakobserver.net/dhq-hospital-named-after-baba-bulleh-shah/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Pakistan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Kasur DHQ Hospital renamed after Baba Bulleh Shah |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/04-Aug-2023/kasur-dhq-hospital-renamed-after-baba-bullay-shah |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref>
Pakistan's "largest renewable packaging facility" is also named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.bullehshah.com.pk/ |website=www.bullehshah.com.pk |publisher=Bulleh Shah Packaging (Pvt.) Limited |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
There is a housing community in Kasur called "Bulleh Shah Colony." Also, a road in Kasur is called "Baba Bulleh Shah Road." A roadway junction on [[Lahore Ring Road]] is called "Bulleh Shah Interchange." In 2023, a public hospital in Kasur was renamed to "Baba Bulleh Shah Hospital."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=DHQ hospital named after Baba Bulleh Shah |url=https://pakobserver.net/dhq-hospital-named-after-baba-bulleh-shah/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Pakistan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Kasur DHQ Hospital renamed after Baba Bulleh Shah |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/04-Aug-2023/kasur-dhq-hospital-renamed-after-baba-bullay-shah |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref>


An educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Institute" is operating in [[Badhni Kalan]], India, since 2003. Another educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Law College" (affiliated with [[University of the Punjab]]) operates in Kasur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of the Punjab- Affiliated Colleges - Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur |url=http://pu.edu.pk/affiliation/collegeinfo/1304/Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=pu.edu.pk}}</ref> In 2007, Pakistani senator Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed raised the proposal for establishment of Bulleh Shah University in Kasur.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2007 |title=Demand for Bulleh Shah university |language=en |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/263177/demand-for-bulleh-shah-university |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Ahsan ul haq |date=9 January 2022 |title=UNIVERSITY IN CHUNIAN |language=en |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1668469 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> In 2023, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] passed a bill, proposed by [[Asiya Azeem]], for the establishment of "Bulleh Shah International University" in [[Kasur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA passes 26 bills to set up new universities, institutes amid criticism about quality education |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1094931-na-passes-26-bills-to-set-up-new-universities-institutes-amid-criticism-about-quality-education |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>
An educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Institute" is operating in [[Badhni Kalan]], India, since 2003. Another educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Law College" (affiliated with [[University of the Punjab]]) operates in Kasur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of the Punjab- Affiliated Colleges - Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur |url=http://pu.edu.pk/affiliation/collegeinfo/1304/Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=pu.edu.pk}}</ref> In 2007, Pakistani senator Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed raised the proposal for establishment of Bulleh Shah University in Kasur.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2007 |title=Demand for Bulleh Shah university |language=en |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/263177/demand-for-bulleh-shah-university |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Ahsan ul haq |date=9 January 2022 |title=UNIVERSITY IN CHUNIAN |language=en |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1668469 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> In 2023, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] passed a bill, proposed by [[Asiya Azeem]], for the establishment of "Bulleh Shah International University" in [[Kasur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA passes 26 bills to set up new universities, institutes amid criticism about quality education |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1094931-na-passes-26-bills-to-set-up-new-universities-institutes-amid-criticism-about-quality-education |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>
Line 169: Line 173:
* ''Bulleh Shah Jeevan Te Rachna'' [The Life and Career of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: [[Punjabi University]], Patiala, India), '''2010'''. Editor: Jeet Singh Sital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeet Singh Sital |url=http://archive.org/details/bulleh-shah-jeevan |title=Bulleh Shah Jeevan |date=2010}}</ref>
* ''Bulleh Shah Jeevan Te Rachna'' [The Life and Career of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: [[Punjabi University]], Patiala, India), '''2010'''. Editor: Jeet Singh Sital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeet Singh Sital |url=http://archive.org/details/bulleh-shah-jeevan |title=Bulleh Shah Jeevan |date=2010}}</ref>
* ''Kalam Bulle Shah'' [The Verses of Bulleh Shah], '''2009'''. Editor: Gurdev Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/KalamBullehShah |title=Kalam Bulleh Shah |language=Punjabi}}</ref>
* ''Kalam Bulle Shah'' [The Verses of Bulleh Shah], '''2009'''. Editor: Gurdev Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/KalamBullehShah |title=Kalam Bulleh Shah |language=Punjabi}}</ref>
* ''Bulleh Shah: A Sufi Poet'' [Collection of Verses], [[Oxford University Press]], 2010. Edited by Shabnam Virmani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2024-10-29 |title=Best 2 Lines Love Shayari in Punjabi - Express Your Emotions |url=https://shayari2u.com/love-shayari-in-punjabi/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Shayari2u |language=en-US}}</ref>


'''Works in [[Shahmukhi]] (Punjabi):'''
'''Works in [[Shahmukhi]] (Punjabi):'''
Line 228: Line 233:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916225455/http://www.wichaar.com/news/239/ARTICLE/7115/2008-05-18.html Biography of Bulleh Shah]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916225455/http://www.wichaar.com/news/239/ARTICLE/7115/2008-05-18.html Biography of Bulleh Shah]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031002735/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/punjabi.htm Littérateurs of the Punjabi language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031002735/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/punjabi.htm Littérateurs of the Punjabi language]



{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}
{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}
Line 235: Line 239:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulleh Shah}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulleh Shah}}
[[Category:1680 births]]
[[Category:1680s births]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Poets from the Mughal Empire]]

Latest revision as of 11:51, 3 December 2024

Bulleh Shah
بُلّھے شاہ
Personal
Born
Syed Abdullah Shah Qadri

c. 1680 CE
Uch, Subah of Multan, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Diedc. 1757 CE (aged 77)
Kasur, Bhangi Misl (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Resting placeDarbar Baba Bulleh Shah, Kasur
ReligionIslam
Parents
  • Shah Muhammad Darwaish (father)
  • Fatima Bibi (mother)
Main interest(s)
TeachersShah Inayat Qadiri
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced
Writing career
Pen name
  • Bulleh Shāh
  • Bulleyā
LanguagePunjabi
Genres
Part of a series on Islam
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Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
Ideas
Practices
Sufi orders
List of sufis
Topics in Sufism
Islam portal
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Punjabis
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Asia

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Punjab portal

Sayyid Abdullāh Shāh Qādrī[a] (Punjabi: [sə'jəd əbdʊ'laːɦ ʃaːɦ qaːdɾiː]; c. 1680–1757), known popularly as Baba Bulleh Shah[b] and Bulleya,[c] was a Punjabi revolutionary philosopher, reformer and a Sufi poet of the 17th and 18th centuries, universally regarded as the 'Father of Punjabi Enlightenment'. He criticised powerful religious, political, and social institutions; and is revered as the 'Poet of the People' amongst Punjabis.[1][2]

He lived and was buried in Kasur (present-day Punjab, Pakistan).[3] He is regarded as the "Poet of the People,"[4] and the "Sheikh of Both Worlds" in the Punjab region.[5] His poetry marked a new era in Punjabi literature and spread a wave of reformist ideas throughout the Punjab, which included social, religious and political reforms. His poetry has been sung at many important events, including one organized by UNESCO.[5]

Life

[edit]

Early life and education

[edit]

Bulleh Shah was born around 1680 in Uch, Multan province, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) in a Sayyid family.

Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was well-versed in Arabic, Persian, and the Quran.[6] For unknown reasons he moved to Malakwal, a village near Sahiwal. Bulleh Shah had at least one sister who was also Sufi.[6][7] Both siblings never married.[7] According to another account, he had two sisters and none of them ever married.[8]

Later, when Bulleh Shah was six years old, his family moved to Pandoke, which is 50 miles southeast of Kasur. Bulleh Shah was schooled by his father along with the other children of the village. Most sources confirm that Bulleh Shah had to work as a child and adolescent as a herder in the village. It is confirmed that he received his higher education in Kasur. Some historians claim that Bulleh Shah received his education at a highly reputed madrassa run by Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza, where he taught for some time after his graduation. After his early education, he went to Lahore where he studied with Shah Inayat Qadiri, a Sufi murshid of Lahore.[2][9] Bulleh Shah later became an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.[6]

By caste (profession by birth) Bulleh Shah was a peasant.[7]

Persecution

[edit]

There is a fort-like Gurdwara in Daftuh that was built in the 18th century by the Sikh Chieftainess Bibi Isher Kaur, who donated 80 Squares of lands for its construction.[10][11] Bulleh Shah took refuge in this Gurdwara after a group of Islamic fundamentalists started threatening his life.[12][11]

In his bad times, when even his family looked down upon him (for accepting a lower-caste Shah Inayat Qadiri as a teacher), his sister loved him and stood with him.[7][6]

During his lifetime, he was outcast as kafir (non-believer) by some Muslim clerics.[13][14]

Death

[edit]

He died in 1757, at the age of 77.[15] He was buried in Kasur, where he had spent most of his life. As he was declared a kafir (a non-believer), religious fundamentalists of Kasur claimed it was prohibited to offer the prayer at his funeral. His funeral prayer was led by Syed Zahid Hamdani, a renowned religious personality of Kasur.[16] A dargah was built over his Kabr (i.e. grave).

Poetry

[edit]

Bulleh Shah lived after the Punjabi Sufi poet and saint Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179–1266), and lived in the same period as other Punjabi Sufi poet Sultan Bahu (1629–1691). His lifespan also overlapped with the Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722–1799), who is famous for Heer Ranjha, the Sindhi Sufi poet Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829), and the Pashtun poet Khushal Khattak (1613–1689). Amongst Urdu poets, Bulleh Shah lived 400 miles away from Mir Taqi Mir (1723–1810) of Delhi.[16]

Bulleh Shah practised the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1629–1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640–1724).[16]

The verse form Bulleh Shah primarily employed is the Kafi, popular in Punjabi and Sindhi poetry.[2] His poetry is a mixture of traditional mystic thought and intellectualism.[17]

Many people have put his Kafis to music, from humble street-singers to renowned Sufi singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Fareed Ayaz, Pathanay Khan, Abida Parveen, the Waddali Brothers and Sain Zahoor, from the synthesised techno qawwali remixes of UK-based Asian artists to the Pakistani rock band Junoon.[15]

Among the most distinguished persons to be influenced by Bulleh Shah's poetry had been Muhammad Iqbal.[18] It is maintained that Iqbal took his last breath while listening to his kafi.[19][20]

He is the "most famous and celebrated" Punjabi poet[21] and is widely recognized as "poet par excellence".[22] A sample of his poetic work is presented below:

Verse 1:

"The mullah and the torch-bearer

Hail from the same stock;

They give light to others,

And themselves are in the dark."[23]

Verse 2:

"Let anyone who calls me Sayyid be punished

with the tortures of hell;

And let him revel in the pleasures of heaven,

who labels me an Arain."[24]

Philosophy and views

[edit]

Bulleh Shah's non-orthodox views and simple language played important role in popularization of his poetry. It has been noted in literature that "one reason for his all-time popularity is his relatively modern vocabulary."[25] Among the core tenets of his philosophy includes humanism, equality, tolerance, rejection of double standards, and defiance to the authority of Ulama and blind faith in their authority. For his criticism of replication of beliefs (blind faith and following), the "Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare" compared Bulleh Shah with Percy Bysshe Shelley.[26] For his "ruthless [analysis of] human society" and an "unending quest" to change it, he is often compared with Karl Marx.[27] Among major taboos in his philosophy was reciting words without comprehending them.[28] He was a reformer with very much conscious of the contemporary religious, political and social situations.[17][29]

In Bulleh Shah's poetry, Sufism can be seen as an indigenous philosophy of political activism and class struggle[30] and resistance to powerful institutions like religion and imperialism.[1] Through his poems he spoke against "religious, political and social patriarchal high handedness" of his time.[31] This side of his poetry is evident from his defying of the imperial ban on dancing and singing,[32] and support for Sikhs, in general, and Guru Tegh Bahadur[33] and Guru Gobind Singh,[34] in particular, in their struggle against the imperialist Mughal Empire. Thus, his version of Sufism is usually considered opposite to that of Ali Hajweri and other 'more spiritual' sufis who were confined to their libraries and schools and rarely participated in public discourse.[13]

Bulleh Shah was a "revolutionary" and "rebel" poet who spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions of his time[1][3][31] and, thus, his influence can be seen on many noted socialists, progressives and workers and women rights activists like Jam Saqi,[30] Taimur Rahman,[35] Bhagat Singh,[31] Faiz Ahmad Faiz,[36][37] Madeeha Gauhar,[38] and Major Ishaque Muhammad.[39]

Humanism is the key attribute of the life and works of Bulleh Shah.[40]

Modern renderings

[edit]

Bands and albums

[edit]

In the 1990s, Junoon, a rock band from Pakistan, rendered his poems "Bullah Ki Jaana" and "Aleph" ("Ilmon Bas Kareen O Yaar"). In 2004, Indian musician Rabbi Shergill turned the classical poem "Bullah Ki Jaana" into a rock/fusion song in his debut album Rabbi; the song was a chart-topper in 2005, helping the album to eventually sell over 10,000 copies and became immensely popular in India and Pakistan.[41][42]

The Wadali Bandhu, a Punjabi Sufi group from India, have also released a version of "Bullah Ki Jaana" in their album Aa Mil Yaar... Call of the Beloved. They also worked with British-Punjabi music composer, Mukhtar Sahota, to create their own rendition of a famous Punjabi folk song, "Charkha" which was released in May 2007.[43] Another version was performed by Lakhwinder Wadali and entitled "Bullah".[citation needed] Dama Dam Mast Qalandar, a qawwali composed in honour of Shahbaz Qalandar, has been one of Bulleh Shah's most popular poems and has been frequently rendered by many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers including Noor Jehan, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, Sabri Brothers, Wadali brothers, Reshman and Runa Laila. Other qawwali songs by Bulleh Shah, include "Sade Vehre Aya Kar" and "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya".[15] In 2008, a version of Bulleh Shah's famous verse, Aao Saiyo Ral Deyo Ni Wadhai, was sung by Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan, for his debut solo album, Tabeer. Ali named the song "Bulleh Shah" in honor of the poet.

In 2016, a collaboration between two EDM artists (Headhunterz and Skytech) named "Kundalini" used words created by Bulleh Shah, as well as having the words Bulleh Shah in the lyrics.[44] Bulleh Shah's verses have been an inspiration to painters as well, as in the two series of paintings (Jogia Dhoop and Shah Shabad) by an Indian painter Geeta Vadhera inspired by the poetry of Bulleh Shah and other Sufi poets and saints. In 2017, British-Pakistani singer Yasir Akhtar used Bulleh Shah's poetry in his song "Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy".[45][46] In 2019, Sona Mohapatra used a verse of Bulleh Shah in her song "R.A.T. Mashup".[citation needed]

Films

[edit]

The 1973 movie Bobby song by Narendra Chanchal starts with the verse Beshaq mandir masjid todo, Bulleh Shah ye kahta. Some of Bulleh Shah's verses, including "Tere Ishq Nachaya", have been adapted and used in Bollywood film songs including "Chaiyya Chaiyya" and "Thayya Thayya" in the 1998 film Dil Se.., "Tere Ishq Nachaya" in the 2002 film Shaheed-E-Azam and "Ranjha Ranjha" in the 2010 film Raavan.[15] The 2007 Pakistani movie Khuda Kay Liye includes Bulleh Shah's poetry in the song "Bandeya Ho". The 2008 Bollywood film, A Wednesday, included a song titled "Bulle Shah, O Yaar Mere". In 2014, Ali Zafar sung some of his verses as "Chal Buleya" for Bollywood soundtrack album Total Siyapaa, and the song was reprised by Zafar same year in Pakistan Idol.[47] The 2016 Bollywood films "Sultan" and Ae Dil Hai Mushkil feature the song "Bulleya", sung by Papon and Amit Mishra respectively, which is short for Bulleh Shah.[citation needed] Poetry of Bulleh Shah was also used in 2015 film Wedding Pullav composed by Salim–Sulaiman.[15] A song "Hun Kis Theen" based on his poetry was also featured in Punjabi animated film Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur.[48] In the 1998 Bollywood film Dil Se one of the more popular songs chal chaiya chaiya is actually a rendition of the popular Bulleh Shah kalam Tera ishq nachaya bol thaiyya thaiyya.

Coke Studio (Pakistan)

[edit]

In 2009, the season 2 of Coke Studio featured "Aik Alif" performed by Sain Zahoor and Noori. Ali Zafar also used some of Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain's verses in his "Dastan-e-Ishq".[49] In 2010, the season 3 featured "Na Raindee Hai" and "Makke Gayaan Gal Mukdi Nahi" performed by Arieb Azhar. In 2012, Shah's poetry was featured with Hadiqa Kiani performing "Kamlee".[50] In 2016, Ahmed Jahanzeb and Umair Jaswal performed "Khaki Banda";[51] and Rizwan Butt and Sara Haider performed "Meri Meri",[52] In third episode of season 11 Fareed Ayaz, Abu Muhammad Qawal & Brothers performed a Qawwali based on Kalam by Bulleh Shah.[53] In season 12 Hadiqa Kiani used verses of Bulleh Shah in the song "Daachi Waaleya".[54]

Legacy

[edit]

Academic and literary circles

The journalist Najam Sethi attempted to translate the verses of Bulleh Shah into English.[55] However, his friend Taufiq Rafat published the finest translation of Bulleh Shah's selected poems.[55]

The work of Bulleh Shah influenced and inspired many other poets and artists, such as Muhammad Iqbal, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ali Arshad Mir, and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh.[56]

Socio-economics

In 2012, the government of Punjab, most populous province of Pakistan, renamed an important road in the provincial capital Lahore to "Bulleh Shah Road".[57] In 2021, the government of Pakistan also approved his name for a road in the country.[58] Pakistan's "largest renewable packaging facility" is also named after him.[59] There is a housing community in Kasur called "Bulleh Shah Colony." Also, a road in Kasur is called "Baba Bulleh Shah Road." A roadway junction on Lahore Ring Road is called "Bulleh Shah Interchange." In 2023, a public hospital in Kasur was renamed to "Baba Bulleh Shah Hospital."[60][61]

An educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Institute" is operating in Badhni Kalan, India, since 2003. Another educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Law College" (affiliated with University of the Punjab) operates in Kasur.[62] In 2007, Pakistani senator Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed raised the proposal for establishment of Bulleh Shah University in Kasur.[63][64] In 2023, the National Assembly of Pakistan passed a bill, proposed by Asiya Azeem, for the establishment of "Bulleh Shah International University" in Kasur.[65]

The renowned Pakistani businessman Syed Babar Ali mentioned Bulleh Shah in his autobiography, and the role played by his team in publishing his works.[66]

Politics

In the 1960s and 1970s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto exploited the rising popularity of the ideas of Bulleh Shah, and the slogan of "Roti Kapra aur Makan" (that inspired the film Roti Kapda Aur Makaan) among the common masses and emerged as a populist leader who eventually became the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan.[67] Bhutto used the term “Dama Dam Mast Qalandar” (a song adapted by Bulleh Shah) in 1973 to predict the political turmoil ahead.[68]

In February 2006 then Chief Minister of Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi addressed a conference at the University of the Punjab, in which he said, Bulleh Shah and other Sufi's "were not only preachers, but also historians of social history."[69]

In March 2013, Hamza Shahbaz (on the behalf of Punjab's chief minister Shehbaz Sharif) inaugurated "Yadgar-e-Baba Bulleh Shah" (a memorial to Bulleh Shah) in Kasur.[70] In 2015, in his address the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif recited a verse of Bulleh Shah.[71][72]

In 2015, the cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan (former Prime Minister) called Bulleh Shah "the great Sufi inspirational heritage of our region."[73]

In August 2023, the caretaker chief minister of Punjab Mohsin Raza Naqvi laid the foundation stone of the extension project of the dargah of Bulleh Shah. He said, the teachings of Bulleh Shah are "an enlightening as well as an illuminating chapter for us."[74] Among the attendees were Nayyar Ali Dada.

Aseff Ahmad Daula, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, was an admirer of Bulleh Shah. In one of his essays, he equated "Punjabi" with the language of Bulleh Shah.[75] Another Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri praised Bulleh Shah for "always projecting truth in his verses."[76]

Works

[edit]

Bulleh Shah never published his works. However, a significant part of his work has been preserved and published formally in India, Pakistan and abroad. The following is a list of books and book chapters containing his poetic works (or its translation).

Works in English:

Works in Gurmukhi (Punjabi):

  • Bulleh Shah Jeevan Te Rachna [The Life and Career of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, India), 2010. Editor: Jeet Singh Sital.[81]
  • Kalam Bulle Shah [The Verses of Bulleh Shah], 2009. Editor: Gurdev Singh.[82]
  • Bulleh Shah: A Sufi Poet [Collection of Verses], Oxford University Press, 2010. Edited by Shabnam Virmani.[83]

Works in Shahmukhi (Punjabi):

  • Kalam Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah [The Verses of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Karmanwala Book Shop), 2009. Editor: Sami Ullah Barkat.[84]
  • Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain [Bulleh Shah says], 1987. Editor: Maqbool Anwar Dawoodi.[85]

Works in Urdu:

  • Sayin Bulleh Shah [Master Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Radha Soami Satsang Beas), 2000. Authors: T. R. Shangari and J.R. Puri.[86]
  • Bulleh Shah (Publisher: Sahitya Akademi), 1992. Author: Surinder Singh Kolhi. Translator: Kamil Qureshi.[87]
  • Tazkara [Discussion], 1984. Author: Mian Akhlaq Ahmad.[88]
  • Kulliyat Bulleh Shah (Publisher: Zahid Basheer Printers, Lahore). Editor: Faqir Muhammad Faqir.[89]
  • Ramooz e Irfan: Kafyan Hazrat Bulleh Shah [Secrets of Sainthood: The Kafis of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar). Translator: Fiza Jokalwai.[90]

Work in Sindhi:

  • Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon [The Kafis of Bulleh Shah], 1983. Editor: Noor Haider.[91]

Works in Hindi:

  • Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas (Publisher: Radha Soami Satsang Beas), 1995.[92]
  • Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah [The Kafis of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary/ Namdhari eLibrary).[93]

Other works:

"Dama Dam Mast Qalandar" is one of the most famous Sufi songs in India and Pakistan. It was originally written by Amir Khusrau, and was modified by Bulleh Shah. The version composed by Bulleh Shah was sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, Laal (band) and numerous other singers from India and Pakistan.

"Tere ishq Nachaya," a popular poem by Bulleh Shah, has been sung numerous times both in public and film industry, e.g., the popular song Chaiyya Chaiyya is derived from its lyrics.

"Bullah Ki Jaana," one of the most popular poems by Bulleh Shah, has been sung by numerous singers in India and Pakistan.

A brief biographical sketches of him are found in "Encyclopaedia of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval and Modern" (2008)[94] and "Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature" (1987).[17]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Punjabi: سید عبداللہ شاہ قادری
  2. ^ also romanised as Bullhe Shah; Punjabi: بُلّھے شاہ
  3. ^ Punjabi: بُلھیا

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bulleh Shah.
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