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| logo = Logo of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist).png
| logo = Logo of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist).png
| colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}
| colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}
| membership = 855,000 (2021)
| membership = {{decrease}} 550,000 (August 2023 {{estimation}}) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2023/07/16/168950649205854302.html | title=किन घट्यो एमालेको पार्टी सदस्यता ? }}</ref>
| chairman = [[KP Sharma Oli]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/uml-national-general-convention-kp-oli-wins-against-bhim-rawal-by-sweeping-majority |title=UML National General Convention: KP Oli wins against Bhim Rawal by sweeping majority |publisher=[[The Himalayan Times]] |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30}}</ref>
| chairman = [[KP Sharma Oli]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/uml-national-general-convention-kp-oli-wins-against-bhim-rawal-by-sweeping-majority |title=UML National General Convention: KP Oli wins against Bhim Rawal by sweeping majority |publisher=[[The Himalayan Times]] |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-30}}</ref>
| leader1_title = Senior Vice-chairman
| leader1_title = Senior Vice-chairman
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| spokesperson = [[Pradeep Kumar Gyawali]]
| spokesperson = [[Pradeep Kumar Gyawali]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1991|1|6|df=y}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1991|1|6|df=y}}
| founder = [[Man Mohan Adhikari]]<br>[[Madan Bhandari]]
| newspaper = ''Nawayug''
| newspaper = ''Nawayug''
| ideology = {{nowrap|[[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />[[People's Multiparty Democracy]]}}
| ideology = {{nowrap|[[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />[[People's Multiparty Democracy]]}}
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| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal: Key people and parties |url=https://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/nepal/conflict-profile/key-people-and-parties/ |website=Insight on Conflict |publisher=Peace Direct |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012338/https://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/nepal/conflict-profile/key-people-and-parties/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Healthy turnout, little violence reported in historic poll |url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/100/article_46.asp |website=RFI |access-date=11 September 2017 |language=en |date=April 2008}}</ref> to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-14 |title=Nepal 2018: the communist search for new political and trade routes |url=https://www.asiamaior.org/the-journal/11-asia-maior-vol-xxix-2018/nepal-2018-the-communist-search-for-new-political-and-trade-routes.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Asia Maior |language=}}</ref>
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal: Key people and parties |url=https://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/nepal/conflict-profile/key-people-and-parties/ |website=Insight on Conflict |publisher=Peace Direct |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012338/https://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/nepal/conflict-profile/key-people-and-parties/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Healthy turnout, little violence reported in historic poll |url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/100/article_46.asp |website=RFI |access-date=11 September 2017 |language=en |date=April 2008}}</ref> to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-14 |title=Nepal 2018: the communist search for new political and trade routes |url=https://www.asiamaior.org/the-journal/11-asia-maior-vol-xxix-2018/nepal-2018-the-communist-search-for-new-political-and-trade-routes.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Asia Maior |language=}}</ref>
| seats1_title = [[Election Commission (Nepal)|ECN]] Status
| seats1_title = [[Election Commission (Nepal)|ECN]] Status
| seats1 = [[List of political parties in Nepal#National parties|National Party]]<br/>{{small|(2nd largest)}}
| seats1 = [[List of political parties in Nepal#National parties|National Party]]<br/>(2nd largest)
| seats2_title = [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| seats2_title = [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|78|275|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2023/05/10/168370592540793389.html | title=एमालेले गर्‍यो सचिव टोपबहादुर रायमाझीलाई निलम्बन }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/05/1301109 | title=सांसद लक्ष्मी महतो कोइरी निलम्बित }}</ref>
| seats2 = {{composition bar|79|275|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}{{Efn|name=SUS|Including 1 suspended member}}
| seats3_title = [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]]
| seats3_title = [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|10|59|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| seats3 = {{composition bar|11|59|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|Provincial Assemblies]]
| seats4_title = [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|Provincial Assemblies]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|161|550|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| seats4 = {{composition bar|163|550|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| seats5_title = [[List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal|Mayors]]/[[List of chairpersons of rural municipalities in Nepal|Chairs]]
| seats5_title = [[List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal|Mayors]]/[[List of chairpersons of rural municipalities in Nepal|Chairs]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|206|753|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| seats5 = {{composition bar|206|753|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
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}}
}}


The '''Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)''' ({{Lang-ne|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|translit=nēpāl kamyuniṣṭ pārṭī (ēkīkṛt mārksavādī-lēninavādī)}}; [[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''CPN (UML)''') is a [[Communism in Nepal|communist]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|political party in Nepal]]. The party emerged as one of the [[major parties]] in Nepal after the end of the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat era]].
The '''Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)''' ({{Langx|ne|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|translit=nēpāl kamyuniṣṭ pārṭī (ēkīkṛt mārksavādī-lēninavādī)}}; [[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''CPN (UML)''') is a [[Communism in Nepal|communist]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|political party in Nepal]]. The party emerged as one of the [[major parties]] in Nepal after the end of the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat era]].


[[Khadga Prasad Oli]] has been serving as party chairman since the party's ninth general convention in 2014.<ref name=":7" /> The party currently holds 80 seats in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]], having won 26.95% of the [[party list]] votes in the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]] and is the second largest parliamentary group.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Proportional representation votes counted, 7 parties become national parties - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/proportional-representation-votes-nep.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The party was the major coalition partner in the current [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] led [[Dahal cabinet, 2022|coalition government]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal becomes prime minister again, Oli the new kingmaker |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/12/26/dahal-becomes-prime-minister-again-oli-the-new-kingmaker |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> until withdrawing its support on 27 February. There have been four [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime ministers]] from the party while the party has led the government five times.
[[Khadga Prasad Oli]] has been serving as party chairman since the party's ninth general convention in 2014.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=KP Oli elected UML Chairman&nbsp;— Nepali Headlines,Nepal News, Nepali News, News Nepal |url=http://nepaliheadlines.com/kp-oli-elected-uml-chairman/ |access-date=2017-06-26 |website=nepaliheadlines.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The party currently holds 79 seats in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]], having won 26.95% of the [[party list]] votes in the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]] and is the second largest parliamentary group.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Proportional representation votes counted, 7 parties become national parties - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/proportional-representation-votes-nep.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The party was the major coalition partner in the current [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] led [[Dahal cabinet, 2022|coalition government]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal becomes prime minister again, Oli the new kingmaker |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/12/26/dahal-becomes-prime-minister-again-oli-the-new-kingmaker |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=[[Kathmandu Post]] |language=en}}</ref> until withdrawing its support on 27 February. There have been four [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime ministers]] from the party while the party has led the government five times.


CPN (UML) was the main opposition after the [[1991 Nepalese general election|first election]] following the restoration of [[multi-party democracy]]. The party led a [[minority government]] under [[Man Mohan Adhikari|Manmohan Adhikari]] following the [[1994 Nepalese general election|1994 election]]. The party joined a [[coalition government]] with [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist)]] in 2008 in the first elections after the [[2006 Nepalese revolution|end of the monarchy in Nepal]] and led two governments under [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] during the term of the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|1st Constituent Assembly]]. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Nepal|new constitution]] with [[KP Sharma Oli]] serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the [[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 election]].{{Communist Parties}}
CPN (UML) was the main opposition after the [[1991 Nepalese general election|first election]] following the restoration of [[multi-party democracy]]. The party led a [[minority government]] under [[Man Mohan Adhikari|Manmohan Adhikari]] following the [[1994 Nepalese general election|1994 election]]. The party joined a [[coalition government]] with [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist)]] in 2008 in the first elections after the [[2006 Nepalese revolution|end of the monarchy in Nepal]] and led two governments under [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] during the term of the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|1st Constituent Assembly]]. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Nepal|new constitution]] with [[KP Sharma Oli]] serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the [[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 election]].{{Communist Parties}}


The party was formed in January 1991 after the merger of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]]. The party merged with [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] to form the [[Nepal Communist Party]] on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a [[Supreme Court of Nepal|Supreme Court]] decision on 8 March 2021.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":6" /> The party claimed to have 855,000 members as of December 2021 making them the largest party in Nepal by membership which later fell down to 550,000 in October 2023.<ref name="members">{{Cite news |last=Adhikari |first=Ashok |date=8 December 2021 |title=जनाधार बलियो बनाउँदै दल |trans-title=Parties strengthening base |pages=1 |work=Gorkhapatra |location=Nepal |type= |url=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/viewer?file=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/ArchiveNewsFile/61aff9d050832_gopa_pdf.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमालेमा एक लाख ६१ हजार नयाँ सदस्य |url=https://ekagaj.com/article/party/154592/?fbclid=IwAR38Rk-hv6-dmHB-Ot6l0usvsxLNrwYhcaOM681kRgCtHMyZQH2gebavnlE?v=1 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=ekagaj}}</ref>
The party was formed in January 1991 after the merger of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]]. The party merged with [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] to form the [[Nepal Communist Party]] on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a [[Supreme Court of Nepal|Supreme Court]] decision on 8 March 2021.<ref name=":622">{{cite web |title=Nepal's 2 major parties merge to form Nepal Communist Party – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/18/c_137187121.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517205814/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/18/c_137187121.htm |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref><ref name=":63">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission splits Nepal Communist Party |url=https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=470808630 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=country.eiu.com}}</ref> The party claimed to have 855,000 members as of December 2021 making them the largest party in Nepal by membership.<ref name="members">{{Cite news |last=Adhikari |first=Ashok |date=8 December 2021 |title=जनाधार बलियो बनाउँदै दल |trans-title=Parties strengthening base |pages=1 |work=Gorkhapatra |location=Nepal |type= |url=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/viewer?file=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/ArchiveNewsFile/61aff9d050832_gopa_pdf.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमालेमा एक लाख ६१ हजार नयाँ सदस्य |url=https://ekagaj.com/article/party/154592/?fbclid=IwAR38Rk-hv6-dmHB-Ot6l0usvsxLNrwYhcaOM681kRgCtHMyZQH2gebavnlE?v=1 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=ekagaj}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The predecessors of the CPN (UML) were the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–1991)|CPN (Marxist)]] led by former general secretary the [[Communist Party of Nepal]], [[Man Mohan Adhikari]] and [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)|CPN (Marxist–Leninist)]] led by [[Madan Bhandari]]. CPN (Marxist) was the successor to [[Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal)|CPN (Pushpa Lal)]] which was founded by the founding general secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal, [[Pushpa Lal Shrestha]].<ref>Parajulee, Ramjee P.. ''The Democratic Transition in Nepal''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. p. 72</ref> CPN (Marxist–Leninist) had its origins in the [[Jhapa rebellion|1969 Jhapa rebellion]]. The conflict took its inspiration the [[Naxalite movement]] in India and began after land reform programs were introduced by [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Dewan |date=2018-03-30 |title=Oli and the Jhapa Rebellion |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/oli-and-the-jhapa-rebellion/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715132255/https://www.recordnepal.com/oli-and-the-jhapa-rebellion |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=The Record |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhetri |first=AG |date=21 May 2004 |title=Remembering Madan Bhandari |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=2843 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Nepali Times}}</ref>
=== Origins and early years, 1991–1993 ===
[[File:Man_Mohan_Adhikari.png|left|thumb|160x160px|[[Man Mohan Adhikari]], first party chairman and first UML prime minister (1994–1995).]]
The [[United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)|United Left Front]] was formed in 1990 to protest the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat system]] and restore [[multi-party democracy]]. They organized a joint movement with the [[Nepali Congress]], and [[King Birendra]] yielded to their [[People's Movement I (1990)|Jana Andolan]] in November 1990. Two constituents of the [[United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)|United Left Front]], [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–1991)|CPN (Marxist)]] and [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)|CPN (Marxist–Leninist)]], merged on 6 January 1991 to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) before the [[1991 Nepalese legislative election|1991 elections]], and the [[United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)|United Left Front]] became inactive.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Political handbook of the world 2015 |first=Tom |last=Lansford |isbn=9781483371580 |oclc=912321323 |date=2015-03-24|publisher=CQ Press |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhandboo0000unse_f0m6}}</ref>
The two parties were constituents of the [[United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)|United Left Front]] which was formed in 1990 to protest against the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat system]]. The front along with [[Nepali Congress]] helped restore [[multi party democracy]] in the country after the [[1990 Nepalese revolution|1990 revolution]]. On 6 January 1991, ahead of the [[1991 Nepalese general election|1991 general election]], the first parliamentary elections in the country in three decades, the two parties merged to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) with Adhikari serving as the party's first chairman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Lansford |first=Tom |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhandboo0000unse_f0m6 |title=Political handbook of the world 2015 |date=2015-03-24 |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |isbn=9781483371580 |oclc=912321323 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Anand Swaroop |last2=Navlakha |first2=Gautam |date=2007 |title=People's War in Nepal: Genesis and Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419604 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=20 |pages=1839–1843 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4419604}}</ref>
[[File:Man Mohan Adhikari.png|left|thumb|160x160px|[[Man Mohan Adhikari]], first party chairman and first UML prime minister (1994–1995).]]


=== Post-Jana Andolan (1991–2002) ===
In the 1991 elections, the party won 69 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul |title=Routledge handbook of South Asian politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=6 August 2013 |isbn=978-0415716499 |oclc=843078091}}</ref> [[Man Mohan Adhikari]] was elected head of the parliamentary group, and became the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in May 1991. On 28 June 1991, [[Communist Party of Nepal (Burma)|CPN (Burma)]] which had reconstituted itself after breaking away from [[Communist Party of Nepal (United) (1991–2005)|CPN (United)]] merged into the party.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-11-05 |title=Verma's party merges with CPN-UML |url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2001/june/arc235.htm |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105224612/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2001/june/arc235.htm |archive-date=2005-11-05}}</ref> The fifth party congress was held in [[Kathmandu]] in January 1993, and [[People's Multiparty Democracy]] was adopted as its main ideology.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनको समीक्षा|url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2020/09/24/160091429505296024.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> The same ideology of [[People's Multiparty Democracy]] theorized by [[Madan Bhandari|Madhan Bhandari]] made it one of the most prominent political parties in years to come. In the fifth party congress, [[Man Mohan Adhikari|Adhikari]] was elected chairman, and [[Madan Bhandari]] was elected general secretary.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sapkota |first=Dhakaram |date=December 2016 |script-title=ne:समकालीन नेताहरुसँग मनमोहन आधिकारीको सम्बन्ध |language=ne |title=Samakālīna nētāharusam̐ga manamōhana ādhikārīkō sambandha |trans-title=Manmohan Adhikari's relationship with contemporary leaders |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/25567/21363 |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=XXX |number=2}}</ref> [[Madan Bhandari|Bhandari]] was killed in a vehicle accident in [[Chitwan District|Chitwan]] later that year, and [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] became the party's general secretary.<ref name=":1" /> In November 1993, [[Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya)|CPN (Amatya)]] led by [[Tulsi Lal Amatya]], which had also broken off from [[Communist Party of Nepal (United) (1991–2005)|CPN (United)]], merged into the party.<ref name=":3" />
In the 1991 election, the party won 69 out of 205 seats in the [[2nd House of Representatives of Nepal|House of Representatives]] and was the second largest parliamentary group.<ref name=":02" /> Man Mohan Adhikari was elected as the parliamentary party leader and became the Leader of the Opposition. The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993 and [[People's Multiparty Democracy]] was adopted as the party line.<ref name=":52">{{cite web |title=कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनको समीक्षा |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2020/09/24/160091429505296024.html |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref> The congress also elected Adhikari as the party chairman and [[Madan Bhandari]] as the general secretary.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last=Sapkota |first=Dhakaram |date=December 2016 |title=Samakālīna nētāharusam̐ga manamōhana ādhikārīkō sambandha |script-title=ne:समकालीन नेताहरुसँग मनमोहन आधिकारीको सम्बन्ध |trans-title=Manmohan Adhikari's relationship with contemporary leaders |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/25567/21363 |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |language=ne |volume=XXX |number=2}}</ref> Later in the year however, Bhandari along with [[Jibaraj Ashrit]] died in a vehicle accident in Chitwan and [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] became general secretary.<ref name=":12" /> In November 1993, veteran communist leader [[Tulsi Lal Amatya]]'s [[Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya)|group]] merged in the party.<ref name=":33" />


Following the [[1994 Nepalese general election|1994 election]], the party became the largest parliamentary group winning 88 out of 205 seats and formed the first CPN (UML) government. Man Mohan Adhikari became [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime minister]] and formed a minority government with the support of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] and [[Nepal Sadbhawana Party|Nepal Sadbhwana Party]] which lasted for nine months. Adhikari recommended dissolving the [[3rd House of Representatives of Nepal|House of Representatives]], and called for new elections after losing the support of his coalition partners, but the move was dismissed by the [[Supreme Court of Nepal|Supreme Court]] after a legal challenge by [[Nepali Congress]].<ref>Whelpton, John, ''A History of Nepal'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 192-193.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This dissolution and those dissolutions: Looking for parallels to Oli's move in history |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2020/12/21/this-dissolution-and-those-dissolutions-looking-for-parallels-to-oli-s-move-in-history |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=[[Kathmandu Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In 1997 the party supported the minority government of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] which lasted for seven months. Following disagreements about the [[Mahakali treaty]], the party faced a split in March 1998. [[Bam Dev Gautam]] reconstituted the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)|CPN (Marxist–Leninist)]] with 46 MPs from the party. In December 1998, the party supported the [[Nepali Congress]]–[[Nepal Sadbhawana Party]] government which was created to hold the 1999 election.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maharjan |first=Pancha N |title=Problems of Democracy in Nepal |url=http://archivenepal.s3.amazonaws.com/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_17_02.pdf |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=17 |issue=2}}</ref>
=== First government and split, 1994–1997 ===
[[File:Madhav_Kumar_Nepal2.JPG|alt=|thumb|200x200px|[[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], Prime Minister (2009–2011)]]
After the [[Midterm election|mid-term elections]] in [[1994 Nepalese legislative election|1994]], the party won 88 of 205 seats in a [[hung parliament]] and formed a minority government under [[Man Mohan Adhikari]].<ref name=":0" /> The government lasted for nine months after Adhikari was forced to resign when he lost a [[no-confidence motion]] in September 1995. The party was back in the government in March 1997, after supporting the Lokendra Bahadur Chand-led [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Chand)|Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] government. Following dissension in the RPP, [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] resigned and CPN (UML) returned to the opposition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
The Nepali Congress formed a majority government following the [[1999 Nepalese general election|1999 election]] and the CPN (UML) became the main opposition winning 70 seats. Following party chairman Adhikari's death in 1999, general secretary [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] became the leader of the party. [[Communist Party of Nepal (Burma)|CPN (Burma)]] merged into the party on 28 June 2001 and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) reunified with the party on 15 February 2002.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-11-05 |title=Verma's party merges with CPN-UML |url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2001/june/arc235.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105224612/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2001/june/arc235.htm |archive-date=2005-11-05 |access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> A group led by [[Chandra Prakash Mainali]] opposed the unification and opted to reconstitute the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)|party]]. The party held its seventh general convention in February 2003 in Janakpur. Nepal was reelected as the general secretary and the post of party chair which had remained vacant after the death of Adhikari was abolished.<ref name=":12" />


=== Jana Andolan II (2002–2007) ===
The party faced its first split in March 1998, after disagreements about a [[Mahakali treaty|water-sharing agreement]] with India. The new party formed with 46 legislators from the mother party as the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]], under the leadership of [[Bam Dev Gautam]]. The party joined the government again in December 1998, backing the [[Girija Prasad Koirala]]-led [[Nepali Congress]]–[[Nepal Sadbhawana Party]] [[coalition government]].<ref name=":1" /> In the [[1999 Nepalese legislative election|1999 elections]], the party won 70 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]].<ref name=":0" />
The [[4th House of Representatives of Nepal|House of Representatives]] was dismissed by [[King Gyanendra]] on 22 May 2002 on the request of prime minister [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]. After the Deuba government failed to hold elections and to control the [[Maoist insurgency in Nepal|Maoist insurgency]] he was dismissed by the king in October with the king assuming executive powers to the protest of political parties including CPN (UML).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krämer |first=Karl-Heinz |date=2003 |title=Nepal in 2002: Emergency and Resurrection of Royal Power |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2003.43.1.208 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=208–214 |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.1.208 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.1.208 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> In June 2003, general secretary Nepal was proposed as prime minister by the protesting parties but this was ignored by the king and [[Surya Bahadur Thapa|Surya Bahdur Thapa]] was appointed instead.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krämer |first=Karl-Heinz |date=2004 |title=NEPAL IN 2003: Another Failed Chance for Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2004.44.1.43 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1525/as.2004.44.1.43 |jstor=10.1525/as.2004.44.1.43 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2003 |title="We are the people." |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=4891 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Nepali Times}}</ref> After Thapa's resignation in May 2004, Deuba was reappointed as the prime minister. CPN (UML) also joined the cabinet with [[Bharat Mohan Adhikari]] serving as deputy prime minister.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hutt |first=Michael |date=2005 |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 2004: Two Kings, Two Futures |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2005.45.1.83 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=83–87 |doi=10.1525/as.2005.45.1.83 |jstor=10.1525/as.2005.45.1.83 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahal |first=Dev Raj |date=January 2005 |title=Nepal. Looking Back on 2004, Looking Forward to 2005 |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/02832.pdf |website=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung}}</ref>


On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra declared a national emergency, placed all leading politicians under house arrest and assumed chairmanship of a 10-member council of ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |last2=correspondent |first2=South Asia |date=2005-02-02 |title=King of Nepal seizes power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/02/nepal |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> CPN (UML) along with other parties in the dissolved lower house formed the [[Seven Party Alliance]] to end the king's direct rule, reinstate the dissolved House of Representatives and form an all-party government. The alliance also opened talks with the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist)]] to end their armed insurgency and join mainstream politics. On 22 November 2002, the alliance signed a 12-point agreement with the Maoists to end the insurgency, abolish the monarchy and restore democratic rule to the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-22 |title=Nepal: Parties to join hands with Maoists to abolish monarchy |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-parties-join-hands-maoists-abolish-monarchy |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahal |first=Dev Raj |date=January 2006 |title=Nepal: Looking Back on 2005, Looking Forward to 2006 |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/50215.pdf |website=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung}}</ref> Following the [[2006 Nepalese revolution|2006 revolution]] on 24 April, King Gyanendra restored the [[Interim legislature of Nepal|House of Representatives]] and an all-party government was formed under the leadership of [[Girija Prasad Koirala]].<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2006-04-24 |title=Nepal's king restores parliament |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/24/nepal |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Later that year on 21 November, the [[Comprehensive Peace Accord]] was signed between the Maoists and the Seven Party Alliance which ended the [[Nepalese Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |last2=correspondent |first2=south Asia |date=2006-11-23 |title=Nepal rejoices as peace deal ends civil war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/nov/23/nepal |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
=== Reunification and direct rule, 2002–2006 ===
[[File:Nppcn-uml.png|left|thumb|150x150px|Former logo of CPN (UML)]]
Most members of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]] rejoined the parent party on 15 February 2002, while other members led by [[Chandra Prakash Mainali]] decided to restructure [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)|the party]].<ref name=":1" /> The party's seventh general convention was held in [[Janakpur]] on February 1–6, 2003. The convention decided to abolish the post of party chair, vacant after the death of [[Man Mohan Adhikari]] and [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] was unanimously reelected as general secretary of the party.


=== Constituent Assembly (2008–2017) ===
[[File:Madhav Kumar Nepal2.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=|[[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], Prime Minister (2009–2011)]]
[[File:Jhala_Nath_Khanal_portrait.jpg|thumb|150x150px|[[Jhala Nath Khanal]], Prime Minister (2011)]]
When [[Gyanendra of Nepal|King Gyanendra]] dissolved Parliament and sacked Prime Minister [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] of Nepali Congress in 2003, five other parties protested his decision. However, when Deuba was reinstated CPN (UML) joined the provisional government with [[Bharat Mohan Adhikari]] as deputy prime minister. This government was dissolved by the king on 1 February 2005 and [[Seven Party Alliance]] was formed to protest his decision. Following an agreement with the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]], a [[2006 Nepalese revolution|joint struggle]] was launched against the king's direct rule. On 10 April 2006, the parliament was [[Reinstated House of Representatives (Nepal)|reconvened]] by the king and a government was formed under Congress leader [[Girija Prasad Koirala]].<ref name=":1" />
In the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 election]], the party won 108 out of 575 seats to the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]]. The party lost most of their leftist vote to the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist)]] and general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned following his defeat in both of his constituencies and was replaced by [[Jhala Nath Khanal]]. The party joined the coalition government with CPN (Maoist) following the election.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pokharel |first1=Tilak |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |date=2008-08-15 |title=Nepal Elects a Maoist to Be the Prime Minister |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/world/asia/16nepal.html |access-date=2017-06-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The party's eight general convention in February 2009 elected Khanal as the party chairman and [[Ishwar Pokhrel|Ishwor Pokhrel]] as general secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishi |date=2009-03-01 |title=New UML leadership : Time to move together |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/new-uml-leadership-time-to-move-together |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> Following the controversial sacking of Army Chief of Staff [[Rookmangud Katawal]], CPN (UML) withdrew its support from the Maoist government.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 3, 2009 |title=South Asia &#124; Nepal communists quit in protest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8031622.stm |access-date=August 18, 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In November 2009, [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], who was nominated to the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]], became prime minister with the support of [[Nepali Congress]] and [[Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-02 |title=Nepali Parliament Elects New Prime Minister |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-05-23-voa15-68687592/408946.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> His government lasted for seven months before he resigned following a political deadlock amid failure to draft the new constitution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-30 |title=Nepal PM announces resignation 'to end deadlock' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10464705 |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Following seven months of political stalemate party chairman Jhalanath Khanal was elected as prime minister in February 2011 with support from the [[UCPN (Maoist)]].<ref name="bbc_123589852">{{Cite news |date=2011-02-03 |title=Nepal: Jhalanath Khanal elected new prime minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12358985 |access-date=2017-06-26 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He resigned six months later in August after failing to reach consensus on drafting the new constitution and completing the peace process following which the party supported the new UCPN (Maoist) government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-14 |title=Nepalese Prime Minister Jhalanath Khanal resigns |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14523275 |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-28 |title=Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14700892 |access-date=2017-06-26 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In November 2012 ahead of the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|new election]], [[Ashok Rai|Ashok Kumar Rai]] broke away from the party along with other [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] leaders and formed the [[Federal Socialist Party]] claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Sanghiya Samajbadi Party formed under Rai |url=https://amritdahal.blogspot.com/2012/11/sanghiya-samajbadi-party-formed-under.html |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref>


In the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 election]], the party became the second largest party winning 175 out of 575 elected seats. The party joined the coalition government under the [[Nepali Congress]] following the election with [[Bam Dev Gautam|Bamdev Gautam]] serving as deputy prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-10 |title=Sushil Koirala wins vote to be Nepal's prime minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26116387 |access-date=2017-06-26 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> At the party's ninth general convention in July 2014, [[K.P. Sharma Oli]] became party chair after defeating [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], while [[Ishwar Pokhrel]] was reelected as general secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UML 9th GC: Oli elected as UML chairman |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2014/07/15/uml-9th-gc-oli-elected-as-uml-chairman |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> After the new constitution was delivered by the coalition government, party chair K.P. Sharma Oli was elected as prime minister on 12 October 2015 with the support of [[UCPN (Maoist)]], [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] and other parties.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Bhadra |last2=Barry |first2=Ellen |date=2015-10-11 |title=Nepal Elects K.P. Sharma Oli as New Prime Minister |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/world/asia/nepal-elects-kp-sharma-oli-as-new-prime-minister.html |access-date=2017-06-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After the Maoists withdrew their support, Oli resigned in July 2016 ahead of a no-confidence vote.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhadra |date=2016-07-24 |title=Nepal's Prime Minister, K. P. Sharma Oli, Resigns Ahead of a No-Confidence Vote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/25/world/asia/nepal-prime-minister-resigns.html |access-date=2017-06-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
=== 1st Constituent Assembly, 2008–2012 ===
[[File:Nppcn-uml.png|thumb|150x150px|Former logo of CPN (UML)]]
[[File:Jhala Nath Khanal portrait.jpg|thumb|150x150px|[[Jhala Nath Khanal]], Prime Minister (2011)|left]]
In the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 Constituent Assembly elections]], the party won 108 of 605 seats and finished third. [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] resigned as general secretary, and was replaced by [[Jhala Nath Khanal]]. The party backed [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]] candidate [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]], and joined his government in August 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/world/asia/16nepal.html|title=Nepal Elects a Maoist to Be the Prime Minister|last1=Pokharel|first1=Tilak|date=2008-08-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-26|last2=Sengupta|first2=Somini|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Khanal was elected party chairman and [[Ishwor Pokhrel]] general secretary by the eighth general convention in [[Butwal]] in February 2009.

In early May 2009, the CPN (UML) joined several other parties in leaving Dahal's [[coalition government]] after he sacked Army Chief of Staff [[Rookmangud Katawal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8031622.stm|title=South Asia &#124; Nepal communists quit in protest|date=May 3, 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> Following their withdrawal, they formed a new [[coalition government]] with the [[Nepali Congress]] and the [[Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal|Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum]] under Madhav Kumar Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/iIxAct1eiCkVAAjM9N2pHL/Madhav-Kumar-Nepal-swornin-as-PM-of-Nepal.html|title=Madhav Kumar Nepal sworn-in as PM of Nepal&nbsp;— Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=25 May 2009 |access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> Nepal resigned in June 2010 after failing to draft a new constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Nepal-Prime-Minister-resigns/article16181004.ece|title=Nepal Prime Minister resigns|last=Marasini|first=Prerana|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en}}</ref> Following more than seven months of political stalemate, Khanal was elected [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|prime minister]] in February 2011 with support from the [[Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)|UCPN (Maoist)]].<ref name="bbc_12358985">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12358985|title=Nepal: Jhalanath Khanal elected new prime minister|date=2011-02-03|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> He resigned in August after he failed to reach a consensus with the other parties on drafting a new constitution and the peace process.<ref name="bbc_12358985"/> The party joined the next government, led by [[Baburam Bhattarai]], on 28 August 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14700892|title=Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal|date=2011-08-28|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> In November 2012, [[Ashok Rai|Ashok Kumar Rai]] broke away from the party along with other [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] leaders and formed the [[Federal Socialist Party]] claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanghiya Samajbadi Party formed under Rai |url=https://amritdahal.blogspot.com/2012/11/sanghiya-samajbadi-party-formed-under.html |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=The Kathmandu Post|date=22 November 2012 }}</ref>

=== 2nd Constituent Assembly, 2013–2017 ===
Following Bhattarai's dissolution of the [[Constituent Assembly of Nepal|1st Constituent Assembly]] after its failure to draft a new constitution before the deadline,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18232606|title=Nepal parties resign as constitution deadline passes|date=2012-05-28|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> the CPN (UML) became the second-largest party after winning 175 of 575 elected seats in the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 elections]]. The party joined a coalition government under [[Sushil Koirala]] with the ruling [[Nepali Congress]] and the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26116387|title=Sushil Koirala wins vote to be Nepal's prime minister|date=2014-02-10|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> In July 2014, [[Khadga Prasad Oli]] became party chair after he defeated [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] in the party's ninth general convention.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://nepaliheadlines.com/kp-oli-elected-uml-chairman/|title=KP Oli elected UML Chairman&nbsp;— Nepali Headlines,Nepal News, Nepali News, News Nepal|website=nepaliheadlines.com|date=15 July 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref>

The new constitution was delivered by the coalition government on 20 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/17/c_134631066.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085401/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/17/c_134631066.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 23, 2015|title=Nepal's new constitution endorsed through Constituent Assembly&nbsp;— Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=news.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> After the new constitution was drafted, [[Sushil Koirala]] resigned and party chairman [[Khadga Prasad Oli]] was elected prime minister with support from the UCPN (Maoist), the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] and other parties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/world/asia/nepal-elects-kp-sharma-oli-as-new-prime-minister.html|title=Nepal Elects K.P. Sharma Oli as New Prime Minister|last1=Sharma|first1=Bhadra|date=2015-10-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-26|last2=Barry|first2=Ellen|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Oli resigned in July 2016 before a motion of no confidence supported by the [[Nepali Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/25/world/asia/nepal-prime-minister-resigns.html|title=Nepal's Prime Minister, K. P. Sharma Oli, Resigns Ahead of a No-Confidence Vote|last=Sharma|first=Bhadra|date=2016-07-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In the [[2017 Nepalese local elections|2017 local elections]], 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in [[Cities of Nepal|major cities]], including the two largest cities [[Kathmandu]] and [[Pokhara|Pokhara Lekhnath]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-29/umls-shakya-elected-kathmandu-mayor.html|title=UML's Shakya elected Kathmandu mayor|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-26/uml-wins-mayor-deputy-mayor-in-pokhara-lekhnath-metropolis.html|title=UML wins mayor, deputy mayor in Pokhara Lekhnath metropolis|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref>

=== 1st Federal Parliament, 2017–2022 ===

==== Left alliance and dissolution, 2017–2018 ====
[[File:CPN-UML.svg|left|thumb|150x150px|Former logo of the party]]
[[File:CPN-UML.svg|left|thumb|150x150px|Former logo of the party]]
The party announced an alliance with the [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] before the [[2017 Nepalese legislative election|2017 legislative]] and [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/cpn-uml-and-cpn-maoist-centre-set-to-form-alliance-in-nepal/story-DrP1l0a10oagbNxENvpO2H.html|title=CPN-UML and CPN-Maoist Centre form alliance in Nepal|date=2017-10-03|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref> The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/nepali-communists-win-landslide-face-big-obstacles-win-change|title=Nepali Communists win landslide, but face big obstacles to win change|date=2018-01-05|work=Green Left Weekly|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref> and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/13/c_136823470.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092943/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/13/c_136823470.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2018|title=Nepal's CPN-UML emerges as largest party in historical elections – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref> After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] and formed [[coalition government]]s in Nepal's centre and [[Provincial governments of Nepal|six of the seven provinces]]. According to the power-sharing agreement, the CPN (UML) would lead governments in [[Provincial Assembly of Province No. 1|Province 1]], [[Provincial Assembly of Bagmati Pradesh|Province 3]], [[Provincial Assembly of Gandaki|Province 4]] and [[Provincial Assembly of Lumbini Pradesh|Province 5]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-29/uml-to-get-4-chief-ministers-maoist-centre-2.html|title=UML to get 4 chief ministers, Maoist Centre 2|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref> In accordance with the agreement [[Sher Dhan Rai]], [[Dormani Poudel|Dormani Paudel]], [[Prithvi Subba Gurung|Prithivi Subba Gurung]] and [[Shankar Pokharel]] were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rai sworn in as Province 1 chief minister |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sherdahn-rai-sworn-province-1-chief-minister |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=16 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UML PP leader Dor Mani Paudel appointed CM of Province 3 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/uml-pp-leader-dor-mani-paudel-appointed-cm-of-province-3 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=11 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithvi Subba Gurung appointed as Province 4 CM |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/prithvi-subba-gurung-appointed-province-4-cm/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=12 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Pokharel appointed Province 5 CM |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/pokharel-appointed-province-5-cm/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=14 February 2018 }}</ref>

In the 6 February 2018 [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and again became the country's largest party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-polls-left-alliance-wins-26-seats-nepali-cong-3/article21378869.ece|title=Left alliance wins 27 seats, Nepali Congress 5 in Nepal polls|date=2017-12-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-18|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and appointed prime minister on February 15.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/kp-sharma-oli-appointed-nepal-prime-minister-180215113017547.html|title=KP Sharma Oli appointed Nepal's new prime minister|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref> [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]] was re-elected [[President of Nepal|president]] on March 13.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bidya-devi-bhandari-re-elected-nepal-s-president/story-fohqFFg6zJ5rHEg6TkUluM.html|title=Bidya Devi Bhandari re-elected Nepal's president|date=2018-03-13|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref> After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the [[Nepal Communist Party]] was formed from the CPN (UML) and the [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]].<ref name=":22">{{cite web |title=UML- Maoist Center unification approved, new party to be registered today itself |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/41883/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=UML and Maoist Centre to form Nepal Communist Party tomorrow |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/uml-and-maoist-centre-to-form-nepal-communist-party-tomorrow/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{cite web |title=Nepal's 2 major parties merge to form Nepal Communist Party – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/18/c_137187121.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517205814/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/18/c_137187121.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>

==== Revival and internal conflict, 2021 ====
{{Main article|2021 split in Nepal Communist Party}}

On 8 March 2021, the [[Supreme Court of Nepal]] stated that the allocation of the name ''Nepal Communist Party'' upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]], and by extension the merger itself, was void ab initio, as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghimire |first1=Yubaraj |title=Nepal top court quashes 2018 formation of ruling Nepal Communist Party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/nepal-top-court-quashes-2018-formation-of-ruling-nepal-communist-party-7218809/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=8 March 2021}}</ref> The [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission]] on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission splits Nepal Communist Party |url=https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=470808630 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=country.eiu.com}}</ref> Four members of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] and one member of the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maoist Centre expels four parliamentarians |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/maoist-centre-expels-four-parliamentarians |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=6 April 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Shri K.P. Sharma Oli, in New Delhi on February 22, 2016.jpg|thumb|[[KP Sharma Oli]], Prime Minister (2015–2016 and 2018–2021)|200x200px]]
[[KP Sharma Oli]] lost a [[No confidence motion|no-confidence motion]] on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli appointed prime minister, days after he lost confidence vote in House |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/05/13/oli-appointed-prime-minister-days-after-he-lost-confidence-vote-in-house |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Chief minister of Gandaki, [[Prithvi Subba Gurung]] resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, [[Shankar Pokharel]] also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandaki Province Chief Minister Prithvi Subba Gurung resigns ahead of no-confidence vote |url=https://kathmandupost.com/gandaki-province/2021/05/09/gandaki-province-chief-minister-prithvi-subba-gurung-resigns-ahead-of-no-confidence-vote |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No-confidence motion filed against Lumbini chief minister for second time |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/05/09/no-confidence-motion-filed-against-lumbini-chief-minister-for-second-time |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SHRESTHA |first=SANDESH |title=Gurung reappointed as Gandaki Province chief minister |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/110673/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pokhrel reappointed Lumbini chief minister amid protests from opposition parties |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/05/02/pokhrel-reappointed-lumbini-chief-minister-amid-protests-from-opposition-parties |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

A [[Council of Ministers of Nepal|cabinet]] meeting chaired by [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime minister]] and party chairman [[KP Sharma Oli]] recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] supported [[Nepali Congress]] leader [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] as the next prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a midnight drama, Nepal President dissolves House and calls polls for November 12 and 19 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/05/22/president-dissolves-house-calls-snap-polls-for-november-12-and-19 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day and Deuba was appointed prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court orders President to appoint Congress leader Deuba prime minister by 5pm Tuesday |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/07/12/supreme-court-orders-president-to-appoint-nepali-congress-president-sher-bahadur-deuba-prime-minister-by-5pm-tuesday |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli to address the nation at 2pm before leaving Baluwatar |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/07/13/oli-to-address-the-nation-at-2pm-before-leaving-baluwatar |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip.<ref name="kathmandupost.com">{{cite web |title=UML seeks clarification from 22 lawmakers who voted for Deuba during confidence vote |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/07/19/uml-seeks-clarification-from-22-lawmakers-who-voted-for-deuba-during-confidence-vote |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

The party also lost its government in [[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]] and [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]] with Gurung losing a [[No confidence motion|no-confidence motion]] and Pokharel resigning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=diwakar |date=2021-06-10 |title=Gandaki CM Gurung loses the vote of confidence - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/gandaki-cm-gurung-loses-the-vote-of-confidence.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kul Prasad KC appointed new CM in Lumbini |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/08/12/kul-prasad-kc-appointed-new-cm-in-lumbini |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Province 1 chief minister, Sher Dhan Rai and Bagmati chief minister Dormani Paudel were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by [[Bhim Acharya]] and [[Astalaxmi Shakya|Asta Laxmi Shakya]] respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhim Acharya replaces Sherdhan Rai as Province 1 chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-1/2021/08/26/bhim-acharya-replaces-sherdhan-rai-as-province-1-chief-minister |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagmati Province Chief Minister Poudel resigns |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/18/203804/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>


==== Opposition and splits, 2021–2022 ====
=== Left alliance and dissolution (2017–2021) ===
In the [[2017 Nepalese local elections|2017 local elections]], 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in [[Cities of Nepal|major cities]], including the two largest cities [[Kathmandu]] and [[Pokhara|Pokhara Lekhnath]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=UML's Shakya elected Kathmandu mayor |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-29/umls-shakya-elected-kathmandu-mayor.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UML wins mayor, deputy mayor in Pokhara Lekhnath metropolis |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-26/uml-wins-mayor-deputy-mayor-in-pokhara-lekhnath-metropolis.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |language=en}}</ref> The party announced an alliance with the [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] before the [[2017 Nepalese legislative election|2017 legislative]] and [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-03 |title=CPN-UML and CPN-Maoist Centre form alliance in Nepal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/cpn-uml-and-cpn-maoist-centre-set-to-form-alliance-in-nepal/story-DrP1l0a10oagbNxENvpO2H.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |work=hindustantimes.com/ |language=en}}</ref> The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-05 |title=Nepali Communists win landslide, but face big obstacles to win change |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/nepali-communists-win-landslide-face-big-obstacles-win-change |access-date=2018-04-18 |work=Green Left Weekly |language=en}}</ref> and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal's CPN-UML emerges as largest party in historical elections – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/13/c_136823470.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092943/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/13/c_136823470.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-18 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] and formed [[coalition government]]s in the centre and [[Provincial governments of Nepal|six of the seven provinces]]. The CPN (UML) led governments in [[Provincial Assembly of Province No. 1|Province 1]], [[Provincial Assembly of Bagmati Pradesh|Province 3]], [[Provincial Assembly of Gandaki|Province 4]] and [[Provincial Assembly of Lumbini Pradesh|Province 5]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=UML to get 4 chief ministers, Maoist Centre 2 |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-29/uml-to-get-4-chief-ministers-maoist-centre-2.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |language=en}}</ref> In accordance with the agreement [[Sher Dhan Rai]], [[Dormani Poudel|Dormani Paudel]], [[Prithvi Subba Gurung|Prithivi Subba Gurung]] and [[Shankar Pokharel]] were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2018 |title=Rai sworn in as Province 1 chief minister |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sherdahn-rai-sworn-province-1-chief-minister |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=UML PP leader Dor Mani Paudel appointed CM of Province 3 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/uml-pp-leader-dor-mani-paudel-appointed-cm-of-province-3 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2018 |title=Prithvi Subba Gurung appointed as Province 4 CM |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/prithvi-subba-gurung-appointed-province-4-cm/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=Shankar Pokharel appointed Province 5 CM |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/pokharel-appointed-province-5-cm/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref>
{{Main article|2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)|}}


In the 6 February 2018 [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and became the largest party in both houses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-09 |title=Left alliance wins 27 seats, Nepali Congress 5 in Nepal polls |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-polls-left-alliance-wins-26-seats-nepali-cong-3/article21378869.ece |access-date=2018-04-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref> Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and was appointed prime minister on February 15.<ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=KP Sharma Oli appointed Nepal's new prime minister |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/kp-sharma-oli-appointed-nepal-prime-minister-180215113017547.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]] was re-elected [[President of Nepal|president]] on March 13.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-13 |title=Bidya Devi Bhandari re-elected Nepal's president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bidya-devi-bhandari-re-elected-nepal-s-president/story-fohqFFg6zJ5rHEg6TkUluM.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the [[Nepal Communist Party]] was formed from the CPN (UML) and the [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]].<ref name=":222">{{cite web |title=UML- Maoist Center unification approved, new party to be registered today itself |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/41883/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=UML and Maoist Centre to form Nepal Communist Party tomorrow |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/uml-and-maoist-centre-to-form-nepal-communist-party-tomorrow/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":622"/>
On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the [[CPN (Unified Socialist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal's largest party splits with faction registering new party |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-08/26/c_1310148882.htm |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province 1 Chief Minister Bhim Acharya resigns from his post |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-1/2021/11/01/province-1-chief-minister-bhim-acharya-resigns-from-his-post |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asta Laxmi Shakya resigns as chief minister of Bagmati Province |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-3/2021/10/27/asta-laxmi-shakya-resigns-as-chief-minister-of-bagmati-province |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>


=== Revival (2021-present) ===
The [[10th general convention of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|10th National Convention]] of the party was held in [[Chitwan District|Chitwan]] between 26 and 29 November 2021. The convention reelected [[KP Sharma Oli]] as the party chair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=UML General Convention: Who secured how many votes? |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/121206/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli elected UML chair yet again as party's general convention concludes |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/oli-elected-uml-chair-yet-again-as-partys-general-convention-concludes |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=December 2021 }}</ref> [[Hridayesh Tripathi]] who had been elected to the House of Representatives from the CPN (UML) formed a separate party, the [[People's Progressive Party (Nepal)|People's Progressive Party]] in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हृदयेश त्रिपाठीले गठन गरे जनता प्रगतिशील पार्टी |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/12/1052343 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-12-14 |title=Hridayesh Tripathi announces new Janata Pragatishil Party - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/hridayesh-tripathi-janata-pragatishil-party.html |access-date=2022-07-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Bam Dev Gautam|Bamdev Gautam]] who served as the senior vice-chairman left the party in September 2021 and in June 2022 announced the formation of [[CPN (Unity National Campaign)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bam Dev Gautam quits CPN-UML |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/main-news/bam-dev-gautam-quits-cpn-uml |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=GorakhaPatra |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Setopati |first=Setopati |title=Bam Dev Gautam to form new party |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/157855/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Setopati}}</ref>
[[File:Shri_K.P._Sharma_Oli,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_22,_2016.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[KP Sharma Oli]], Prime Minister (2015–2016 and 2018–2021)]]
{{See also|2021 split in Nepal Communist Party|2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}
On 8 March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the name Nepal Communist Party belong to the [[Communist Party of Nepal (2013)|minor party]] led by Rishiram Kattel and the merger of the two parties was voided.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghimire |first1=Yubaraj |date=8 March 2021 |title=Nepal top court quashes 2018 formation of ruling Nepal Communist Party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/nepal-top-court-quashes-2018-formation-of-ruling-nepal-communist-party-7218809/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission]] on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived.<ref name=":63"/> Four members of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] and one member of the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2021 |title=Maoist Centre expels four parliamentarians |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/maoist-centre-expels-four-parliamentarians |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref> [[KP Sharma Oli]] lost a [[No confidence motion|no-confidence motion]] on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli appointed prime minister, days after he lost confidence vote in House |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/05/13/oli-appointed-prime-minister-days-after-he-lost-confidence-vote-in-house |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Chief minister of Gandaki, [[Prithvi Subba Gurung]] resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, [[Shankar Pokharel]] also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandaki Province Chief Minister Prithvi Subba Gurung resigns ahead of no-confidence vote |url=https://kathmandupost.com/gandaki-province/2021/05/09/gandaki-province-chief-minister-prithvi-subba-gurung-resigns-ahead-of-no-confidence-vote |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No-confidence motion filed against Lumbini chief minister for second time |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/05/09/no-confidence-motion-filed-against-lumbini-chief-minister-for-second-time |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SHRESTHA |first=SANDESH |title=Gurung reappointed as Gandaki Province chief minister |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/110673/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pokhrel reappointed Lumbini chief minister amid protests from opposition parties |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/05/02/pokhrel-reappointed-lumbini-chief-minister-amid-protests-from-opposition-parties |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>


A [[Council of Ministers of Nepal|cabinet]] meeting chaired by [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime minister]] and party chairman [[KP Sharma Oli]] recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] supported [[Nepali Congress]] leader [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] as the next prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a midnight drama, Nepal President dissolves House and calls polls for November 12 and 19 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/05/22/president-dissolves-house-calls-snap-polls-for-november-12-and-19 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court orders President to appoint Congress leader Deuba prime minister by 5pm Tuesday |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/07/12/supreme-court-orders-president-to-appoint-nepali-congress-president-sher-bahadur-deuba-prime-minister-by-5pm-tuesday |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli to address the nation at 2pm before leaving Baluwatar |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/07/13/oli-to-address-the-nation-at-2pm-before-leaving-baluwatar |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip.<ref name="kathmandupost.com2">{{cite web |title=UML seeks clarification from 22 lawmakers who voted for Deuba during confidence vote |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/07/19/uml-seeks-clarification-from-22-lawmakers-who-voted-for-deuba-during-confidence-vote |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The party also lost its government in [[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]] and [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]] with Gurung losing a [[No confidence motion|no-confidence motion]] and Pokharel resigning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=diwakar |date=2021-06-10 |title=Gandaki CM Gurung loses the vote of confidence - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/gandaki-cm-gurung-loses-the-vote-of-confidence.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kul Prasad KC appointed new CM in Lumbini |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/08/12/kul-prasad-kc-appointed-new-cm-in-lumbini |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Province 1 chief minister, [[Sher Dhan Rai]] and Bagmati chief minister [[Dormani Poudel|Dormani Paudel]] were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by [[Bhim Acharya]] and [[Astalaxmi Shakya|Asta Laxmi Shakya]] respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhim Acharya replaces Sherdhan Rai as Province 1 chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-1/2021/08/26/bhim-acharya-replaces-sherdhan-rai-as-province-1-chief-minister |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagmati Province Chief Minister Poudel resigns |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/18/203804/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>
In the [[2022 Nepalese local elections|2022 local elections]], 11,929 councillors were elected from the party including 206 mayors and rural chairs. The party lost their mayoral seats in [[Kathmandu]] and [[Pokhara]] and failed to win the mayoral elections in any of the six metropolitan cities in the country.


On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the [[CPN (Unified Socialist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal's largest party splits with faction registering new party |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-08/26/c_1310148882.htm |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> Other leaders also broke away from the party with [[Hridayesh Tripathi]] forming the [[People's Progressive Party (Nepal)|People's Progressive Party]] and former vice-chairman [[Bam Dev Gautam|Bamdev Gautam]] forming the [[CPN (Unity National Campaign)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-12-14 |title=Hridayesh Tripathi announces new Janata Pragatishil Party - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/hridayesh-tripathi-janata-pragatishil-party.html |access-date=2022-07-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Setopati |first=Setopati |title=Bam Dev Gautam to form new party |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/157855/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Setopati}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bam Dev Gautam quits CPN-UML |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/main-news/bam-dev-gautam-quits-cpn-uml |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=GorakhaPatra |language=en}}</ref> Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province 1 Chief Minister Bhim Acharya resigns from his post |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-1/2021/11/01/province-1-chief-minister-bhim-acharya-resigns-from-his-post |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asta Laxmi Shakya resigns as chief minister of Bagmati Province |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-3/2021/10/27/asta-laxmi-shakya-resigns-as-chief-minister-of-bagmati-province |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The [[10th general convention of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|10th National Convention]] of the party was held in [[Chitwan District|Chitwan]] between 26 and 29 November 2021 with [[KP Sharma Oli|K.P. Sharma Oli]] being reelected as the party chair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=UML General Convention: Who secured how many votes? |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/121206/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Oli elected UML chair yet again as party's general convention concludes |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/oli-elected-uml-chair-yet-again-as-partys-general-convention-concludes |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref>
=== 2nd Federal Parliament (2022–present) ===
The party formed electoral pacts with [[People's Socialist Party, Nepal|People's Socialist Party]], [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] and other minor parties to contest the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general]] and [[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]]. Former deputy prime minister and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] chair [[Kamal Thapa]] also contested the election under the party's electoral symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=देउवाको क्षेत्रमा एमाले नेतासहित पाँच जनाले लिए उमेदवारी फिर्ता |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/dadeldhura-7-214537 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=देउवाको क्षेत्रमा एमाले नेतासहित पाँच जनाले लिए उमेदवारी फिर्ता |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमालेको समर्थनमा कमल थापा मकवानपुर-१ मा चुनाव लड्ने |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/08/166523957308345729.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जसपालाई एमालेले २० सिट छाड्ने, राप्रपालाई ५ सिट |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/199208/2022/10/7/politics/uml-jasapa-rpp |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Lokaantar |language=Nepali}}</ref> Influential leaders and incumbent members of parliament including [[Bhim Rawal]], [[Ghanashyam Bhusal]] and [[Ram Bir Manandhar]] were denied tickets from the party. Bhusal and Manandhar later filed their candidacy as independents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=उमेदवारी |first=बाह्रखरी :: सत्ता गठबन्धनको समर्थनमा रुपन्देही-१ बाट घनश्याम भुसालले दिए |title=सत्ता गठबन्धनको समर्थनमा रुपन्देही–१ बाट घनश्याम भुसालले दिए उमेदवारी |url=https://baahrakhari.com/index.php/detail/365257/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=सत्ता गठबन्धनको समर्थनमा रुपन्देही–१ बाट घनश्याम भुसालले दिए उमेदवारी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भीम रावलले भने : ओलीका असंवैधानिक कामको विरोध गरेकाले मलाई टिकट दिइएन |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/10/1203912 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> Leaders associated with former MP [[Prabhu Sah]] who had joined the party from [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] in 2021 also decided to contest the election as independents following dissatisfaction with the electoral pact with People's Socialist Party in [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]]. The three leaders were later supported by the Democratic Left Alliance during the elections.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ne:ओलीजीलाई मधेशमा लगेकै मैले हो : प्रभु साह |language=ne |title=Ōlījīlā'ī madhēśamā lagēkai mailē hō: Prabhu sāha |trans-title=I took Oliji to Madhesh: Prabhu Sah |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/10/1203769 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Online Khabar }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सन्जिब बगाले |script-title=ne:रौतहट-३ मा प्रभु साहलाई सत्ता गठबन्धनको समर्थन |language=ne |title=Rautahaṭa-3 mā prabhu sāhalā'ī sattā gaṭhabandhanakō samarthana |trans-title=Power alliance support for Prabhu Shah in Rautahat-3 |url=https://www.setopati.com/election/Parliamentary/284501/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Setopati }}</ref> Later leaders including [[Prabhu Sah]] and [[Ram Bir Manandhar]] formed [[Aam Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रभु साहलाई पूर्वमन्त्री रामवीर मानन्धरको साथ |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/01/1241948 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सेतोपाटी संवाददाता |title=प्रभु साहले गठन गरे आम जनता पार्टी |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/290772/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref>


The party won in 44 [[Constituencies of Nepal|constituencies]] at the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]]. The party got the most votes through [[proportional voting]] and won an additional 34 seats for a total of 78 seats to the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] making them the second largest parliamentary party.<ref name=":8" /> The party also emerged as the largest party in [[Provincial assemblies of Nepal|provincial assemblies]] in [[Province No. 1 Provincial Assembly|Province 1]], [[Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]] and [[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]] at the [[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|2022 provincial elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=NC wins 111 out of 330 Provincial Assembly seats, UML 91 |url=https://www.nepalminute.com/detail/1257/nc-wins-111-out-of-330-provincial-assembly-seats-uml-91/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Nepal Minute}}</ref>
In the [[2022 Nepalese local elections|2022 local elections]], 11,929 councillors were elected from the party including 206 mayors and rural chairs. The party lost their mayoral seats in [[Kathmandu]] and [[Pokhara]] and failed to win the mayoral elections in any of the six metropolitan cities in the country. The party formed electoral pacts with [[People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)|People's Socialist Party]], [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] and other minor parties to contest the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general]] and [[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]]. Former deputy prime minister and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] chair [[Kamal Thapa]] also contested the election under the party's electoral symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=देउवाको क्षेत्रमा एमाले नेतासहित पाँच जनाले लिए उमेदवारी फिर्ता |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/dadeldhura-7-214537 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=देउवाको क्षेत्रमा एमाले नेतासहित पाँच जनाले लिए उमेदवारी फिर्ता |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमालेको समर्थनमा कमल थापा मकवानपुर-१ मा चुनाव लड्ने |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/08/166523957308345729.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जसपालाई एमालेले २० सिट छाड्ने, राप्रपालाई ५ सिट |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/199208/2022/10/7/politics/uml-jasapa-rpp |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Lokaantar |language=Nepali}}</ref> At the 2022 general election the party won 79 seats and became the second largest parliamentary party.<ref name=":82"/> The party also emerged as the largest party in [[Provincial assemblies of Nepal|provincial assemblies]] in [[Province No. 1 Provincial Assembly|Province 1]], [[Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]] and [[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]] at the [[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|2022 provincial elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=NC wins 111 out of 330 Provincial Assembly seats, UML 91 |url=https://www.nepalminute.com/detail/1257/nc-wins-111-out-of-330-provincial-assembly-seats-uml-91/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Nepal Minute}}</ref>


The party backed [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] chairman [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]'s bid to become [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime minister]] and joined a [[Dahal cabinet, 2022|coalition government]] under him on 26 December 2022. [[Bishnu Prasad Paudel]] joined the cabinet as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|deputy prime minister]] and [[Ministry of Finance (Nepal)|Minister of Finance]] along with three other CPN (UML) MPs but the alliance couldn't last more than 2 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal sworn in as prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/26/dahal-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> In the by-elections held in [[Bara 2 (constituency)|Bara 2]], [[Tanahun 1 (constituency)|Tanahun 1]] and [[Chitwan 2 (constituency)|Chitwan 2]], the party was limited to third position in all these constituincies and couldn't cross 15% votes in any.<ref>{{Cite web |title=उपनिर्वाचनमा एमाले सबै क्षेत्रमा तेस्रो |url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/359449 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=www.ratopati.com |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=उपनिर्वाचनमा एमालेको मत घण्टीलाई ! |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/04/1297668 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref>
The party backed [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] chairman [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]'s bid to become [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime minister]] and joined a [[Dahal cabinet, 2022|coalition government]] under him on 26 December 2022 with [[Bishnu Prasad Paudel]] joined the cabinet as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|deputy prime minister]] but the coalition lasted for less than 2 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal sworn in as prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/26/dahal-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> In March 2024, the party again supported CPN (Maoist Centre)'s coalition before withdrawing support for the government in July later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=PM Dahal reshuffles his cabinet following new alliance with UML |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/152590/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UML withdraws support to Dahal government |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/03/uml-withdraws-support-to-dahal-government |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Party chairman K.P. Sharma Oli was appointed as prime minister for the fourth time with the support of [[Nepali Congress]] on 15 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli becomes prime minister for fourth time, swearing-in today |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/14/president-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>


== Ideology ==
== Ideology ==
{{Communism in Nepal}}
{{Communism in Nepal}}
The guiding principle of the party is [[Marxism–Leninism]] and it supports a [[socialism]] oriented economy but within the confines of a [[parliamentary system]] of governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ideology debates in CPN-UML and CPN (Unified Socialist) |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/09/24/the-ideology-debates-in-cpn-uml-and-cpn-unified-socialist |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The party had adopted the line of [[People's Multiparty Democracy]] which was proposed by [[Madan Bhandari]] at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993.<ref name=":5" /> The party supports the establishment of a [[Welfare state|welfare system]] that guarantees [[social security]] and [[social justice]] to all citizens.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://system.cpnuml.org/parse-image/626?hash=$2y$10$1NWokPCG2VY/jFzS6pjwI./ATmp2XWB.2Za85yF69XZvA/Pouw61K |title=राजनीतिक प्रतिवेदन |publisher=CPN (UML), Central Office |year=2021 |language=ne}}</ref>
The guiding principle of the party is [[Marxism–Leninism]] and it supports a [[socialism|socialist]] economy but within the confines of a [[parliamentary system]] of governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ideology debates in CPN-UML and CPN (Unified Socialist) |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/09/24/the-ideology-debates-in-cpn-uml-and-cpn-unified-socialist |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The party had adopted the line of [[People's Multiparty Democracy]] which was proposed by [[Madan Bhandari]] at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993.<ref name=":52"/> The party supports the establishment of a [[Welfare state|welfare system]] that guarantees [[social security]] and [[social justice]] to all citizens.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://system.cpnuml.org/parse-image/626?hash=$2y$10$1NWokPCG2VY/jFzS6pjwI./ATmp2XWB.2Za85yF69XZvA/Pouw61K |title=राजनीतिक प्रतिवेदन |publisher=CPN (UML), Central Office |year=2021 |language=ne}}</ref>
[[File:जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद.pdf|thumb|[[People's Multiparty Democracy|People's Multiparty Democracy (जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद)]]]]
[[File:जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद.pdf|thumb|[[People's Multiparty Democracy|People's Multiparty Democracy (जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद)]]]]


=== Symbol ===
=== Symbol ===
[[File:Flag of CPN (UML).svg|thumb|125x125px|Alternative flag of CPN (UML)|left]]The [[election symbol]] of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Candidates to get election symbol today |url=https://nepalnews.com/index.php/s/politics/candidates-to-get-election-symbol-today |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=nepalnews.com}}</ref> The [[hammer and sickle]], a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden [[hammer and sickle]] inside a red sun is the party's logo.<ref name=":4" />
[[File:Flag of CPN (UML).svg|thumb|125x125px|Alternative flag of CPN (UML)|left]]The [[election symbol]] of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Candidates to get election symbol today |url=https://nepalnews.com/index.php/s/politics/candidates-to-get-election-symbol-today |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=nepalnews.com}}</ref> The [[hammer and sickle]], a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden hammer and sickle inside a red sun is the party's logo.<ref name=":4" />


== Organisation ==
== Organisation ==
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|{{No2|In opposition}}
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|-
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|[[Khadga Prasad Oli]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Khadga Prasad Oli]]
|3,233,567
| rowspan="3" |3,233,567
|30.83
| rowspan="3" |30.83
|{{increase}} 0.15
| rowspan="3" |{{increase}} 0.15
|2,845,641
| rowspan="3" |2,845,641
|26.95
| rowspan="3" |26.95
|{{Decrease}} 6.30
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 6.30
|{{Infobox political party/seats|78|275|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|78|275|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 43
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 43
|{{Decrease}} 2nd
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 2nd
|{{no2|In Opposition}}
|}

=== Provincial Assembly elections ===
==== Province 1 ====
{{see also|Koshi Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |720,339
| rowspan="2" |37.30
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |673,709
| rowspan="2" |38.79
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|51|93|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|-
|-
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|{{no2|In opposition}}
|-
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|
|
|
|665,460
|35.04
|{{Decrease}} 3.75
|{{Infobox political party/seats|40|93|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 11
|{{Nochange}} 1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|}
|}


==== Madhesh ====
=== Provincial Assembly ===
{{see also|Madhesh Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Provincial Assembly
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |+/–
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Status
|-
|-
|[[Koshi Provincial Assembly|Koshi]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
| rowspan="7" |[[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|2022]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
|665,460
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
|35.04 (#1)
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
|{{Infobox political party/seats|40|93|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 11
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|282,718
|15.45
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|249,734
|16.25
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|{{Infobox political party/seats|21|107|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|4th
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|-
|-
|[[Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]]
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|
|
|
|351,768
|351,768
|16.86
|16.86 (#2)
|{{Increase}} 0.61
|{{Infobox political party/seats|23|107|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Infobox political party/seats|23|107|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 2
|{{Increase}} 2
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|{{Increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|}

==== Bagmati ====
{{see also|Bagmati Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
| rowspan="2" |725,113
| rowspan="2" |35.37
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |677,317
| rowspan="2" |35.81
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|58|110|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|-
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|-
|-
|[[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]]
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|
|
|
|594,521
|594,521
|30.69
|30.69 (#1)
|{{Decrease}} 5.12
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|110|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|110|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 31
|{{Decrease}} 31
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|{{Decrease}} 2nd
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|}

==== Gandaki ====
{{see also|Gandaki Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
|-
|-
|[[Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |268,540
| rowspan="2" |26.09
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |373,501
| rowspan="2" |39.04
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|27|60|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|-
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|
|
|
|349,628
|349,628
|35.47
|35.47 (#1)
|{{Decrease}} 3.57
|{{Infobox political party/seats|22|60|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Infobox political party/seats|22|60|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 5
|{{Decrease}} 5
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|{{Decrease}} 2nd
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|}

==== Lumbini ====
{{see also|Lumbini Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |572,942
| rowspan="2" |31.35
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |533,613
| rowspan="2" |33.10
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|41|87|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|-
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|-
|-
|[[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]]
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|
|
|
|570,921
|570,921
|30.25
|30.25 (#1)
|{{Decrease}} 2.85
|{{Infobox political party/seats|29|87|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Infobox political party/seats|29|87|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 12
|{{Decrease}} 12
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|{{Nochange}} 1st
|-
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|[[Karnali Provincial Assembly|Karnali]]
|183,950
|31.83 (#1)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|10|53|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 15
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|[[Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpashchim]]
|274,675
|30.64 (#1)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|10|53|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 15
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|}
|}


==== Karnali ====
{{see also|Karnali Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best historic result in provincial elections
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Provincial Assembly
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Seats/Total
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Party list vote %
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Election
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Parliamentary Party leader
|-
|-
|[[1st Koshi Provincial Assembly|Koshi]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
|{{Infobox political party/seats|51|93|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|38.79 (#1)
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
|[[Sher Dhan Rai]]<br/>[[Bhim Acharya]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
|-
|[[2nd Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|23|107|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |180,952
|16.86 (#2)
| rowspan="2" |32.58
|[[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|2022]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|Saroj Kumar Yadav
| rowspan="2" |169,755
| rowspan="2" |34.35
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|20|40|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|-
|-
|[[1st Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]]
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|{{Infobox political party/seats|58|110|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|35.81 (#1)
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|[[Dormani Poudel]]<br/>[[Astalaxmi Shakya]]
|-
|-
|[[1st Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]]
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|60|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|
|39.04 (#1)
|
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|
|[[Prithvi Subba Gurung]]
|183,950
|31.83
|{{Decrease}} 2.52
|{{Infobox political party/seats|10|40|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 10
|{{Decrease}} 3rd
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|}

==== Sudurpaschim ====
{{see also|Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Election
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Constituency votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|Resulting government
|-
|-
|[[1st Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
|{{Infobox political party/seats|41|87|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|33.10 (#1)
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
|[[Shankar Pokharel]]
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white"|+/-
|-
|-
|[[1st Karnali Provincial Assembly|Karnali]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|20|40|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |291,358
|34.35 (#1)
| rowspan="2" |32.11
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|[[Yam Lal Kandel]]
| rowspan="2" |260,955
| rowspan="2" |32.99
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|25|53|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| rowspan="2" |1st
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|-
|-
|[[1st Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpashchim]]
|{{No2|In opposition}}
|{{Infobox political party/seats|25|53|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|-
|32.99 (#2)
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|
|Prakash Bahadur Shah
|
|
|274,675
|30.64
|{{Decrease}} 2.37
|{{Infobox political party/seats|10|53|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 15
|{{Decrease}} 3rd
|{{yes2|Coalition government}}
|}
|}


Line 905: Line 676:
|1
|1
|[[Man Mohan Adhikari]]
|[[Man Mohan Adhikari]]
| [[File:Manmohan Adhikari (cropped).jpg|frameless|158x158px]]
|
|30 November 1994
|30 November 1994
|12 September 1995
|12 September 1995
Line 933: Line 704:
|[[Ilam 1 (constituency)|Ilam 1]]
|[[Ilam 1 (constituency)|Ilam 1]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|4
|rowspan="4"|4
|rowspan="2"|[[Khadga Prasad Oli]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Khadga Prasad Oli]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 07, 2018 (1).jpg|frameless|162x162px]]
|rowspan="4"|[[File:The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on April 06, 2018 (cropped).jpg|frameless|162x162px]]
|12 October 2015
|12 October 2015
|4 August 2016
|4 August 2016
Line 944: Line 715:
|-
|-
|15 February 2018
|15 February 2018
|13 July 2021
|13 May 2021
|{{age in years and days|15 February 2018|13 July 2021}}
|rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|15 February 2018|13 July 2021}}
|[[1st Federal Parliament of Nepal|1st Federal Parliament]]
|rowspan="2" |[[1st Federal Parliament of Nepal|1st Federal Parliament]]
|[[Oli cabinet, 2018|Oli, 2018]]
|[[Oli cabinet, 2018|Oli, 2018]]
|[[Jhapa 5 (constituency)|Jhapa 5]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Jhapa 5 (constituency)|Jhapa 5]]
|-
|13 May 2021
|13 July 2021
|[[Third Oli cabinet|Oli, 2021]]
|-
|15 July 2024
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|15 July 2024|}}
|[[2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal|2nd Federal Parliament]]
|[[Fourth Oli cabinet|Oli, 2024]]
|}
|}


Line 970: Line 751:
|1
|1
|[[Sher Dhan Rai]]
|[[Sher Dhan Rai]]
![[File:Sherdhan Rai.jpg|center|70px]]
![[File:Sherdhan Rai.jpg|center|129x129px]]
|14 February 2018
|14 February 2018
|26 August 2021
|26 August 2021
Line 987: Line 768:
|[[Sunsari 1 (constituency)|Sunsari 1(B)]]
|[[Sunsari 1 (constituency)|Sunsari 1(B)]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |3
|rowspan="3" |3
|rowspan="2" |[[Hikmat Kumar Karki]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Hikmat Kumar Karki]]
!rowspan="2" |
!rowspan="3" |[[File:Rt-Hon Hikmat Kumar Karki.jpg|120x120px]]
|9 January 2023
|9 January 2023
|7 July 2023
|7 July 2023
|{{age in years and days|9 January 2023|7 July 2023}}
|{{age in years and days|9 January 2023|7 July 2023}}
|rowspan="2" |[[2nd Province No. 1 Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
|rowspan="3" |[[2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
|[[Hikmat Karki cabinet|Karki I, 2023]]
|[[Hikmat Karki cabinet|Karki I, 2023]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Jhapa 5 (constituency)|Jhapa 5 (A)]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Jhapa 5 (constituency)|Jhapa 5 (A)]]
|-
|-
|8 September 2023
|8 September 2023
|15 October 2023
|15 October 2023
|{{age in years and days|8 September 2023|15 October 2023}}
|{{age in years and days|8 September 2023|15 October 2023}}
|[[Second Hikmat Karki cabinet, 2023|Karki II, 2023]]
|[[Second Hikmat Kumar Karki cabinet|Karki II, 2023]]
|-
|9 May 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|9 May 2024}}
|[[Third Hikmat Kumar Karki cabinet|Karki II, 2024]]
|}
|}


Line 1,065: Line 851:
|{{age in years and days|12 May 2021|12 June 2021}}
|{{age in years and days|12 May 2021|12 June 2021}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
|2
|[[Khagaraj Adhikari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Khagaraj Adhikari]]
! [[File:KhagarajAdhikari.png|center|117x117px]]
! rowspan="2" | [[File:KhagarajAdhikari.png|center|117x117px]]
|9 January 2023
|9 January 2023
|27 April 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|9 January 2023|}}
|{{Age in years and days|9 January 2023|27 April 2023}}
|[[2nd Gandaki Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd Gandaki Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
|[[Khagaraj Adhikari cabinet|Adhikari, 2023]]
|[[Khagaraj Adhikari cabinet|Adhikari, 2023]]
|[[Kaski 1 (constituency)|Kaski 1 (A)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kaski 1 (constituency)|Kaski 1 (A)]]
|-
|7 April 2024
|27 May 2024
|{{Age in years and days|7 April 2024|27 May 2024}}
|[[Khagaraj Adhikari cabinet, 2024|Adhikari, 2024]]
|}
|}


Line 1,108: Line 899:
![[File:LeelaGiri.png|center|118x118px]]
![[File:LeelaGiri.png|center|118x118px]]
|12 January 2023
|12 January 2023
|27 April 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2023|1|12}}
|{{ayd|2023|1|12|2023|4|27}}
|[[2nd Lumbini Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
|[[2nd Lumbini Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
|[[Leela Giri cabinet|Giri, 2023]]
|[[Leela Giri cabinet|Giri, 2023]]
|[[Rupandehi 2 (constituency)|Rupandehi 2 (A)]]
|[[Rupandehi 2 (constituency)|Rupandehi 2 (A)]]
|}

==== Karnali Province ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Term in office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Yam Lal Kandel]]
![[File:Yamlalkandel_2022.png|center|120x120px]]
|10 April 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|10 April 2024|}}
|[[2nd Karnali Provincial Assembly|2nd Provincial Assembly]]
|[[Yam Lal Kandel cabinet|Kandel, 2024]]
|[[Surkhet 2 (constituency)|Surkhet 2 (A)]]
|}
|}


Line 1,158: Line 974:
* [[Nepal Communist Party]]
* [[Nepal Communist Party]]
* [[List of communist parties in Nepal]]
* [[List of communist parties in Nepal]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 17:22, 3 December 2024

Communist Party of Nepal
(Unified Marxist–Leninist)
नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)
ChairmanKP Sharma Oli[1]
SecretaryGokarna Bista
Yogesh Bhattarai
Padma Kumari Aryal
Chhabilal Bishwakarma
Lekh Raj Bhatta
Raghubir Mahaseth
General SecretaryShankar Pokhrel
SpokespersonPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Senior Vice-chairmanIshwar Pokhrel
Vice-chairmanAstalaxmi Shakya
Surendra Pandey
Subas Chandra Nemwang
Bishnu Prasad Paudel
Yubraj Gyawali
Ram Bahadur Thapa
Deputy General SecretaryPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Bishnu Rimal
Prithvi Subba Gurung
FounderMan Mohan Adhikari
Madan Bhandari
Founded6 January 1991; 33 years ago (1991-01-06)
Merger of
HeadquartersThapathali, Kathmandu
NewspaperNawayug
Student wingANNFSU
Youth wingNational Youth Association, Nepal
Women's wingAll Nepal Women's Association
Labour wingGEFONT
Membership855,000 (2021)
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
People's Multiparty Democracy
Political positionLeft-wing[2][3] to far-left[4]
International affiliationIMCWP
ECN StatusNational Party
(2nd largest)
House of Representatives
79 / 275
[a]
National Assembly
11 / 59
Provincial Assemblies
163 / 550
Mayors/Chairs
206 / 753
Councillors
11,890 / 35,011
Election symbol
Party flag

Website
www.cpnuml.org

The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी), romanized: nēpāl kamyuniṣṭ pārṭī (ēkīkṛt mārksavādī-lēninavādī); abbr. CPN (UML)) is a communist political party in Nepal. The party emerged as one of the major parties in Nepal after the end of the Panchayat era.

Khadga Prasad Oli has been serving as party chairman since the party's ninth general convention in 2014.[5] The party currently holds 79 seats in the House of Representatives, having won 26.95% of the party list votes in the 2022 general election and is the second largest parliamentary group.[6] The party was the major coalition partner in the current CPN (Maoist Centre) led coalition government[7] until withdrawing its support on 27 February. There have been four prime ministers from the party while the party has led the government five times.

CPN (UML) was the main opposition after the first election following the restoration of multi-party democracy. The party led a minority government under Manmohan Adhikari following the 1994 election. The party joined a coalition government with CPN (Maoist) in 2008 in the first elections after the end of the monarchy in Nepal and led two governments under Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal during the term of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the new constitution with KP Sharma Oli serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the 2017 election.

The party was formed in January 1991 after the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). The party merged with CPN (Maoist Centre) to form the Nepal Communist Party on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a Supreme Court decision on 8 March 2021.[8][9] The party claimed to have 855,000 members as of December 2021 making them the largest party in Nepal by membership.[10][11]

History

[edit]

The predecessors of the CPN (UML) were the CPN (Marxist) led by former general secretary the Communist Party of Nepal, Man Mohan Adhikari and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) led by Madan Bhandari. CPN (Marxist) was the successor to CPN (Pushpa Lal) which was founded by the founding general secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal, Pushpa Lal Shrestha.[12] CPN (Marxist–Leninist) had its origins in the 1969 Jhapa rebellion. The conflict took its inspiration the Naxalite movement in India and began after land reform programs were introduced by King Mahendra in 1964.[13][14]

Man Mohan Adhikari, first party chairman and first UML prime minister (1994–1995).

The two parties were constituents of the United Left Front which was formed in 1990 to protest against the Panchayat system. The front along with Nepali Congress helped restore multi party democracy in the country after the 1990 revolution. On 6 January 1991, ahead of the 1991 general election, the first parliamentary elections in the country in three decades, the two parties merged to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) with Adhikari serving as the party's first chairman.[15][16]

Post-Jana Andolan (1991–2002)

[edit]

In the 1991 election, the party won 69 out of 205 seats in the House of Representatives and was the second largest parliamentary group.[16] Man Mohan Adhikari was elected as the parliamentary party leader and became the Leader of the Opposition. The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993 and People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as the party line.[17] The congress also elected Adhikari as the party chairman and Madan Bhandari as the general secretary.[18] Later in the year however, Bhandari along with Jibaraj Ashrit died in a vehicle accident in Chitwan and Madhav Kumar Nepal became general secretary.[15] In November 1993, veteran communist leader Tulsi Lal Amatya's group merged in the party.[18]

Following the 1994 election, the party became the largest parliamentary group winning 88 out of 205 seats and formed the first CPN (UML) government. Man Mohan Adhikari became prime minister and formed a minority government with the support of Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhwana Party which lasted for nine months. Adhikari recommended dissolving the House of Representatives, and called for new elections after losing the support of his coalition partners, but the move was dismissed by the Supreme Court after a legal challenge by Nepali Congress.[19][20] In 1997 the party supported the minority government of Rastriya Prajatantra Party which lasted for seven months. Following disagreements about the Mahakali treaty, the party faced a split in March 1998. Bam Dev Gautam reconstituted the CPN (Marxist–Leninist) with 46 MPs from the party. In December 1998, the party supported the Nepali CongressNepal Sadbhawana Party government which was created to hold the 1999 election.[15][16][21]

Madhav Kumar Nepal, Prime Minister (2009–2011)

The Nepali Congress formed a majority government following the 1999 election and the CPN (UML) became the main opposition winning 70 seats. Following party chairman Adhikari's death in 1999, general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal became the leader of the party. CPN (Burma) merged into the party on 28 June 2001 and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) reunified with the party on 15 February 2002.[22] A group led by Chandra Prakash Mainali opposed the unification and opted to reconstitute the party. The party held its seventh general convention in February 2003 in Janakpur. Nepal was reelected as the general secretary and the post of party chair which had remained vacant after the death of Adhikari was abolished.[15]

Jana Andolan II (2002–2007)

[edit]

The House of Representatives was dismissed by King Gyanendra on 22 May 2002 on the request of prime minister Sher Bahadur Deuba. After the Deuba government failed to hold elections and to control the Maoist insurgency he was dismissed by the king in October with the king assuming executive powers to the protest of political parties including CPN (UML).[23] In June 2003, general secretary Nepal was proposed as prime minister by the protesting parties but this was ignored by the king and Surya Bahdur Thapa was appointed instead.[24][25] After Thapa's resignation in May 2004, Deuba was reappointed as the prime minister. CPN (UML) also joined the cabinet with Bharat Mohan Adhikari serving as deputy prime minister.[26][27]

On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra declared a national emergency, placed all leading politicians under house arrest and assumed chairmanship of a 10-member council of ministers.[28] CPN (UML) along with other parties in the dissolved lower house formed the Seven Party Alliance to end the king's direct rule, reinstate the dissolved House of Representatives and form an all-party government. The alliance also opened talks with the CPN (Maoist) to end their armed insurgency and join mainstream politics. On 22 November 2002, the alliance signed a 12-point agreement with the Maoists to end the insurgency, abolish the monarchy and restore democratic rule to the country.[29][30] Following the 2006 revolution on 24 April, King Gyanendra restored the House of Representatives and an all-party government was formed under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala.[15][31] Later that year on 21 November, the Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed between the Maoists and the Seven Party Alliance which ended the Civil War.[32]

Former logo of CPN (UML)

Constituent Assembly (2008–2017)

[edit]
Jhala Nath Khanal, Prime Minister (2011)

In the 2008 election, the party won 108 out of 575 seats to the Constituent Assembly. The party lost most of their leftist vote to the CPN (Maoist) and general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned following his defeat in both of his constituencies and was replaced by Jhala Nath Khanal. The party joined the coalition government with CPN (Maoist) following the election.[33] The party's eight general convention in February 2009 elected Khanal as the party chairman and Ishwor Pokhrel as general secretary.[34] Following the controversial sacking of Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal, CPN (UML) withdrew its support from the Maoist government.[35] In November 2009, Madhav Kumar Nepal, who was nominated to the Constituent Assembly, became prime minister with the support of Nepali Congress and Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal.[36] His government lasted for seven months before he resigned following a political deadlock amid failure to draft the new constitution.[37] Following seven months of political stalemate party chairman Jhalanath Khanal was elected as prime minister in February 2011 with support from the UCPN (Maoist).[38] He resigned six months later in August after failing to reach consensus on drafting the new constitution and completing the peace process following which the party supported the new UCPN (Maoist) government.[39][40] In November 2012 ahead of the new election, Ashok Kumar Rai broke away from the party along with other indigenous leaders and formed the Federal Socialist Party claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.[41]

In the 2013 election, the party became the second largest party winning 175 out of 575 elected seats. The party joined the coalition government under the Nepali Congress following the election with Bamdev Gautam serving as deputy prime minister.[42] At the party's ninth general convention in July 2014, K.P. Sharma Oli became party chair after defeating Madhav Kumar Nepal, while Ishwar Pokhrel was reelected as general secretary.[43] After the new constitution was delivered by the coalition government, party chair K.P. Sharma Oli was elected as prime minister on 12 October 2015 with the support of UCPN (Maoist), Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal and other parties.[44] After the Maoists withdrew their support, Oli resigned in July 2016 ahead of a no-confidence vote.[45]

Former logo of the party

Left alliance and dissolution (2017–2021)

[edit]

In the 2017 local elections, 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in major cities, including the two largest cities Kathmandu and Pokhara Lekhnath.[46][47] The party announced an alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) before the 2017 legislative and provincial elections.[48] The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives,[49] and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces.[50] After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) and formed coalition governments in the centre and six of the seven provinces. The CPN (UML) led governments in Province 1, Province 3, Province 4 and Province 5.[51] In accordance with the agreement Sher Dhan Rai, Dormani Paudel, Prithivi Subba Gurung and Shankar Pokharel were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.[52][53][54][55]

In the 6 February 2018 National Assembly election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and became the largest party in both houses.[56] Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and was appointed prime minister on February 15.[57] Bidya Devi Bhandari was re-elected president on March 13.[58] After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest left-wing parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the Nepal Communist Party was formed from the CPN (UML) and the CPN (Maoist Centre).[59][60][8]

Revival (2021-present)

[edit]
KP Sharma Oli, Prime Minister (2015–2016 and 2018–2021)

On 8 March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the name Nepal Communist Party belong to the minor party led by Rishiram Kattel and the merger of the two parties was voided.[61] The Election Commission on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived.[9] Four members of the House of Representatives and one member of the National Assembly for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection.[62] KP Sharma Oli lost a no-confidence motion on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority.[63] Chief minister of Gandaki, Prithvi Subba Gurung resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, Shankar Pokharel also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.[64][65][66][67]

A cabinet meeting chaired by prime minister and party chairman KP Sharma Oli recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal supported Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next prime minister.[68] The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day.[69][70] Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip.[71] The party also lost its government in Gandaki and Lumbini with Gurung losing a no-confidence motion and Pokharel resigning.[72][73] Province 1 chief minister, Sher Dhan Rai and Bagmati chief minister Dormani Paudel were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by Bhim Acharya and Asta Laxmi Shakya respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.[74][75]

On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the CPN (Unified Socialist).[76] Other leaders also broke away from the party with Hridayesh Tripathi forming the People's Progressive Party and former vice-chairman Bamdev Gautam forming the CPN (Unity National Campaign).[77][78][79] Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces.[80][81] The 10th National Convention of the party was held in Chitwan between 26 and 29 November 2021 with K.P. Sharma Oli being reelected as the party chair.[82][83]

In the 2022 local elections, 11,929 councillors were elected from the party including 206 mayors and rural chairs. The party lost their mayoral seats in Kathmandu and Pokhara and failed to win the mayoral elections in any of the six metropolitan cities in the country. The party formed electoral pacts with People's Socialist Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and other minor parties to contest the 2022 general and provincial elections. Former deputy prime minister and Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal chair Kamal Thapa also contested the election under the party's electoral symbol.[84][85][86] At the 2022 general election the party won 79 seats and became the second largest parliamentary party.[6] The party also emerged as the largest party in provincial assemblies in Province 1, Madhesh and Lumbini at the 2022 provincial elections.[87]

The party backed CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal's bid to become prime minister and joined a coalition government under him on 26 December 2022 with Bishnu Prasad Paudel joined the cabinet as deputy prime minister but the coalition lasted for less than 2 months.[88] In March 2024, the party again supported CPN (Maoist Centre)'s coalition before withdrawing support for the government in July later that year.[89][90] Party chairman K.P. Sharma Oli was appointed as prime minister for the fourth time with the support of Nepali Congress on 15 July 2024.[91]

Ideology

[edit]

The guiding principle of the party is Marxism–Leninism and it supports a socialist economy but within the confines of a parliamentary system of governance.[92] The party had adopted the line of People's Multiparty Democracy which was proposed by Madan Bhandari at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993.[17] The party supports the establishment of a welfare system that guarantees social security and social justice to all citizens.[93]

People's Multiparty Democracy (जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद)

Symbol

[edit]
Alternative flag of CPN (UML)

The election symbol of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo.[94] The hammer and sickle, a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden hammer and sickle inside a red sun is the party's logo.[95]

Organisation

[edit]

Central organisation

[edit]

The National Convention is the supreme body of CPN (UML) and it is organized every five years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the central secretariat and the central committee of the party. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organisational proposals and amendments to the party constitution.[95]

The Central Committee of the party is the highest decision-making body within general conventions and is responsible to the national convention. The National Convention elects a Central Secretariat consisting of a chair, a senior vice-chair, six vice-chairs, one general secretary, three deputy general secretaries and seven secretaries. The Central Secretariat along with other elected members make up the 301-member Central Committee of the party. The chairs of the seven provincial committees of the party are also ex-officio members of the Central Committee. One-third of the committee is also required to be female. The Central Committee also elects a 99-member Politburo and a 45-member Standing Committee among its members.[95]

When the Central Committee is not in session the Politburo is the highest decision-making body, the Standing Committee follows the Politburo in hierarchy and the Central Secretariat follows the Standing Committee. The National Convention also elects a Central Disciplinary Commission, a Central Accounts Commission and a Central Electoral Commission. A Central Advisory Council can also be formed by the Central Committee if needed.[95]

Provincial and local organisation

[edit]

Party committees exist at the provincial, district, local, ward and neighborhood level. In addition to this the party has a separate special committee in the Kathmandu Valley which is in the same level as the provincial committees in the party. The provincial committee holds a provincial convention every four years and the rest of the committees hold a convention every three years except for neighborhood committees which hold a convention every two years. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision-making body in between conventions. The party also has organisational committees for areas where the party does not have presence yet.[95]

Electoral performance

[edit]

Legislative elections

[edit]
Election Leader Constituency votes Party list votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % % change No. % % change No. +/-
1991 Madan Bhandari 2,040,102 27.98
69 / 205
2nd In opposition
1994 Man Mohan Adhikari 2,352,601 30.85 Increase 2.87
88 / 205
Increase 19 Increase 1st Minority government
1999 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,728,725 31.66 Increase 0.81
71 / 205
Decrease 17 Decrease 2nd In opposition
2008 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,229,064 21.63 Decrease 10.03 2,183,370 20.33
108 / 601
Increase 37 Decrease 3rd Coalition government
2013 Jhala Nath Khanal 2,492,090 27.55 Increase 5.92 2,239,609 23.66 Increase 3.33
175 / 575
Increase 67 Increase 2nd Coalition government
2017 Khadga Prasad Oli 3,082,277 30.68 Increase 3.13 3,173,494 33.25 Increase 9.59
121 / 275
Decrease 54 Increase 1st Coalition government
In opposition
2022 Khadga Prasad Oli 3,233,567 30.83 Increase 0.15 2,845,641 26.95 Decrease 6.30
78 / 275
Decrease 43 Decrease 2nd Coalition government
In opposition
Coalition government

Provincial Assembly

[edit]
Provincial Assembly Election Party list votes % Seats +/– Status
Koshi 2022 665,460 35.04 (#1)
40 / 93
Decrease 11 Leading coalition
Madhesh 351,768 16.86 (#2)
23 / 107
Increase 2 In coalition
Bagmati 594,521 30.69 (#1)
27 / 110
Decrease 31 In coalition
Gandaki 349,628 35.47 (#1)
22 / 60
Decrease 5 In coalition
Lumbini 570,921 30.25 (#1)
29 / 87
Decrease 12 Leading coalition
Karnali 183,950 31.83 (#1)
10 / 53
Decrease 15 Leading coalition
Sudurpashchim 274,675 30.64 (#1)
10 / 53
Decrease 15 In coalition
Best historic result in provincial elections
Provincial Assembly Seats/Total Party list vote % Election Parliamentary Party leader
Koshi
51 / 93
38.79 (#1) 2017 Sher Dhan Rai
Bhim Acharya
Madhesh
23 / 107
16.86 (#2) 2022 Saroj Kumar Yadav
Bagmati
58 / 110
35.81 (#1) 2017 Dormani Poudel
Astalaxmi Shakya
Gandaki
27 / 60
39.04 (#1) 2017 Prithvi Subba Gurung
Lumbini
41 / 87
33.10 (#1) 2017 Shankar Pokharel
Karnali
20 / 40
34.35 (#1) 2017 Yam Lal Kandel
Sudurpashchim
25 / 53
32.99 (#2) 2017 Prakash Bahadur Shah

Local election

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Election Leader(s) Council Head Council Deputy Councillors Position
# +/- # +/- # +/-
2017 KP Sharma Oli
294 / 753
331 / 753
14,097 / 35,038
1st
2022 KP Sharma Oli
206 / 753
Decrease 90
240 / 753
Decrease 108
11,890 / 35,011
Decrease 2,207 Decrease 2nd

Leadership

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Chairmen

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1st General Secretary of CPN (UML), Madan Bhandari

General secretaries

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Prime Ministers of Nepal

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No. Prime Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Man Mohan Adhikari 30 November 1994 12 September 1995 286 days 3rd House of Representatives Adhikari, 1994 Kathmandu 3
2 Madhav Kumar Nepal 25 May 2009 6 February 2011 1 year, 257 days 1st Constituent Assembly Madhav Nepal, 2009 Nominated
3 Jhala Nath Khanal 6 February 2011 29 August 2011 204 days 1st Constituent Assembly Khanal, 2011 Ilam 1
4 Khadga Prasad Oli 12 October 2015 4 August 2016 297 days Legislature Parliament Oli, 2015 Jhapa 7
15 February 2018 13 May 2021 3 years, 148 days 1st Federal Parliament Oli, 2018 Jhapa 5
13 May 2021 13 July 2021 Oli, 2021
15 July 2024 Incumbent 159 days 2nd Federal Parliament Oli, 2024

Chief Ministers

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Koshi Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Sher Dhan Rai
14 February 2018 26 August 2021 3 years, 193 days 1st Provincial Assembly Rai, 2018 Bhojpur 1(B)
2 Bhim Acharya 26 August 2021 1 November 2021 67 days Acharya, 2021 Sunsari 1(B)
3 Hikmat Kumar Karki 9 January 2023 7 July 2023 179 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Karki I, 2023 Jhapa 5 (A)
8 September 2023 15 October 2023 37 days Karki II, 2023
9 May 2024 Incumbent 226 days Karki II, 2024

Bagmati Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Dormani Poudel
11 February 2018 18 August 2021 3 years, 188 days 1st Provincial Assembly Poudel, 2018 Makwanpur 1(B)
2 Astalaxmi Shakya
18 August 2021 27 October 2021 70 days Shakya, 2021 Kathmandu 8(B)

Gandaki Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Prithivi Subba Gurung
16 February 2018 9 May 2021 3 years, 82 days 1st Provincial Assembly Gurung, 2018 Lamjung 1(B)
12 May 2021 12 June 2021 31 days
2 Khagaraj Adhikari
9 January 2023 27 April 2023 108 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Adhikari, 2023 Kaski 1 (A)
7 April 2024 27 May 2024 50 days Adhikari, 2024

Lumbini Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Shankar Pokharel
15 February 2018 2 May 2021 3 years, 76 days 1st Provincial Assembly Pokharel, 2018 Dang 2(A)
2 May 2021 11 August 2021 101 days
2 Leela Giri
12 January 2023 27 April 2023 105 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Giri, 2023 Rupandehi 2 (A)

Karnali Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Yam Lal Kandel
10 April 2024 Incumbent 255 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Kandel, 2024 Surkhet 2 (A)

Sudurpashchim Province

[edit]
No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Rajendra Singh Rawal 12 January 2023[96] 9 February 2023 28 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Rawal, 2023 List MP

Sister organizations

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Including 1 suspended member

References

[edit]
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