Thomas Street (astronomer): Difference between revisions

Thomas Street
Thomas Street
Born	5 March 1621 (probably unadjusted); Castlelyons, Kingdom of Ireland
Died	17 August 1689 (probably unadjusted) (aged 68); Westminster, London, Kingdom of England
Nationality	English
Known for	Astronomia Carolina
	Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy

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Thomas Street (also spelled Streete) (1621–1689) was an English astronomer, known for his writings on celestial motions. He has sometimes been confused with Thomas Street the judge, who lived from 1626 to 1696. The crater Street on the Moon is named after him.

Life

According to Brief Lives by Street's contemporary John Aubrey, Street was born at Castle Lyons in Ireland on 5 March 1621, and died "in Chanon-row (vulgarly Channel-rowe) at Westminster, the 17th August, 1689, and is buried in the church yard of the new chapell there".^[1]

Astronomy

On 3 May 1661 Streete observed a transit of Mercury from Long Acre in London with Nicholas Mercator and Christiaan Huygens.^[2] Streete subsequently disputed Hevelius’s observation of this event.^[3] The same year also saw Streete publishing Astronomia Carolina, a new theorie of Coelestial Motions. An Appendix to Astronomia Carolina (including tables) followed in 1664. Astronomia Carolina was widely read, and used by students who later became very notable in their own right, e.g. Isaac Newton^[4] and John Flamsteed.^[5] It was from Astronomia Carolina that Flamsteed learned how to calculate eclipses and planetary positions. Street's tables in Astronomia Carolina had a reputation for accuracy: for example, Flamsteed once referred to them as "the exactest tables in being, the Caroline",^[6] and Astronomia Carolina itself appeared in second and third editions as late as 1710 and 1716.^[7]

1674 saw the appearance of Street's Description and Use of the Planetary Systeme together with Easie Tables, as well as, in the same year, Tables of Projection for artillery, accompanying a work on gunnery by Robert Anderson.

A follower of Johannes Kepler, Street argued, like Kepler, that Earth's velocity in its annual revolution around the sun is not uniform. He argued that the velocity increases as it approaches the Sun, and decreases as it moves away.^[8]

Other achievements

Street invented an improved back-staff, a modification of an earlier instrument by Robert Hooke, adding to the device two planes and a small mirror.^[9]^[10]

Personality

He was of a rough and cholerique disposition. Discoursing with Prince Rupert, his highnesse affirmed something that was not according to art; sayd Mr. Street, 'whoever affirmes that is no mathematician.' So they would point at him afterwards at court and say, 'There's the man that huff't prince Rupert.'" ... "He hath left with his widowe (who lives in Warwick lane ...) an absolute piece of Trigonometrie, plain and spherical, in MS., more perfect than ever was yet donne, and more clear and demonstrated." ... "He was one of Mr. Ashmole's clarkes in the Excise office, which was his chiefest lively-hood.
— John Aubrey, Brief Lives

One of Street's pamphlets described how he engaged in a vigorous polemic with Vincent Wing, his astronomical competitor, who had published a criticism of Street's Astronomia Carolina.^[10]^[11]

Edmond Halley (1656–1742), Street's much younger contemporary, wrote of Street as his 'good friend' (according to Halley's biographer), and said that they had observed a lunar eclipse together.^[12] Halley wrote an appendix to the 1710 edition of Street's Astronomia Carolina, and Cajori (op. cit.) said that Halley actually 'brought out' that 1710 edition.

Notes

^ Aubrey, John; Clark, Andrew (1898). "Brief lives", chiefly of contemporaries. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
^ Lynn, W. T. (1904). "1904Obs....27..369L Page 369". The Observatory. 27: 369. Bibcode:1904Obs....27..369L. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
^ Johns, Adrian (15 May 2009). The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-40123-2.
^ See e.g. D. T. Whiteside, Before the Principia, in Journal for the History of Astronomy 1 (1970), 5–17, p. 7.
^ According to Encyclopædia Britannica, 1823 version, article on John Flamsteed, p. 666.
^ Letter from J. Flamsteed to Lord Brouncker (President of the Royal Society), on 24 November 1669. See Correspondence of John Flamsteed, vol. 1, ed. E. G. Forbes et al., 1997, letter #5, pages 12–26.
^ For copies in British Library, see online catalogue.
^ University of Florida > Robert A. Hatch > Between Friends: Huygens & Boulliau
^ Saverien's article on the 'quartier anglois' (back-staff), in Dictionnaire universel de mathematique, Paris, 1753.
^ ^a ^b Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1903-12: Vol 10. American Mathematical Society. December 1903.
^ Examen Examinatum, or Wing's Examination of Astronomia Carolina examined ... with a Castigation of the Envy and Ignorance of Vincent Wing, by Thomas Street, Student in Astronomy and Mathematics ... London, 1667.
^ Alan Cook, "Edmond Halley", Oxford, 1998, p. 66.

[1] Aubrey, John; Clark, Andrew (1898). "Brief lives", chiefly of contemporaries. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford : Clarendon Press.

[2] Lynn, W. T. (1904). "1904Obs....27..369L Page 369". The Observatory. 27: 369. Bibcode:1904Obs....27..369L. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

[3] Johns, Adrian (15 May 2009). The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-40123-2.

[4] See e.g. D. T. Whiteside, Before the Principia, in Journal for the History of Astronomy 1 (1970), 5–17, p. 7.

[5] According to Encyclopædia Britannica, 1823 version, article on John Flamsteed, p. 666.

[6] Letter from J. Flamsteed to Lord Brouncker (President of the Royal Society), on 24 November 1669. See Correspondence of John Flamsteed, vol. 1, ed. E. G. Forbes et al., 1997, letter #5, pages 12–26.

[7] For copies in British Library, see online catalogue.

[8] University of Florida > Robert A. Hatch > Between Friends: Huygens & Boulliau

[9] Saverien's article on the 'quartier anglois' (back-staff), in Dictionnaire universel de mathematique, Paris, 1753.

[:0-10] Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1903-12: Vol 10. American Mathematical Society. December 1903.

[11] Examen Examinatum, or Wing's Examination of Astronomia Carolina examined ... with a Castigation of the Envy and Ignorance of Vincent Wing, by Thomas Street, Student in Astronomy and Mathematics ... London, 1667.

[12] Alan Cook, "Edmond Halley", Oxford, 1998, p. 66.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|17th-century English astronomer}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
 {{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
 {{Infobox scientist
-|name              = Thomas Street
+| name              = Thomas Street
-|image             =
+| image             =
-|image_size        =
+| image_size        =
-|caption           =
+| caption           =
-|birth_date        = 5 March 1621 (probably [[Old Style and New Style dates|unadjusted]])
+| birth_date        = 5 March 1621 (probably [[Old Style and New Style dates|unadjusted]])
-|birth_place       = [[Castlelyons]], [[Ireland]]
+| birth_place       = [[Castlelyons]], [[Kingdom of Ireland]]
-|death_date        = 17 August 1689 (probably [[Old Style and New Style dates|unadjusted]]) (aged 68)
+| death_date        = 17 August 1689 (probably [[Old Style and New Style dates|unadjusted]]) (aged 68)
-|death_place       = [[Westminster]], [[London]], [[England]]
+| death_place       = [[Westminster]], [[London]], [[Kingdom of England]]
-|spouse            =
+| spouse            =
-|nationality       = [[England|English]]
+| nationality       = [[England|English]]
-|field             = [[Astronomy]]
+| field             = [[Astronomy]]
-|work_institutions =
+| work_institutions =
-|alma_mater        =
+| alma_mater        =
-|doctoral_advisor  =
+| doctoral_advisor  =
-|doctoral_students =
+| doctoral_students =
-|known_for         = ''Astronomia Carolina''
+| known_for         = ''Astronomia Carolina''
-|influences        = [[Johannes Kepler]]
+| prizes            =
+| footnotes         =
-|influenced        = [[Isaac Newton]], [[John Flamsteed]]
-|prizes            =
+| signature         =
-|footnotes         =
-|signature         =
 }}
-'''Thomas Street''' (also spelled '''Streete''') (1621–1689) was an [[England|English]] astronomer, known for his writings on celestial motions. He has sometimes been confused with Thomas Street the judge, who lived from 1626 to 1696. The crater [[Street (crater)|Street]] on the [[Moon]] is named after him.
+'''Thomas Street''' (also spelled '''Streete''') (1621–1689) was an English astronomer, known for his writings on celestial motions. He has sometimes been confused with Thomas Street the judge, who lived from 1626 to 1696. The crater [[Street (crater)|Street]] on the Moon is named after him.
 ==Life==
-According to ''[[Brief Lives]]'' by Street's contemporary [[John Aubrey]],<ref name="Cajori">[[Florian Cajori]] in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, December 1903, pages 155–7.</ref> Street was born at [[Castlelyons|Castle Lyons]] in Ireland on 5 March 1621, and died "in Chanon-row (vulgarly Channel-rowe) at [[Westminster]], the 17th August, 1689, and is buried in the church yard of the new chapell there".
+According to ''[[Brief Lives]]'' by Street's contemporary [[John Aubrey]], Street was born at [[Castlelyons|Castle Lyons]] in Ireland on 5 March 1621, and died "in Chanon-row (vulgarly Channel-rowe) at [[Westminster]], the 17th August, 1689, and is buried in the church yard of the new chapell there".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aubrey|first1=John|url=https://archive.org/details/briefliveschiefl02aubruoft|title="Brief lives", chiefly of contemporaries|last2=Clark|first2=Andrew|date=1898|publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>
 ==Astronomy==
-On 3 May 1661 Streete observed a [[transit of Mercury]] from [[Long Acre]] in London with [[Nicholas Mercator]] and [[Christiaan Huygens]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=1904Obs....27..369L Page 369|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904Obs....27..369L|access-date=2021-08-03|website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu}}</ref> Streete subsequently disputed [[Johannes Hevelius|Hevelius]] observation of this event.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johns|first=Adrian|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ERpBdEUdhz8C&pg=PA437&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making|date=2009-05-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-40123-2|language=en}}</ref> The same year also saw Streete publishing ''Astronomia Carolina, a new theorie of Coelestial Motions''.  An ''Appendix to Astronomia Carolina'' (including tables) followed in 1664. ''Astronomia Carolina'' was widely read, and used by students who later became very notable in their own right, e.g. [[Isaac Newton]]<ref>See e.g. [[D. T. Whiteside]], ''Before the Principia'', in ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'' 1 (1970), 5–17, p. 7.</ref> and [[John Flamsteed]].<ref>According to ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1823 version, article on John Flamsteed, p. 666.</ref>  It was from ''Astronomia Carolina'' that Flamsteed learned how to calculate eclipses and planetary positions. Street's tables in ''Astronomia Carolina'' had a reputation for accuracy:  for example, Flamsteed once referred to them as "the exactest tables in being, the Caroline",<ref>Letter from J. Flamsteed to Lord Brouncker (President of the Royal Society), on 24 November 1669. See ''Correspondence of John Flamsteed'', vol. 1, ed. E. G. Forbes et al., 1997, letter #5, pages 12–26.</ref> and ''Astronomia Carolina'' itself appeared in second and third editions as late as 1710 and 1716.<ref>For copies in British Library, see online catalogue.</ref>
+On 3 May 1661 Streete observed a [[transit of Mercury]] from [[Long Acre]] in London with [[Nicholas Mercator]] and [[Christiaan Huygens]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=1904Obs....27..369L Page 369|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904Obs....27..369L|access-date=2021-08-03|journal=The Observatory|bibcode=1904Obs....27..369L |last1=Lynn |first1=W. T. |date=1904 |volume=27 |page=369 }}</ref> Streete subsequently disputed [[Johannes Hevelius|Hevelius]]’s observation of this event.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johns|first=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERpBdEUdhz8C&pg=PA437|title=The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making|date=2009-05-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-40123-2|language=en}}</ref> The same year also saw Streete publishing ''Astronomia Carolina, a new theorie of Coelestial Motions''.  An ''Appendix to Astronomia Carolina'' (including tables) followed in 1664. ''Astronomia Carolina'' was widely read, and used by students who later became very notable in their own right, e.g. [[Isaac Newton]]<ref>See e.g. [[D. T. Whiteside]], ''Before the Principia'', in ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'' 1 (1970), 5–17, p. 7.</ref> and [[John Flamsteed]].<ref>According to ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1823 version, article on John Flamsteed, p. 666.</ref>  It was from ''Astronomia Carolina'' that Flamsteed learned how to calculate eclipses and planetary positions. Street's tables in ''Astronomia Carolina'' had a reputation for accuracy:  for example, Flamsteed once referred to them as "the exactest tables in being, the Caroline",<ref>Letter from J. Flamsteed to Lord Brouncker (President of the Royal Society), on 24 November 1669. See ''Correspondence of John Flamsteed'', vol. 1, ed. E. G. Forbes et al., 1997, letter #5, pages 12–26.</ref> and ''Astronomia Carolina'' itself appeared in second and third editions as late as 1710 and 1716.<ref>For copies in British Library, see online catalogue.</ref>
 saw the appearance of Street's ''Description and Use of the Planetary Systeme together with Easie Tables'', as well as, in the same year, ''Tables of Projection'' for artillery, accompanying a work on gunnery by [[Robert Anderson (mathematician)|Robert Anderson]].
-A follower of [[Johannes Kepler]], Street argued, like Kepler, that [[Earth]]'s rate of daily [[rotation]] is not uniform. He argued that the rotation increased as it approached the [[Sun]].<ref>[http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-individuals/huygens/08sr-h1.htm University of Florida > Robert A. Hatch > Between Friends:  Huygens & Boulliau]</ref>
+A follower of [[Johannes Kepler]], Street argued, like Kepler, that Earth's velocity in its annual revolution around the sun is not uniform. He argued that the velocity increases as it approaches the Sun, and decreases as it moves away.<ref>[http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-individuals/huygens/08sr-h1.htm University of Florida > Robert A. Hatch > Between Friends:  Huygens & Boulliau]</ref>
 ==Other achievements==
-Street invented an improved [[back-staff]], a modification of an earlier instrument by [[Robert Hooke]], adding to the device two planes and a small mirror.<ref>Saverien's article on the 'quartier anglois' (back-staff), in ''Dictionnaire universel de mathematique'', Paris, 1753.</ref><ref name="Cajori" />
+Street invented an improved [[back-staff]], a modification of an earlier instrument by [[Robert Hooke]], adding to the device two planes and a small mirror.<ref>Saverien's article on the 'quartier anglois' (back-staff), in ''Dictionnaire universel de mathematique'', Paris, 1753.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-society-bulletin_1903-12_10|title=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1903-12: Vol 10|date=December 1903|publisher=American Mathematical Society|language=English}}</ref>
 ==Personality==
-{{quote|He was of a rough and cholerique disposition. Discoursing with Prince Rupert, his highnesse affirmed something that was not according to art; sayd Mr. Street, 'whoever affirmes that is no mathematician.' So they would point at him afterwards at court and say, 'There's the man that huff't prince Rupert.'" ... "He hath left with his widowe (who lives in Warwick lane ...) an absolute piece of Trigonometrie, plain and spherical, in MS., more perfect than ever was yet donne, and more clear and demonstrated." ... "He was one of Mr. Ashmole's clarkes in the Excise office, which was his chiefest lively-hood.|John Aubrey|''[[Brief Lives]]''}}
+{{blockquote|He was of a rough and cholerique disposition. Discoursing with Prince Rupert, his highnesse affirmed something that was not according to art; sayd Mr. Street, 'whoever affirmes that is no mathematician.' So they would point at him afterwards at court and say, 'There's the man that huff't prince Rupert.'" ... "He hath left with his widowe (who lives in Warwick lane ...) an absolute piece of Trigonometrie, plain and spherical, in MS., more perfect than ever was yet donne, and more clear and demonstrated." ... "He was one of Mr. Ashmole's clarkes in the Excise office, which was his chiefest lively-hood.|John Aubrey|''[[Brief Lives]]''}}
-One of Street's pamphlets described how he engaged in a vigorous polemic with [[Vincent Wing]], his astronomical competitor, who had published a criticism of Street's ''Astronomia Carolina''.<ref name="Cajori" /><ref>''Examen Examinatum, or Wing's Examination of Astronomia Carolina examined ... with a Castigation of the Envy and Ignorance of Vincent Wing'', by Thomas Street, Student in Astronomy and Mathematics ... London, 1667.</ref>
+One of Street's pamphlets described how he engaged in a vigorous polemic with [[Vincent Wing]], his astronomical competitor, who had published a criticism of Street's ''Astronomia Carolina''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>''Examen Examinatum, or Wing's Examination of Astronomia Carolina examined ... with a Castigation of the Envy and Ignorance of Vincent Wing'', by Thomas Street, Student in Astronomy and Mathematics ... London, 1667.</ref>
 [[Edmond Halley]] (1656–1742), Street's much younger contemporary, wrote of Street as his 'good friend' (according to Halley's biographer), and said that they had observed a lunar eclipse together.<ref>Alan Cook, "Edmond Halley", Oxford, 1998, p. 66.</ref> Halley wrote an [[Addendum|appendix]] to the 1710 edition of Street's ''Astronomia Carolina'', and Cajori (op. cit.) said that Halley actually 'brought out' that 1710 edition.
@@ Line 50: / Line 49: @@
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Street, Thomas}}
 [[Category:17th-century English astronomers]]
-[[Category:Irish astronomers]]
+[[Category:17th-century Irish astronomers]]
 [[Category:1621 births]]
 [[Category:1689 deaths]]
-[[Category:British scientific instrument makers]]
+[[Category:English scientific instrument makers]]
-[[Category:17th-century Irish people]]
+[[Category:People from Castlelyons]]
-[[Category:People from County Cork]]
+[[Category:Scientists from County Cork]]

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