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{{Short description|1850 minstrel song by Stephen Foster}}
{{Short description|1850 minstrel song by Stephen Foster}}{{Infobox song
| name = Camptown Races
{{Infobox song
| name = Gwine to Run All Night, or<br />De Camptown Races
| cover = Camptown Races Original Cover (smaller).gif
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Original sheet music cover
| type =
| type = song
| artist = [[Christy's Minstrels]]
| artist = [[Stephen Foster]]
| album =
| written = 1850
| EP =
| published = February 1850
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| genre = [[Minstrel show]]
| written =
| published = February 1850
| released =
| format =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
⚫
| genre =[[Minstrel show]]
| length =
| label =
| writer = [[Stephen Foster]]
| composer =
| lyricist =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
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}}
}}


"'''De Camptown Races'''" or "'''Gwine to Run All Night'''" (nowadays popularly known as "'''Camptown Races'''") is a [[Folk music|folk song]] by American [[Romantic music|Romantic]] composer [[Stephen Foster]]. It was published in February 1850 by [[F. D. Benteen]] and was introduced to the American mainstream by [[Christy's Minstrels]], eventually becoming one of the most popular folk/[[Americana (music)|Americana]] tunes of the nineteenth century.<ref name="LiveAbout">{{Cite web |title=Who Wrote the American Folk Song 'Camptown Races'? |url=https://www.liveabout.com/camptown-races-stephen-foster-1322494 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=LiveAbout |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Story Behind the Song {{!}} Camptown Races {{!}} by Ukulele Mele |via=YouTube| date=30 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUpAJA8DN5s |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en}}</ref> It is [[Roud Folk Song Index]] no. 11768.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roud Folk Song Index |website=MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/series/4e817004-53ed-438e-96da-88e27fb8d872?page=8 |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>
⚫
"'''Gwine to Run All Night, or De Camptown Races'''" (popularly known simply as "'''Camptown Races'''") is a [[Minstrel show|minstrel song]] by [[Stephen Foster]] (1826–1864). ({{Audio|Camptown Races.mid|Play}}<ref>Humphries, Carl (2010). ''The Piano Improvisation Handbook'', p. 199. {{ISBN|978-0-87930-977-0}}.</ref>) It was published in February 1850 by [[F. D. Benteen]] of [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and Benteen published a different version with guitar accompaniment in 1852 under the title "'''The Celebrated Ethiopian Song/Camptown Races'''". The song quickly entered the realm of popular Americana. [[Louis Moreau Gottschalk]] (1829–1869) quotes the melody in his virtuoso piano work [[The Banjo (Gottschalk)|Grotesque Fantasie, the Banjo, op. 15]] published in 1855.<ref>New York: William Hall & son, c1855</ref> In 1909, composer [[Charles Ives]] incorporated the tune and other vernacular American melodies into his orchestral [[Symphony No. 2 (Ives)|Symphony No. 2]].<ref>https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/Charles-Ives-America {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152156/https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/Charles-Ives-America |date=2018-10-29 }} Georgetown University:"Charles Ives's America"</ref><ref>J. Peter Burkholder, '[https://www.jstor.org/stable/746629 "Quotation" and Paraphrase in Ives' Second Symphony'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/746629 |date=2018-10-29 }}, ''19th Century Music, ''Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3–25. [accessed 26 July 2013]</ref>


== Lyrics ==
==Composition==
⚫
Historians cite the village of [[Camptown, Pennsylvania]], as the basis for the song, located in the mountains of northeast Pennsylvania. The races were resumed nearby in 1965 as a footrace, without horses. The [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Historical Society]] confirmed that Foster traveled through the small town and afterwards wrote the song. The Bradford County Historical Society documents Foster attending school in nearby Towanda and Athens in 1840 and 1841. The schools were located {{Convert|5|mi|0}} from the racetrack. The current annual running of the Camptown Races was replaced by a {{Convert|6.2|mi|0|adj=on}} track covering rough lumbering trails.<ref name="upi">{{Cite web |date=10 September 1982 |title=Another 'Doo-dah-day' in Camptown |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/10/Another-Doo-dah-day-in-Camptown/8031400478400/ |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=UPI}}</ref>

⚫
Richard Jackson was curator<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Century of Music at The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/02/03/century-music-new-york-public-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092806/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/02/03/century-music-new-york-public-library |archive-date=8 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=The New York Public Library}}</ref> of the Americana Collection at [[New York Public Library]]; he writes:

⚫
{{quote|Foster quite specifically tailored the song for use on the minstrel stage. He composed it as a piece for solo voice with group interjections and refrain&nbsp;... his dialect verses have all the wild exaggeration and rough charm of folk tale as well as some of his most vivid imagery&nbsp;... Together with "[[Oh! Susanna]]", "Camptown Races" is one of the gems of the minstrel era.<ref name="jackson">Richard Jackson (ed.). 1974. ''Stephen Foster Song Book: original sheet music of 40 songs''. Courier Dover Publications. p. 174.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Foster Song Book |url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486230481.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015837/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486230481.html |archive-date=8 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=store.doverpublications.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Stephen Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o97PjZJTTYwC&q=Jackson&pg=PA183 |title=Stephen Foster Song Book: Original Sheet Music of 40 Songs |last2=Jackson |first2=Richard |date=7 September 1974 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486230481 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030163410/https://books.google.com/books?id=o97PjZJTTYwC&q=Jackson&pg=PA183#v=snippet&q=Jackson&f=false |archive-date=30 October 2023 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref>}}

The lyrics talk about a group of transients in a camp town who bet on horses to try to make some money. Being that betting on horses was considered immoral, the "Camptown ladies" may also have been shady. Despite the minstrel tradition being widely considered racist, this and other songs written during that period have managed to remain standards in the American national repertory.<ref name="LiveAbout"/>

"Camptown Races" is written in imperfect [[African-American Vernacular English|African American Vernacular English]]. The lyrics portray the dialect of a stereotypical African American; for example, "de" and "gwine" recur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauer |first=Bryanna |date=2018-03-07 |title=The Catchy Past: Separating the Song from the History |url=https://pages.stolaf.edu/americanmusic/2018/03/07/the-catchy-past-separating-the-song-from-the-history/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Music 345: Race, Identity, and Representation in American Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Original Lyrics by Stephen Foster (1850)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camptown Races |url=https://songofamerica.net/song/camptown-races/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Song of America |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Original lyrics by Stephen Foster (1850)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camptown Races |url=https://songofamerica.net/song/camptown-races/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Song of America |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Adapted Modern Lyrics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camptown Races: Song Lyrics and Sound Clip |url=https://www.songsforteaching.com/folk/camptownraces.php |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.songsforteaching.com}}</ref>
!Adapted modern lyrics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camptown Races: Song Lyrics and Sound Clip |url=https://www.songsforteaching.com/folk/camptownraces.php |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.songsforteaching.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{Poem quote|text=De Camptown ladies sing dis song, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
|{{Poem quote|text=De Camptown ladies sing dis song, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Line 80: Line 73:


The long tail filly and the big black hoss, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
The long tail filly and the big black hoss, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
They fly de track and they both cut across, Oh, doo-dah-day!
They fly the track and they both cut across, Oh, doo-dah-day!
The blind hoss sticken in a big mud hole, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
The blind hoss sticken in a big mud hole, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Can't touch bottom with a ten foot pole, Oh, doo-dah day!
Can't touch bottom with a ten foot pole, Oh, doo-dah day!
Line 103: Line 96:
== Reception ==
== Reception ==
[[File:Christy Minstrels (Boston Public Library).jpg|right|thumb|"Camptown Races" was introduced by the [[Christy's Minstrels]] in 1850]]
[[File:Christy Minstrels (Boston Public Library).jpg|right|thumb|"Camptown Races" was introduced by the [[Christy's Minstrels]] in 1850]]

⚫
Richard Jackson was curator<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/02/03/century-music-new-york-public-library|title=A Century of Music at The New York Public Library|website=The New York Public Library|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092806/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/02/03/century-music-new-york-public-library|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Americana Collection at [[New York Public Library]]; he writes:

⚫
<blockquote style="font-size:100%">Foster quite specifically tailored the song for use on the minstrel stage. He composed it as a piece for solo voice with group interjections and refrain&nbsp;... his dialect verses have all the wild exaggeration and rough charm of folk tale as well as some of his most vivid imagery&nbsp;... Together with "[[Oh! Susanna]]", "Camptown Races" is one of the gems of the minstrel era."<ref name=jackson>Richard Jackson (ed.). 1974. ''Stephen Foster Song Book: original sheet music of 40 songs''. Courier Dover Publications. p. 174.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486230481.html|title=Stephen Foster Song Book|website=store.doverpublications.com|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015837/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486230481.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o97PjZJTTYwC&q=Jackson&pg=PA183|title=Stephen Foster Song Book: Original Sheet Music of 40 Songs|first1=Stephen Collins|last1=Foster|first2=Richard|last2=Jackson|date=7 September 1974|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486230481|access-date=7 September 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030163410/https://books.google.com/books?id=o97PjZJTTYwC&q=Jackson&pg=PA183#v=snippet&q=Jackson&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>


In ''The Americana Song Reader'', William Emmett Studwell writes that the song was introduced by the [[Christy Minstrels]], noting that Foster's "nonsense lyrics are much of the charm of this bouncy and enduring bit of Americana", and the song was a big hit with minstrel troupes throughout the country. Foster's music was used for derivatives that include "Banks of the Sacramento", "A Capital Ship" (1875), and a pro-Lincoln parody introduced during the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 presidential campaign]].<ref>William Emmett Studwell. ''The Americana Song Reader''. Psychology Press. p. 63.</ref>
In ''The Americana Song Reader'', William Emmett Studwell writes that the song was introduced by the [[Christy Minstrels]], noting that Foster's "nonsense lyrics are much of the charm of this bouncy and enduring bit of Americana", and the song was a big hit with minstrel troupes throughout the country. Foster's music was used for derivatives that include "Banks of the Sacramento", "A Capital Ship" (1875), and a pro-Lincoln parody introduced during the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 presidential campaign]].<ref>William Emmett Studwell. ''The Americana Song Reader''. Psychology Press. p. 63.</ref>


Richard Crawford observes in ''America's Musical Life'' that the song resembles [[Dan Emmett]]'s "[[Old Dan Tucker]]", and he suggests that Foster used Emmett's piece as a model. Both songs feature contrast between a high instrumental register with a low vocal one, comic exaggeration, hyperbole, verse and refrain, call and response, and syncopation. However, Foster's melody is "jaunty and tuneful" while Emmett's is "driven and aggressive". Crawford points out that the differences in the two songs represent two different musical styles, as well as a shift in minstrelsy from the rough spirit and "muscular, unlyrical music" of the 1840s, to a more genteel spirit and lyricism with an expanding repertoire that included sad songs, sentimental and love songs, and parodies of opera. Crawford explains that, by mid-century, the "noisy, impromptu entertainments" characteristic of Dan Emmett and the [[Virginia Minstrels]] were passé and the minstrel stage was changing to a "restrained and balanced kind of spectacle".<ref>Richard Crawford. 2001. ''America's Musical Life: a history''. W. W. Norton. pp. 210–11.</ref>
Richard Crawford observes in ''America's Musical Life'' that the song resembles [[Dan Emmett]]'s "[[Old Dan Tucker]]", and he suggests that Foster used Emmett's piece as a model. Both songs feature contrast between a high instrumental register with a low vocal one, comic exaggeration, hyperbole, verse and refrain, call and response, and syncopation. However, Foster's melody is "jaunty and tuneful" while Emmett's is "driven and aggressive". Crawford points out that the differences in the two songs represent two different musical styles, as well as a shift in minstrelsy from the rough spirit and "muscular, unlyrical music" of the 1840s, to a more genteel spirit and lyricism with an expanding repertoire that included sad songs, sentimental and love songs, and parodies of opera. Crawford explains that, by mid-century, the "noisy, impromptu entertainments" characteristic of Dan Emmett and the [[Virginia Minstrels]] were passé and the minstrel stage was changing to a "restrained and balanced kind of spectacle".<ref>Richard Crawford. 2001. ''America's Musical Life: a history''. W. W. Norton. pp. 210–211.</ref>


[[File:Camptown Keystone Marker.jpg|thumb|right|Keystone Marker for Camptown, 4.2 miles north of [[Wyalusing, Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{Cite web | title =Camptown Races Historical Marker | publisher =WITF-TV and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | url =http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2FA | access-date =29 January 2016 | archive-date =4 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203248/http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2FA | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bradfordhistory.com/index.asp?pageId=106|title=Bradford County Historical Society|website=www.bradfordhistory.com|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092850/http://www.bradfordhistory.com/index.asp?pageId=106|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Camptown Keystone Marker.jpg|thumb|right|Keystone Marker for Camptown, 4.2 miles north of [[Wyalusing, Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{Cite web | title =Camptown Races Historical Marker | publisher =WITF-TV and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | url =http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2FA | access-date =29 January 2016 | archive-date =4 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203248/http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2FA | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bradfordhistory.com/index.asp?pageId=106|title=Bradford County Historical Society|website=www.bradfordhistory.com|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092850/http://www.bradfordhistory.com/index.asp?pageId=106|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

⚫
Historians cite the village of [[Camptown, Pennsylvania]] as the basis for the song, located in the mountains of northeast Pennsylvania. The races were resumed nearby in 1965 as a footrace, without horses. The Pennsylvania Historical Society confirmed that Foster traveled through the small town and afterwards wrote the song. The Bradford County Historical Society documents Foster attending school in nearby Towanda and Athens in 1840 and 1841. The schools were located {{Convert|5|mi|0}} from the racetrack. The current annual running of the Camptown Races was replaced by a {{Convert|6.2|mi|0|adj=on}} track covering rough lumbering trails.<ref name="upi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/10/Another-Doo-dah-day-in-Camptown/8031400478400/|title=Another 'Doo-dah-day' in Camptown|date=10 September 1982|website=upi.com|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>


The song was the impetus for renaming Camptown, a village of [[Clinton Township, Essex County, New Jersey]]. When the new ballad was published in 1850, some residents of the village were mortified to be associated with the bawdiness in song. The wife of the local postmaster suggested [[Irvington, New Jersey|Irvington]], to commemorate writer [[Washington Irving]], which was adopted in 1852.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Siegel |first = Alan A. |title = History of Irvington |publisher = Township of Irvingon |url = https://irvington.net/township/history/ |access-date = 21 January 2018 |archive-date = 21 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222428/https://irvington.net/township/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
The song was the impetus for renaming Camptown, a village of [[Clinton Township, Essex County, New Jersey]]. When the new ballad was published in 1850, some residents of the village were mortified to be associated with the bawdiness in song. The wife of the local postmaster suggested [[Irvington, New Jersey|Irvington]], to commemorate writer [[Washington Irving]], which was adopted in 1852.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Siegel |first = Alan A. |title = History of Irvington |publisher = Township of Irvingon |url = https://irvington.net/township/history/ |access-date = 21 January 2018 |archive-date = 21 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222428/https://irvington.net/township/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref>


⚫
F. D. Benteen later released a different version with guitar accompaniment in 1852 under the title "'''The Celebrated Ethiopian Song/Camptown Races'''". [[Louis Moreau Gottschalk]] quotes the melody in his virtuoso piano work [[The Banjo (Gottschalk)|"Grotesque Fantasie, the Banjo", op. 15]], published in 1855.<ref>New York: William Hall & son, c1855</ref>{{fcn|date=November 2024}} In 1909, composer [[Charles Ives]] incorporated the tune and other vernacular American melodies into his orchestral [[Symphony No. 2 (Ives)|Symphony No. 2]].<ref>[https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/Charles-Ives-America "Charles Ives's America"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152156/https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/Charles-Ives-America|date=2018-10-29}} Georgetown University.</ref><ref>J. Peter Burkholder. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/746629 'Quotation' and Paraphrase in Ives' Second Symphony"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/746629|date=2018-10-29}}. ''19th-Century Music'', Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3–25. {{JSTOR|746629}}. Accessed 26 July 2013.</ref>
== Recordings ==
In one of the most widely familiar uses of "Camptown Races" in popular culture, the ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' and ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' cartoon character [[Foghorn Leghorn]] frequently hums the tune to himself (breaking into song only for the "Doo-Dah" refrain) in most of the 28 cartoons the character appears in, produced between 1946 and 1963. Occasionally, he would also sing his own lyrics if they were related to what he was doing at the moment. Leghorn was not based on a minstrel character, but on [[Kenny Delmar]]'s popular radio character, the overbearing Southerner [[Senator Claghorn]].<ref>""It's a Joke, Son!"", AFI Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States 1, University of California Press, 1971, p. 1190, {{ISBN|9780520215214}}</ref>


==Recordings and uses==
⚫
The song was revived on a number of occasions in the twentieth century with recordings by [[Bing Crosby]] (recorded December 9, 1940),<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Bing Crosby Discography|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|access-date=August 5, 2017|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005054653/http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Johnny Mercer]] (1945),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Johnny-Mercer-And-The-Pied-Pipers-With-Paul-Weston-And-His-Orchestra-Surprise-Party-Camptown-Races/release/3295886|title=Johnny Mercer And The Pied Pipers With Paul Weston And His Orchestra&nbsp;– Surprise Party / Camptown Races|website=Discogs|date=October 1945|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908020004/https://www.discogs.com/Johnny-Mercer-And-The-Pied-Pipers-With-Paul-Weston-And-His-Orchestra-Surprise-Party-Camptown-Races/release/3295886|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al Jolson]] (recorded July 17, 1950),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jolson.org/|title=Al Jolson Society Official Website|website=www.jolson.org|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=23 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023192924/http://www.jolson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Julie London]] (included in her album ''[[Swing Me an Old Song]]''&nbsp;– 1959), and [[Frankie Laine]] (included in his album ''Deuces Wild''&nbsp;– 1961).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Frankie-Laine-Deuces-Wild/master/642785|title=Frankie Laine&nbsp;– Deuces Wild|website=Discogs|date=1962|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015957/https://www.discogs.com/Frankie-Laine-Deuces-Wild/master/642785|url-status=live}}</ref>
As one of the most popular folk tunes, "Camptown Races" has been reference repeatedly in cinema, television and other means of media. Like many of Foster's songs, it was originally recorded on the phonograph in the early twentieth century;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haines |first=Kathryn Miller |date=2012 |title=Stephen Foster's Music in Motion Pictures and Television |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |journal=American Music |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=373–388 |doi=10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |jstor=10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |s2cid=190438192 |issn=0734-4392}}</ref> 1911 saw its first recording, by [[Billy Murray (singer)|Billy Murray]], originally sung with the [[American Quartet (ensemble)|American Quartet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Camptown Races by Billy Murray |website=SecondHandSongs |url=https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/185330 |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en}}</ref> The 1939 biopic about Foster ''[[Swanee River (1939 film)|Swanee River]]'' prominently features a performance of the tune by [[Al Jolson]]. A favourite in twentieth-century cartoons,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haines |first=Kathryn Miller |date=2012 |title=Stephen Foster's Music in Motion Pictures and Television |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |journal=American Music |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=373–388 |doi=10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |jstor=10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |s2cid=190438192 |issn=0734-4392}}</ref> the ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' and ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' character [[Foghorn Leghorn]] frequently hums the tune to himself in most of the 28 cartoons he appears in, produced between 1946 and 1963.<ref>"It's a Joke, Son!", AFI Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States 1, University of California Press, 1971, p. 1190, {{ISBN|9780520215214}}</ref> The [[Bugs Bunny]] shorts ''[[Mississippi Hare]]'' and ''[[Southern Fried Rabbit]]'' relate to the song's Southern heritage to portray stereotypes of African Americans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haines |first=Kathryn Miller |date=2012 |title=Stephen Foster's Music in Motion Pictures and Television |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |journal=American Music |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=373–388 |doi=10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |jstor=10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373 |s2cid=190438192 |issn=0734-4392}}</ref> Many Western films, such as ''[[Riding High (1950 film)|Riding High]]'', ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'' and ''[[Sweet Savage (film)|Sweet Savage]]'', feature brief singing performances of "Camptown Races".<ref>{{Cite web |last=xies |date=2015-04-22 |title=Camptown Races |url=https://pages.stolaf.edu/americanmusic/tag/camptown-races/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Music 345: Race, Identity, and Representation in American Music |language=en-US}}</ref> The tune is additionally featured in certain episodes of modern television series, including ''[[Recess (TV series)|Disney's Recess]]'' (in Season 4, Episode 23), ''[[Toy Story Toons]]'' (Episode 2), ''[[South Park]]'' (Season 17, Episode 10), ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'' (Season 5, Episode 9) and ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'' (Season 13, Episode 21).

{{Listen
Country music singer [[Kenny Rogers]] recorded the song in 1970 with his group, [[Kenny Rogers and The First Edition|The First Edition]], on their album ''[[Tell It All Brother]]'' under the title of "Camptown Ladies".
| filename = Gwine to Run all Night (Harry C. Browne, 1916).ogg

| title = "Gwine to Run All Night" by Harry C. Browne (1916)
== In popular culture ==
| description = 1916 phonographic record of "Camptown Races" by Harry C. Browne
{{excessive examples|section|date=February 2023}}
}}
* "[[Two World Wars and One World Cup]]" is a [[football song]] sung by supporters of the [[England national football team]] to the tune of "Camptown Races" as part of the [[England–Germany football rivalry]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bluffer's Guide To Football |last=Mason |first=Mark |year=2005 |publisher=Oval Projects Ltd |isbn=978-1-903096-49-9 |page=28}}</ref>
* The song was quoted briefly in the background music in a segment from the [[2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] where 50 Olympic pictograms were depicted by actors in blue suits. "Camptown Races" is briefly heard when depicting the pictograms for the [[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] events; Dressage, Eventing, and Jumping.{{cn|date=February 2023}}


⚫
The song was revived on a number of occasions in the twentieth century with recordings by [[Bing Crosby]] (recorded December 9, 1940),<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Bing Crosby Discography|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|access-date=August 5, 2017|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005054653/http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Johnny Mercer]] (1945),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Johnny-Mercer-And-The-Pied-Pipers-With-Paul-Weston-And-His-Orchestra-Surprise-Party-Camptown-Races/release/3295886|title=Johnny Mercer And The Pied Pipers With Paul Weston And His Orchestra&nbsp;– Surprise Party / Camptown Races|website=Discogs|date=October 1945|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908020004/https://www.discogs.com/Johnny-Mercer-And-The-Pied-Pipers-With-Paul-Weston-And-His-Orchestra-Surprise-Party-Camptown-Races/release/3295886|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al Jolson]] (recorded July 17, 1950),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jolson.org/|title=Al Jolson Society Official Website|website=www.jolson.org|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=23 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023192924/http://www.jolson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Julie London]] (included in her album ''[[Swing Me an Old Song]]'', 1959), and [[Frankie Laine]] (included in his album ''Deuces Wild'', 1961).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Frankie-Laine-Deuces-Wild/master/642785|title=Frankie Laine&nbsp;– Deuces Wild|website=Discogs|date=1962|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015957/https://www.discogs.com/Frankie-Laine-Deuces-Wild/master/642785|url-status=live}}</ref> Country music singer [[Kenny Rogers]] recorded the song in 1970 with his group, [[Kenny Rogers and The First Edition|The First Edition]], on their album ''[[Tell It All Brother]]'' under the title of "Camptown Ladies". The [[Football chant|football song]] "[[Two World Wars and One World Cup]]" is set the tune of "Camptown Races", chanted as part of the [[England–Germany football rivalry]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Mark |title=Bluffer's Guide To Football |publisher=Oval Projects |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-903096-49-9 |page=28}}</ref>
=== Film ===
* 1938 ''[[Holiday (1938 film)|Holiday]]''&nbsp;– played on banjo by [[Lew Ayres]] and sung by Lew Ayres, [[Katharine Hepburn]], [[Jean Dixon]] and [[Edward Everett Horton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0030241/soundtrack|title=Holiday (1938)|access-date=7 September 2018|via=www.imdb.com|archive-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907212342/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0030241/soundtrack|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1939 ''[[Swanee River (1939 film)|Swanee River]]''&nbsp;– sung by Al Jolson
* 1950 ''[[Riding High (1950 film)|Riding High]]''&nbsp;– sung by Bing Crosby, [[Coleen Gray]], [[Clarence Muse]], and children
* 1952 [[O. Henry's Full House]] is an anthology film wherein the second segment, "The Clarion Call", based on [[O Henry]]'s 1908 short story of the same name, has a plot involving a Yonkers detective (played by [[Dale Robertson]]) tracking down a murderer (played by [[Richard Widmark]]) with the only clue being a golden pencil inscribed with the words "Camptown Races". The song is sung by Widmark. This segment is directed by [[Henry Hathaway]].
* 1974 ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'' – sung by Lyle ([[Burton Gilliam]]) and his henchmen, and later by Sheriff Bart ([[Cleavon Little]])
* 1978 ''[[Sweet Savage (film)|Sweet Savage]]''&nbsp;– X-rated movie in the style of a Western
* 1982 ''[[Creepshow]]'' – instrumental only at a slower tempo during the segment "Something to Tide You Over"
* 1987 ''[[The Stepfather (1987 film)|The Stepfather]]'' whistled by Jerry Blake ([[Terry O'Quinn]])
* 1989 ''[[Stepfather II]]'' (aka ''Stepfather II:Make Room for Daddy''), whistled by Jerry Blake/Dr Gene Clifford ([[Terry O'Quinn]]), Todd Grayland ([[Jonathan Brandis]]) and Sam Watkins (John O'Leary)
* 1992 ''[[Stepfather III]]'', aka ''Stepfather III : Father's Day'', whistled by Keith Grant ([[Robert Wightman]])
* 1997 ''[[Waiting for Guffman]]''&nbsp;– sung by [[Eugene Levy]]'s character, Dr. Allan Pearl
* 1999 ''[[Passion (1999 film)|Passion]]''&nbsp;– sung by two characters then played on piano by [[Richard Roxburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0148583/|title=Passion (1999)|access-date=6 October 2018|via=www.imdb.com|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325124313/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0148583/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2004 ''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]]'' – heard briefly when the Goofy Goober's restaurant appears.
* 2006 ''[[Night at the Museum]]''
* 2010 ''[[The King's Speech]]''&nbsp;– sung by [[Colin Firth]] and [[Geoffrey Rush]].


The chorus of "Camptown Races" was also featured heavily in 1998 by the band [[Squirrel Nut Zippers]] track and music video entitled "The Ghost of Stephen Foster".
=== Television ===
* 1948 ''[[Screen Songs]]'' appears in the episode "Camptown Races." The episode depicts a cartoon blackface minstrel show with anthropomorphic animals who sing an altered version of the song.
* 1955–1975 ''[[Gunsmoke (TV series)]]'' background jingle playing in several episodes on the player piano inside the Long Branch saloon
* 1962 [[Top Cat]] sung by the gang to divert Officer Dibble's attention.
* 1996 ''[[Lisa the Iconoclast]]'' sung by Chief Wiggum
* 2000 ''[[Recess (TV series)|Disney's Recess]]'' in episode "Old Folks Home" (S4E23A), Mikey sings this song
* 2011 ''[[Toy Story Toons]]'' in Episode 2, "Small Fry", a small version of Buzz Lightyear sings an altered version of the song.
* 2012 ''[[Dance Like Nobody's Watching (30 Rock)]]'' (S6E1) sung by a contestant on the fictional show America's Kidz Got Singing during the final scene of the episode
* 2013 ''[[South Park]]'' Season 17, Episode 10 "The Hobbit", Butters briefly sings a verse while at his locker.
* Michael Scott sings this in season 5, episode 9 of [[The Office]].
* In ''[[Camp Lazlo]]'', Camp Kidney's Bean Scout Chorus sings it, burping some of the lyrics. Lazlo has trouble with his part, burping "bay".
* In ''[[Brickleberry]]'', it was sung by Ethel Anderson while dressed in blackface in season 2, episode 7, "My Way or the Highway".
* In ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'' season 13, Episode 21, Lucifer sings the song to Rowena in order to anger her.


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Public domain music]]
[[Category:Public domain music]]
[[Category:Songs about horses]]
[[Category:Songs about horses]]
[[Category:American children's songs]]
[[Category:Traditional children's songs]]
[[Category:Songs of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Songs about Pennsylvania]]

Latest revision as of 07:36, 4 December 2024

"Camptown Races"
Original sheet music cover
Song by Stephen Foster
Written1850
PublishedFebruary 1850
GenreMinstrel show

"De Camptown Races" or "Gwine to Run All Night" (nowadays popularly known as "Camptown Races") is a folk song by American Romantic composer Stephen Foster. It was published in February 1850 by F. D. Benteen and was introduced to the American mainstream by Christy's Minstrels, eventually becoming one of the most popular folk/Americana tunes of the nineteenth century.[1][2] It is Roud Folk Song Index no. 11768.[3]

Composition

[edit]

Historians cite the village of Camptown, Pennsylvania, as the basis for the song, located in the mountains of northeast Pennsylvania. The races were resumed nearby in 1965 as a footrace, without horses. The Pennsylvania Historical Society confirmed that Foster traveled through the small town and afterwards wrote the song. The Bradford County Historical Society documents Foster attending school in nearby Towanda and Athens in 1840 and 1841. The schools were located 5 miles (8 km) from the racetrack. The current annual running of the Camptown Races was replaced by a 6.2-mile (10 km) track covering rough lumbering trails.[4]

Richard Jackson was curator[5] of the Americana Collection at New York Public Library; he writes:

Foster quite specifically tailored the song for use on the minstrel stage. He composed it as a piece for solo voice with group interjections and refrain ... his dialect verses have all the wild exaggeration and rough charm of folk tale as well as some of his most vivid imagery ... Together with "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races" is one of the gems of the minstrel era.[6][7][8]

The lyrics talk about a group of transients in a camp town who bet on horses to try to make some money. Being that betting on horses was considered immoral, the "Camptown ladies" may also have been shady. Despite the minstrel tradition being widely considered racist, this and other songs written during that period have managed to remain standards in the American national repertory.[1]

"Camptown Races" is written in imperfect African American Vernacular English. The lyrics portray the dialect of a stereotypical African American; for example, "de" and "gwine" recur.[9]

Lyrics

[edit]
Original lyrics by Stephen Foster (1850)[10] Adapted modern lyrics[11]

De Camptown ladies sing dis song, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
De Camptown race-track five miles long, Oh, doo-dah day!
I come down dah wid my hat caved in, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
I go back home wid a pocket full of tin, Oh, doo-dah day!

CHORUS
Gwine to run all night!
Gwine to run all day!
I'll bet my money on de bob-tail nag,
Somebody bet on de bay.

De long tail filly and de big black hoss, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Dey fly de track and dey both cut across, Oh, doo-dah-day!
De blind hoss sticken in a big mud hole, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Can't touch bottom wid a ten foot pole, Oh, doo-dah day!

CHORUS

Old muley cow come on to de track, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
De bob-tail fling her ober his back, Oh, doo-dah-day!
Den fly along like a rail-road car, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Runnin' a race wid a shootin' star, Oh, doo-dah-day!

CHORUS

See dem flyin' on a ten mile heat, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Round de race track, den repeat, Oh, doo-dah-day!
I win my money on de bob-tail nag, Doo-dah!, doo-dah!
I keep my money in an old tow bag, Oh, doo-dah-day!

CHORUS

Camptown ladies sing this song, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Camptown race-track five miles long, Oh, doo-dah day!
I come down here with my hat caved in, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
I go back home with a pocket full of tin, Oh, doo-dah day!

CHORUS
Gonna run all night!
Gonna run all day!
I'll bet my money on the bob-tail nag,
Somebody bet on the bay.

The long tail filly and the big black hoss, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
They fly the track and they both cut across, Oh, doo-dah-day!
The blind hoss sticken in a big mud hole, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Can't touch bottom with a ten foot pole, Oh, doo-dah day!

CHORUS

Old muley cow come on to the track, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
The bob-tail fling her over his back, Oh, doo-dah-day!
Then fly along like a rail-road car, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Runnin' a race with a shootin' star, Oh, doo-dah-day!

CHORUS

See them flyin' on a ten mile heat, Doo-dah! doo-dah!
Round the race track, then repeat, Oh, doo-dah-day!
I win my money on the bob-tail nag, Doo-dah!, doo-dah!
I keep my money in an old tow bag, Oh, doo-dah-day!

CHORUS

Reception

[edit]
"Camptown Races" was introduced by the Christy's Minstrels in 1850

In The Americana Song Reader, William Emmett Studwell writes that the song was introduced by the Christy Minstrels, noting that Foster's "nonsense lyrics are much of the charm of this bouncy and enduring bit of Americana", and the song was a big hit with minstrel troupes throughout the country. Foster's music was used for derivatives that include "Banks of the Sacramento", "A Capital Ship" (1875), and a pro-Lincoln parody introduced during the 1860 presidential campaign.[12]

Richard Crawford observes in America's Musical Life that the song resembles Dan Emmett's "Old Dan Tucker", and he suggests that Foster used Emmett's piece as a model. Both songs feature contrast between a high instrumental register with a low vocal one, comic exaggeration, hyperbole, verse and refrain, call and response, and syncopation. However, Foster's melody is "jaunty and tuneful" while Emmett's is "driven and aggressive". Crawford points out that the differences in the two songs represent two different musical styles, as well as a shift in minstrelsy from the rough spirit and "muscular, unlyrical music" of the 1840s, to a more genteel spirit and lyricism with an expanding repertoire that included sad songs, sentimental and love songs, and parodies of opera. Crawford explains that, by mid-century, the "noisy, impromptu entertainments" characteristic of Dan Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels were passé and the minstrel stage was changing to a "restrained and balanced kind of spectacle".[13]

Keystone Marker for Camptown, 4.2 miles north of Wyalusing, Pennsylvania[14][15]

The song was the impetus for renaming Camptown, a village of Clinton Township, Essex County, New Jersey. When the new ballad was published in 1850, some residents of the village were mortified to be associated with the bawdiness in song. The wife of the local postmaster suggested Irvington, to commemorate writer Washington Irving, which was adopted in 1852.[16]

F. D. Benteen later released a different version with guitar accompaniment in 1852 under the title "The Celebrated Ethiopian Song/Camptown Races". Louis Moreau Gottschalk quotes the melody in his virtuoso piano work "Grotesque Fantasie, the Banjo", op. 15, published in 1855.[17][full citation needed] In 1909, composer Charles Ives incorporated the tune and other vernacular American melodies into his orchestral Symphony No. 2.[18][19]

Recordings and uses

[edit]

As one of the most popular folk tunes, "Camptown Races" has been reference repeatedly in cinema, television and other means of media. Like many of Foster's songs, it was originally recorded on the phonograph in the early twentieth century;[20] 1911 saw its first recording, by Billy Murray, originally sung with the American Quartet.[21] The 1939 biopic about Foster Swanee River prominently features a performance of the tune by Al Jolson. A favourite in twentieth-century cartoons,[22] the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies character Foghorn Leghorn frequently hums the tune to himself in most of the 28 cartoons he appears in, produced between 1946 and 1963.[23] The Bugs Bunny shorts Mississippi Hare and Southern Fried Rabbit relate to the song's Southern heritage to portray stereotypes of African Americans.[24] Many Western films, such as Riding High, Blazing Saddles and Sweet Savage, feature brief singing performances of "Camptown Races".[25] The tune is additionally featured in certain episodes of modern television series, including Disney's Recess (in Season 4, Episode 23), Toy Story Toons (Episode 2), South Park (Season 17, Episode 10), The Office (Season 5, Episode 9) and Supernatural (Season 13, Episode 21).

"Gwine to Run All Night" by Harry C. Browne (1916)
1916 phonographic record of "Camptown Races" by Harry C. Browne
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The song was revived on a number of occasions in the twentieth century with recordings by Bing Crosby (recorded December 9, 1940),[26] Johnny Mercer (1945),[27] Al Jolson (recorded July 17, 1950),[28] Julie London (included in her album Swing Me an Old Song, 1959), and Frankie Laine (included in his album Deuces Wild, 1961).[29] Country music singer Kenny Rogers recorded the song in 1970 with his group, The First Edition, on their album Tell It All Brother under the title of "Camptown Ladies". The football song "Two World Wars and One World Cup" is set the tune of "Camptown Races", chanted as part of the England–Germany football rivalry.[30]

The chorus of "Camptown Races" was also featured heavily in 1998 by the band Squirrel Nut Zippers track and music video entitled "The Ghost of Stephen Foster".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Who Wrote the American Folk Song 'Camptown Races'?". LiveAbout. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  2. ^ Story Behind the Song | Camptown Races | by Ukulele Mele. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 2024-02-01 – via YouTube.
  3. ^ "Roud Folk Song Index". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  4. ^ "Another 'Doo-dah-day' in Camptown". UPI. 10 September 1982. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  5. ^ "A Century of Music at The New York Public Library". The New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  6. ^ Richard Jackson (ed.). 1974. Stephen Foster Song Book: original sheet music of 40 songs. Courier Dover Publications. p. 174.
  7. ^ "Stephen Foster Song Book". store.doverpublications.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  8. ^ Foster, Stephen Collins; Jackson, Richard (7 September 1974). Stephen Foster Song Book: Original Sheet Music of 40 Songs. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486230481. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2018 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ Bauer, Bryanna (2018-03-07). "The Catchy Past: Separating the Song from the History". Music 345: Race, Identity, and Representation in American Music. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  10. ^ "Camptown Races". Song of America. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  11. ^ "Camptown Races: Song Lyrics and Sound Clip". www.songsforteaching.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  12. ^ William Emmett Studwell. The Americana Song Reader. Psychology Press. p. 63.
  13. ^ Richard Crawford. 2001. America's Musical Life: a history. W. W. Norton. pp. 210–211.
  14. ^ "Camptown Races Historical Marker". WITF-TV and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  15. ^ "Bradford County Historical Society". www.bradfordhistory.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  16. ^ Siegel, Alan A. "History of Irvington". Township of Irvingon. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  17. ^ New York: William Hall & son, c1855
  18. ^ "Charles Ives's America". Archived 2018-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Georgetown University.
  19. ^ J. Peter Burkholder. "'Quotation' and Paraphrase in Ives' Second Symphony". Archived 2018-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. 19th-Century Music, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3–25. JSTOR 746629. Accessed 26 July 2013.
  20. ^ Haines, Kathryn Miller (2012). "Stephen Foster's Music in Motion Pictures and Television". American Music. 30 (3): 373–388. doi:10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373. S2CID 190438192.
  21. ^ "Camptown Races by Billy Murray". SecondHandSongs. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  22. ^ Haines, Kathryn Miller (2012). "Stephen Foster's Music in Motion Pictures and Television". American Music. 30 (3): 373–388. doi:10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373. S2CID 190438192.
  23. ^ "It's a Joke, Son!", AFI Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States 1, University of California Press, 1971, p. 1190, ISBN 9780520215214
  24. ^ Haines, Kathryn Miller (2012). "Stephen Foster's Music in Motion Pictures and Television". American Music. 30 (3): 373–388. doi:10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 10.5406/americanmusic.30.3.0373. S2CID 190438192.
  25. ^ xies (2015-04-22). "Camptown Races". Music 345: Race, Identity, and Representation in American Music. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  26. ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  27. ^ "Johnny Mercer And The Pied Pipers With Paul Weston And His Orchestra – Surprise Party / Camptown Races". Discogs. October 1945. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  28. ^ "Al Jolson Society Official Website". www.jolson.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  29. ^ "Frankie Laine – Deuces Wild". Discogs. 1962. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  30. ^ Mason, Mark (2005). Bluffer's Guide To Football. Oval Projects. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-903096-49-9.
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