State governments of India: Difference between revisions

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State Governments of India are the governments ruling over the 28 states and 3 union territories (8 union territories of India but 3 union territories have Legislative Assembly as well as governments) of India with the head of Council of Ministers in every state being the Chief Minister. Power is divided between the Union government (federal government) and the state governments.

Each state has a legislative assembly. A state legislature that has one house – the State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – is a unicameral legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) – is a bicameral legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the lower house and corresponds to the Lok Sabha while the Vidhan Parishad is the upper house and corresponds to the Rajya Sabha of the Parliament of India.

While the Union government handles defence, external affairs etc., the state government deals with internal security and other state issues. Income for the Union government is from customs duty, excise tax, income tax etc., while state government income comes from sales tax (VAT), stamp duty etc.; now these have been subsumed under the various components of the Goods and Services Tax.

The Sarkaria Commission was set up to review the balance of power between states' and the Union governments. The Union government can dissolve a state government in favour of President's rule if necessary, subject to certain conditions, as ruled by the Supreme Court of India in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India. It is for 5 years only.

Legislative

For every state, there is a legislature, which consists of a Governor and either one or two houses.^[1]

State/Union Territory	Legislature type	Size
State/Union Territory	Legislature type	Lower^[2]	Upper^[3]	Total
Andhra Pradesh	Bicameral	175	58	233
Arunachal Pradesh	Unicameral	60	—	60
Assam	Unicameral	126	—	126
Bihar	Bicameral	243	75	318
Chhattisgarh	Unicameral	90	—	90
Delhi	Unicameral	70	—	70
Goa	Unicameral	40	—	40
Gujarat	Unicameral	182	—	182
Haryana	Unicameral	90	—	90
Himachal Pradesh	Unicameral	68	—	68
Jammu and Kashmir	Unicameral	90	—	90
Jharkhand	Unicameral	81	—	81
Karnataka	Bicameral	224	75	299
Kerala	Unicameral	140	—	140
Madhya Pradesh	Unicameral	230	—	230
Maharashtra	Bicameral	288	78	366
Manipur	Unicameral	60	—	60
Meghalaya	Unicameral	60	—	60
Mizoram	Unicameral	40	—	40
Nagaland	Unicameral	60	—	60
Odisha	Unicameral	147	—	147
Puducherry	Unicameral	30^[a]	—	33
Punjab	Unicameral	117	—	117
Rajasthan	Unicameral	200	—	200
Sikkim	Unicameral	32	—	32
Tamil Nadu	Unicameral	234	—	234
Telangana	Bicameral	119	40	159
Tripura	Unicameral	60	—	60
Uttar Pradesh	Bicameral	403	100	503
Uttarakhand	Unicameral	70	—	70
West Bengal	Unicameral	294	—	294
Total	—	4,123	426	4,547

^ 3 additional seats are nominated by Government of India

Legislative Council

6 out of 28 states have bicameral legislatures, namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh, with the remaining states having a unicameral one. Parliament may, by law, provide for the abolition of an existing Legislative Council or for the creation of one where it does not exist, if the proposal is supported by a resolution of the Legislative Assembly of the state concerned.

The Legislative Council of a state comprises not more than one-third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly of the state and in no case fewer than 40 members. About one-third of members of the Council are elected by members of the legislative assembly from amongst persons who are not its members, one-third by electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities in the state, one-twelfth by an electorate consisting of persons who have been, for at least three years, engaged in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower in standard than secondary school and a further one-twelfth by registered graduates of more than three years' standing. Remaining members are nominated by the Governor from among those who have distinguished themselves in literature, science, art, cooperative movement and social service. Legislative Councils are not subject to dissolution but one-third of their members retire every second year.

Legislative councils by ruling parties

Bharatiya Janata Party (2)

NDA (BJP led alliance) (2)

Indian National Congress (2)

INDIA (INC led alliance) (0)

No legislative council (30)

Ruling party		States/UTs
NDA (4)^[4]
	Bharatiya Janata Party	2
	Telugu Desam Party	1
	Janata Dal (United)	1
INDIA (2)^[5]
	Indian National Congress	2

The Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance is in power in 4 legislative councils; the Indian National Congress-led Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance is in power in 2 legislative councils; and 30 other states/union territories do not have a legislative council.

Legislative Assembly

The Legislative Assembly of a state consists of not more than 500 and not fewer than 60 members (Legislative Assembly of Sikkim has 32 members, while Puducherry has 33, Goa and Mizoram have 40 seats each vide Article 371F of the Constitution) chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the state. Demarcation of territorial constituencies is to be done in such a manner that the ratio between population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the state. The term of an assembly is five years unless it is dissolved earlier.

Legislative assemblies by ruling parties

Bharatiya Janata Party (14)

NDA (6)

Indian National Congress (3)

INDIA (7)

Others (1)

No legislature (5)

Ruling party		States/UTs
NDA (20)^[6]
	Bharatiya Janata Party	14
	Telugu Desam Party	1
	Janata Dal (United)	1
	All India N.R. Congress	1
	Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party	1
	National People's Party	1
	Sikkim Krantikari Morcha	1
INDIA (10)^[7]
	Indian National Congress	3
	Aam Aadmi Party	2
	All India Trinamool Congress	1
	Communist Party of India (Marxist)	1
	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	1
	Jammu & Kashmir National Conference	1
	Jharkhand Mukti Morcha	1
Others(1)
	Zoram People's Movement	1

The Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance is in power in 20 legislative assemblies; the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance is in power in 10 legislative assemblies; 1 legislative assemblies are ruled by other parties/alliances; and 5 union territories do not have a legislative assembly.

Powers and Functions

State legislature has exclusive powers over subjects enumerated in the State List (List II of the Seventh Schedule) of the Constitution and concurrent powers over those enumerated in sub List III. Financial powers of legislature include authorization of all expenditure, taxation and borrowing by the state government. The Legislative Assembly alone has the power to originate money bills. The Legislative Council can only make recommendations in respect of changes it considers necessary within a period of fourteen days of the receipt of money bills from the Legislative Assembly, which can accept or reject these recommendations.

The Governor of a state may reserve any Bill for the consideration of the President. Bills relating to subjects like the compulsory acquisition of property, measures affecting powers and position of High Courts, and the imposition of taxes on storage, distribution, and sale of water or electricity in Inter-state River or river valley development projects should necessarily be so reserved. No Bills seeking to impose restrictions on inter-state trade can be introduced in a state legislature without the previous sanction of the President.

State legislatures, apart from exercising the usual power of financial control, use all normal parliamentary devices like questions, discussions, debates, adjournments, and no-confidence motions and resolutions to keep a watch over the day-to-day work of the executive. They also have their own committees on estimates and public accounts to ensure that grants sanctioned by the legislature are properly utilized.

There are, overall, 4,121 legislative assembly seats in states and Union territories of India.^[8]^[9]^[10] Andhra Pradesh abolished its Legislative Council in 1984, but set up a new Legislative Council following elections in 2007.^[11]

Executive

The state executive^[12] consists of a Governor and the State Council of Ministers, with the Chief Minister as its head.

Governor

The Governor of a state is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years and holds office during their pleasure. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment to this office.

Executive power of the state is vested in the Governor. All Governors are obligated to discharge their constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister of a state, sending a report to the President on the failure of the Constitutional machinery in a state or in respect of matters relating to assent to passing a bill in the state assembly.

Similarly, in respect of Arunachal Pradesh, its Governor has special responsibility under Article 371H of the Constitution with respect to law and order and in discharge of his functions in relation thereto. The Governor exercises his individual judgement as to the action to be taken after consulting the Council of Ministers. These are, however, temporary provisions. If the President of India, on receipt of a report from Governor or otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for the Governor to have special responsibilities with respect to law and order, he may so direct by an order.

Likewise, in the Sixth Schedule which applies to tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram as specified in para 20 of that Schedule, discretionary powers are given to the Governor in matters relating to sharing of royalties between the district councils and the state government. The Sixth Schedule vests additional discretionary powers in the Governors of Mizoram and Tripura in almost all their functions (except approving regulations for levy of taxes and money lending by non-tribal district councils) since December 1998. In Sikkim, the Governor has been given special responsibility for peace and social and economic advancement of different sections of population.

Council Of Ministers

The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor, who also appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the state.

The Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head aids and advises the Governor in exercise of his functions except in so far as he is by or under the Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them at his discretion. In respect of Nagaland, its Governor has special responsibility under Article 371 A of the Constitution with respect to law and order and even though it is necessary for him to consult Council of Ministers in matters relating to law and order, he can exercise his individual judgement as to the action to be taken.

Judiciary

State High courts have jurisdiction over the whole state, but report to the Supreme Court of India, which may override the high court's judgments and rulings.

List of current state governments

State/Union territory	Governor/Lt. Governor	Chief Minister	Political Alliance
Andhra Pradesh	Syed Abdul Nazeer	N. Chandrababu Naidu	NDA	Telugu Desam Party
Arunachal Pradesh	Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik	Pema Khandu	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Assam	Lakshaman Acharya	Himanta Biswa Sarma	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Bihar	Rajendra Arlekar	Nitish Kumar	NDA	Janata Dal (United)
Chhattisgarh	Ramen Deka	Vishnu Deo Sai	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Delhi	Vinai Kumar Saxena	Atishi Marlena	(INDIA)	Aam Aadmi Party
Goa	P. S. Sreedharan Pillai	Pramod Sawant	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Gujarat	Acharya Devvrat	Bhupendrabhai Patel	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Haryana	Bandaru Dattatreya	Nayab Singh Saini	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Himachal Pradesh	Shiv Pratap Shukla	Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu	INDIA	Indian National Congress
Jammu and Kashmir	Manoj Sinha	Omar Abdullah	INDIA	Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
Jharkhand	Santosh Gangwar	Hemant Soren	INDIA	Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Karnataka	Thawar Chand Gehlot	Siddaramaiah	INDIA	Indian National Congress
Kerala	Arif Mohammad Khan	Pinarayi Vijayan	(INDIA)	Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Madhya Pradesh	Mangubhai C. Patel	Mohan Yadav	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Maharashtra	C. P. Radhakrishnan	Devendra Fadnavis	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Manipur	Lakshaman Acharya (additional charge)	N. Biren Singh	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Meghalaya	C. H. Vijayashankar	Conrad Sangma	NDA	National People's Party
Mizoram	Kambhampati Hari Babu	Lalduhoma		Zoram People's Movement
Nagaland	La. Ganesan	Neiphiu Rio	NDA	Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
Odisha	Raghubar Das	Mohan Charan Majhi	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Puducherry	Kuniyil Kailashnathan	N. Rangaswamy	NDA	All India N.R. Congress
Punjab	Gulab Chand Kataria	Bhagwant Mann	(INDIA)	Aam Aadmi Party
Rajasthan	Haribhau Bagade	Bhajan Lal Sharma	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Sikkim	Om Prakash Mathur	Prem Singh Tamang	(NDA)	Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
Tamil Nadu	R. N. Ravi	M. K. Stalin	INDIA	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Telangana	Jishnu Dev Varma	Revanth Reddy	INDIA	Indian National Congress
Tripura	N. Indrasena Reddy	Manik Saha	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Uttar Pradesh	Anandiben Patel	Yogi Adityanath	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
Uttarakhand	Gurmit Singh	Pushkar Singh Dhami	NDA	Bharatiya Janata Party
West Bengal	C. V. Ananda Bose	Mamata Banerjee	(INDIA)	Trinamool Congress

References

^ "Home | Know India: National Portal of India". Know India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
^ "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "List of State Legislative Councils of India". Jagranjosh.com. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Explained: The 38 parties in the NDA fold". The Indian Express. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ Ghosh, Sanchari (19 July 2023). "INDIA from UPA: Opposition's push for a new name explained". mint. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ "Explained: The 38 parties in the NDA fold". The Indian Express. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ Ghosh, Sanchari (19 July 2023). "INDIA from UPA: Opposition's push for a new name explained". mint. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ "Glass ceilings in State Cabinets". The Hindu.
^ "Election Commission of India". eci.nic.in.
^ "Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India" (PDF). socialjustice.nic.in.
^ "Legislature". www.aplegislature.org.
^ "The Polity : The States -Profile - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012.

[4] 3 additional seats are nominated by Government of India

[1] "Home | Know India: National Portal of India". Know India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2022.

[2] "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[3] "List of State Legislative Councils of India". Jagranjosh.com. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[5] "Explained: The 38 parties in the NDA fold". The Indian Express. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

[6] Ghosh, Sanchari (19 July 2023). "INDIA from UPA: Opposition's push for a new name explained". mint. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

[7] "Explained: The 38 parties in the NDA fold". The Indian Express. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

[8] Ghosh, Sanchari (19 July 2023). "INDIA from UPA: Opposition's push for a new name explained". mint. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

[9] "Glass ceilings in State Cabinets". The Hindu.

[10] "Election Commission of India". eci.nic.in.

[11] "Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India" (PDF). socialjustice.nic.in.

[aplegislature.org-12] "Legislature". www.aplegislature.org.

[13] "The Polity : The States -Profile - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012.

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v t e State governments of India
State governments	Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal
Union territories	Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry

v t e Government of India
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