Siege of St. Augustine (1740): Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Battle during the War of Jenkin's Ear}} |
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{{For|the siege during [[Queen Anne's War]]|Siege of St. Augustine (1702)}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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|image= |
|image=Fort2.jpg |
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|image_size=300px |
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|caption=''[[Castillo de San Marcos]]'' |
|caption=''[[Castillo de San Marcos]]'' |
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|conflict=Siege of St. Augustine |
|conflict=Siege of St. Augustine |
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|partof=the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] |
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|date=13 June–20 July 1740 |
|date=13 June–20 July 1740 |
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|place=[[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], [[Spanish Florida]] |
|place=[[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], [[Spanish Florida]] |
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|result= |
|result=Spanish victory |
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|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |
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|combatant2={{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Bourbon Spain|Spain]] |
|combatant2={{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Bourbon Spain|Spain]] |
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|commander1= |
|commander1=Gen. [[James Oglethorpe]]<br>[[Ahaya|Ahaya Secoffee]]<br>Cdre. Pearce |
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|commander2=[[Governor]] [[Manuel de Montiano]] |
|commander2=[[Governor]] [[Manuel de Montiano]] |
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|strength1= |
|strength1=1,000 infantry<br><small>([[Oglethorpe's Regiment]], [[Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars#War of Jenkins' Ear|Georgia Provincials]], South Carolina Provincials.)</small><br>900 sailors<br>1,200 warriors<ref>Accounts vary considerably from 900 to 2,000 with the number of Indians especially at variance from 100 to 1100.</ref><ref>Letter of Governor Montiano to the Governor of Cuba, 28 July 1740</ref><br>56 cannons<br>5 frigates<br>3 sloops<ref>Robert Beatson, ''Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783'', London, 1804, p. 20</ref> |
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|strength2= |
|strength2=750 infantry<br>50 cannons<br>1 fort<br>6 small ships |
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|casualties1=122 |
|casualties1=122 killed<br>16 captured<br>14 deserted<ref>David Marley, ''Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-0-87436-837-6}}, p. 255</ref><br>56 artillery pieces captured<br>1 schooner captured |
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|casualties2= |
|casualties2=Unknown |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear}} |
{{Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear}} |
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The ''' |
The '''siege of St. Augustine''' was a military engagement that took place during June–July 1740. It involved a [[British Empire|British]] attack on the city of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] in [[Spanish Florida]] and was a part of the much larger conflict known as the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]]. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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In September 1739, [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] sent orders to [[James Oglethorpe|Governor James Oglethorpe]] of the colony of Georgia "to annoy the Subjects of Spain in the best manner" possible. To pursue these orders, Oglethorpe encouraged his Creek allies to begin attacking Spaniards and Florida Indians. On November 13, a group of Spaniards landed on [[Amelia Island]] and killed two British soldiers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baine |first=Rodney E. |date=2000 |title=General James Oglethorpe and the Expedition Against St. Augustine |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40584271 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=197–229 |issn=0016-8297}}</ref> In response, Oglethorpe began a punitive campaign with a mixed force of British regulars ([[Oglethorpe's Regiment|the 42nd Regiment of Foot]]), colonial militia from the [[Province of Georgia]] and [[the Carolinas]], and Native American [[Creek people|Creek]], [[Chickasaw]], [https://shawnee-nsn.gov/ Shawnee] and [[Uchee]]s. The campaign began in December 1739, and by January Oglethorpe was raiding Spanish forts west of St. Augustine. In May 1740, Oglethorpe undertook an expedition to capture St. Augustine itself. In support of that objective, Oglethorpe first captured Fort San Diego, Fort Picolotta, [[Fort San Francisco de Pupo]], and [[Fort Mose Historic State Park|Fort Mose]], the first free black settlement in America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landers |first=Jane |date=1990 |title=Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=9–30 |doi=10.2307/2162952 |issn=0002-8762}}</ref> |
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==Siege== |
==Siege== |
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Oglethorpe deployed his batteries on the island of [[Anastasia Island|Santa Anastasia]] while a British [[naval squadron]] blockaded the port. On |
Oglethorpe deployed his batteries on the island of [[Anastasia Island|Santa Anastasia]] while a British [[naval squadron]] blockaded the port. On 24 June Oglethorpe began a 27-day bombardment. On 26 June a [[sortie (siege warfare)|sortie]] by 300<ref>Letter of Governor Montiano to the Governor of Cuba, 6 July 1740; Collection of the Georgia Historical Society. This letter also contains detailed and accurate intelligence from English prisoners about the large fleet and expedition that will be sent to Admiral Vernon for the attack on [[Cartagena de Indias]]: "consisting of 30 ships of the line and of a landing party of 10,000."</ref> Spanish and free blacks attacked Fort Mose held by 120 Highlander Rangers and 30 Indians. In the [[Siege of Fort Mose]], the garrison was taken by surprise with 68 killed and 34 captured while the Spanish loss was 10 killed.<ref>Report of the Committee Appointed by the General Assembly of South Carolina in 1740. On the St. Augustine Expedition under General Oglethorpe. Published by the South Carolina Historical Society. (Charleston, S.C. : Walker, Evans & Cogswell Co., Printers, Nos. 3 and 5 Broad and 117 East Bay Streets, 1887.) Extract No. 32, Deposition of Thomas Jones, survivor of the Battle of Fort Mose. His account naturally varies with that of Montiano.</ref> |
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The Spanish managed to send supply ships through the [[British Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] blockade and any hope of starving St. Augustine into capitulation was lost. Oglethorpe now planned to storm the fortress by land while the navy ships attacked the Spanish ships and half-galleys in the harbor. Commodore Pearce, however resolved to forgo the attack during hurricane season. Oglethorpe gave up the siege and returned to Georgia; abandoning his [[artillery]] during his withdrawal. |
The Spanish managed to send supply ships through the [[British Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] blockade and any hope of starving St. Augustine into capitulation was lost. Oglethorpe now planned to storm the fortress by land while the navy ships attacked the Spanish ships and half-galleys in the harbor. Commodore Pearce, however resolved to forgo the attack during hurricane season. Oglethorpe gave up the siege and returned to Georgia; abandoning his [[artillery]] during his withdrawal. |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{-}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[File:Oglethorpe Greeting the Highlanders of Darien.jpg|thumb|150px|Oglethorpe Greeting the Highlanders of Darien, the 42nd Regiment of Foot (old)]] |
[[File:Oglethorpe Greeting the Highlanders of Darien.jpg|thumb|150px|Oglethorpe Greeting the Highlanders of Darien, the 42nd Regiment of Foot (old)]] |
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*[[List of conflicts in the United States]] |
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*[[Battle of Bloody Marsh]] |
*[[Battle of Bloody Marsh]] |
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*[[Battle of Gully Hole Creek]] |
*[[Battle of Gully Hole Creek]] |
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*[[Robert Jenkins (master mariner)]] |
*[[Robert Jenkins (master mariner)]] |
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*[[The Oglethorpe Plan]] |
*[[The Oglethorpe Plan]] |
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{{coord missing|Florida}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Coord|29.8977|-81.3113|display=title}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege Of St. Augustine}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege Of St. Augustine}} |
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[[Category:Sieges involving Spain|St. Augustine]] |
[[Category:Sieges involving Spain|St. Augustine]] |
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[[Category:Spanish Florida]] |
[[Category:Spanish Florida]] |
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[[Category:Wars involving Spain|Austrian Succession]] |
[[Category:Wars involving Spain|Austrian Succession]] |
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[[Category:Wars of succession|Austrian]] |
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[[Category:History of the Royal Navy]] |
[[Category:History of the Royal Navy]] |
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[[Category:1740 in North America]] |
[[Category:1740 in North America]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:28, 4 December 2024
| Siege of St. Augustine | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War of Jenkins' Ear | |||||||
 Castillo de San Marcos | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Great Britain |
 Spain | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Gen. James Oglethorpe Ahaya Secoffee Cdre. Pearce | Governor Manuel de Montiano | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
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1,000 infantry (Oglethorpe's Regiment, Georgia Provincials, South Carolina Provincials.) 900 sailors 1,200 warriors[1][2] 56 cannons 5 frigates 3 sloops[3] |
750 infantry 50 cannons 1 fort 6 small ships | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
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122 killed 16 captured 14 deserted[4] 56 artillery pieces captured 1 schooner captured | Unknown | ||||||
The siege of St. Augustine was a military engagement that took place during June–July 1740. It involved a British attack on the city of St. Augustine in Spanish Florida and was a part of the much larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear.
Background
[edit]In September 1739, King George II sent orders to Governor James Oglethorpe of the colony of Georgia "to annoy the Subjects of Spain in the best manner" possible. To pursue these orders, Oglethorpe encouraged his Creek allies to begin attacking Spaniards and Florida Indians. On November 13, a group of Spaniards landed on Amelia Island and killed two British soldiers.[5] In response, Oglethorpe began a punitive campaign with a mixed force of British regulars (the 42nd Regiment of Foot), colonial militia from the Province of Georgia and the Carolinas, and Native American Creek, Chickasaw, Shawnee and Uchees. The campaign began in December 1739, and by January Oglethorpe was raiding Spanish forts west of St. Augustine. In May 1740, Oglethorpe undertook an expedition to capture St. Augustine itself. In support of that objective, Oglethorpe first captured Fort San Diego, Fort Picolotta, Fort San Francisco de Pupo, and Fort Mose, the first free black settlement in America.[6]
Siege
[edit]Oglethorpe deployed his batteries on the island of Santa Anastasia while a British naval squadron blockaded the port. On 24 June Oglethorpe began a 27-day bombardment. On 26 June a sortie by 300[7] Spanish and free blacks attacked Fort Mose held by 120 Highlander Rangers and 30 Indians. In the Siege of Fort Mose, the garrison was taken by surprise with 68 killed and 34 captured while the Spanish loss was 10 killed.[8]
The Spanish managed to send supply ships through the Royal Navy blockade and any hope of starving St. Augustine into capitulation was lost. Oglethorpe now planned to storm the fortress by land while the navy ships attacked the Spanish ships and half-galleys in the harbor. Commodore Pearce, however resolved to forgo the attack during hurricane season. Oglethorpe gave up the siege and returned to Georgia; abandoning his artillery during his withdrawal.
See also
[edit]
- Battle of Bloody Marsh
- Battle of Gully Hole Creek
- Battle of Cartagena de Indias
- Invasion of Georgia (1742)
- Robert Jenkins (master mariner)
- The Oglethorpe Plan
References
[edit]- ^ Accounts vary considerably from 900 to 2,000 with the number of Indians especially at variance from 100 to 1100.
- ^ Letter of Governor Montiano to the Governor of Cuba, 28 July 1740
- ^ Robert Beatson, Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, London, 1804, p. 20
- ^ David Marley, Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6, p. 255
- ^ Baine, Rodney E. (2000). "General James Oglethorpe and the Expedition Against St. Augustine". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 84 (2): 197–229. ISSN 0016-8297.
- ^ Landers, Jane (1990). "Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida". The American Historical Review. 95 (1): 9–30. doi:10.2307/2162952. ISSN 0002-8762.
- ^ Letter of Governor Montiano to the Governor of Cuba, 6 July 1740; Collection of the Georgia Historical Society. This letter also contains detailed and accurate intelligence from English prisoners about the large fleet and expedition that will be sent to Admiral Vernon for the attack on Cartagena de Indias: "consisting of 30 ships of the line and of a landing party of 10,000."
- ^ Report of the Committee Appointed by the General Assembly of South Carolina in 1740. On the St. Augustine Expedition under General Oglethorpe. Published by the South Carolina Historical Society. (Charleston, S.C. : Walker, Evans & Cogswell Co., Printers, Nos. 3 and 5 Broad and 117 East Bay Streets, 1887.) Extract No. 32, Deposition of Thomas Jones, survivor of the Battle of Fort Mose. His account naturally varies with that of Montiano.
