Mount Ebal: Difference between revisions

Ebal
Ebal
	View of Mount Ebal
Highest point
Elevation	935 m (3,068 ft)
Coordinates	32°14′02″N 35°16′24″E / 32.234°N 35.2733°E
Geography
	Ebal Location of Mount Ebal within Palestine Ebal Location of Nablus within the West Bank, Palestine

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Mount Ebal (Hebrew: הַר עֵיבָל, romanized: Har ʿĒyḇāl; Arabic: جَبَل عَيْبال, romanized: Jabal ʿAybāl) is one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the city of Nablus in the West Bank (biblical Shechem), and forms the northern side of the valley in which Nablus is situated, the southern side being formed by Mount Gerizim.^[1] The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the West Bank and rises to 935 m (3,068 ft) above sea level, some 60 m (200 ft) higher than Mount Gerizim.^[2] Mount Ebal is approximately 17 km² (6.6 sq mi) in area,^[2] and is composed primarily of limestone.^[3] The slopes of the mountain contain several large caverns which were probably originally quarries,^[3] and at the base towards the north are several tombs.^[4]

Biblical account

In advance of the Israelites' entry to the Promised Land, Deuteronomy 11:29 records Moses' direction that "when the Lord your God has brought you into the land which you go to possess, that you shall put the blessing on Mount Gerizim and the curse on Mount Ebal".

In the masoretic text and the Septuagint version of Deuteronomy 27, an instruction is given to build an altar on Mount Ebal, constructed from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place stones there and whiten them with lime,^[5]^[4] to make peace offerings on the altar, eat there, and write the words of this law on the stone.^[6] According to the Samaritan Pentateuch and a Qumran fragment, this instruction actually concerns Mount Gerizim, which the Samaritans view as a holy site;^[7]^[8] some scholars believe that the Samaritan version is probably more accurate in this respect, the compilers of the masoretic text and authors of the Septuagint being likely to be biased against the Samaritans.^[7] Recent Dead Sea Scrolls work supports the accuracy of the Samaritan Pentateuch's designation of Mount Gerizim rather than Mount Ebal as the sacred site.^[9] Christophe Nihan and Herve Gonzalez wrote in 2018 that it is now widely agreed that the reading "on Mt. Gerizem" is older than that referring to Mt. Ebal which they say "arguably represents a later, polemical revision."^[10]

An instruction immediately subsequent to this orders that, once this is done, the Israelites should split into two groups, one to stay on Mount Ebal and pronounce curses, while the other goes to Mount Gerizim and pronounces blessings.^[11] The tribes of Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph and Benjamin were to be sent to Gerizim, while those of Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan and Naphtali, were to remain on Ebal.^[11] No attempts to explain this division of tribes either by their Biblical ethnology or by their geographical distribution have been generally accepted in academic circles.^[7]

The text goes on to list twelve curses, which were to be pronounced by the Levite priesthood and answered by the people with Amen.^[12] These curses heavily resemble laws (e.g. cursed be he who removes his neighbour's landmark), and they are not followed by a list of blessings described in a similarly liturgical framework; scholars believe that these more likely represent what was written on the stones, and that the later list of six explicit blessings,^[13] six near-corresponding explicit curses,^[14] were originally in this position in the text.^[7] The present position of these explicit blessings and curses, within a larger narrative of promise, and a far larger narrative of threat (respectively), is considered to have been an editorial decision for the post-exilic second version of Deuteronomy (Dtr2), to reflect the deuteronomist's worldview after the Babylonian exile had occurred.^[7]

In the Book of Joshua, after the Battle of Ai, Joshua built an altar of unhewn stones there, the Israelites then made peace offerings on it, the Law of Moses was written onto the stones, and the Israelites split into the two groups specified in Deuteronomy and pronounced blessings and cursings as instructed there.^[15] There is some debate between textual scholars as to whether this incident in Joshua is one account or spliced together two different accounts, where one account refers to Joshua building an altar, and making sacrifices on it, while the other account refers to Joshua placing large stone slabs there that had been whitened with lime and then had the Torah inscribed on them.^[16] Either way there is general agreement that the sources of Joshua predate Deuteronomy, and hence that the order to build the altar and make the inscription is likely based on these actions in the sources of Joshua, rather than the other way round, possibly to provide an aetiology for the site acceptable to the deuteronomist's theology.^[17]

Much later in the Book, when Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at Shechem, and gave a farewell speech, and then wrote these words in the book of the Torah of God, and took a great stone, and set it under the doorpost which is in the sanctuary of the Lord.^[18] Depending on the way in which the sources of Joshua were spliced together, this may just be another version of the earlier narrative of Joshua placing the whitened stones slabs with the Torah inscribed on them, and some scholars believe that this narrative may have originally been in an earlier location within the Book of Joshua.^[7]

In the Biblical narrative, the terebinth, seemingly next to the sanctuary, was evidently in existence as early as the time of the Patriarchs, as Jacob is described in the Book of Genesis as having buried the idols of strange gods (belonging to his uncle Laban) beneath it.^[19] According to a midrash, one of these idols, in the shape of a dove, was later recovered by the Samaritans, and used in their worship on Mount Gerizim.^[20]

Tel Aviv and Gush Dan as seen from Mount Ebal

Archaeology

Mount Ebal site (Northern el-Burnat)

In 1980, a structure on Mount Ebal was discovered by Israeli archaeologist Adam Zertal during the Manasseh Hill Country Survey.^[21] The University of Haifa and the Israel Exploration Society excavated the structure over eight seasons from 1982 to 1989, and uncovered scarabs, seals, and animal bones dating to the Iron Age I period.^[21] Today, most archeologists agree that the structure was a site of an early Israelite cultic activity.^[22] Zertal suggested that the structure was possibly the altar described in the Book of Joshua as where Joshua built an altar to Yahweh and renewed the Covenant in a large ceremony. This identification is controversial and has been disputed by a number of archaeologists.^[23]^[24]

In February 2021 a portion of the site was destroyed by the Palestinian Authority and the stones were ground up and used to pave a nearby road.^[25]

Western sites

The higher part of the mountain, on the west, contains the ruins of some massive walls called Al-Kal'ah, and east of this are other ruins now called Kunaisah.^[20]

References

^ Photograph of the southern face of the mountain
^ ^a ^b Matthew Sturgis, It Ain't Necessarily So, ISBN 0-7472-4510-X
^ ^a ^b Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
^ ^a ^b Jewish Encyclopedia
^ Deuteronomy 27:4–6
^ Deuteronomy 27:4–8,29
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Peake's Commentary on the Bible
^ Ulrich, Eugene (2015-05-20). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible. BRILL. p. 221. ISBN 978-90-04-29603-9.
^ Charlesworth, James H. "The Discovery of an Unknown Dead Sea Scroll: The Original Text of Deuteronomy 27?" Archived 2015-11-26 at the Wayback Machine OWU Magazine; 2012/07/16
^ Christophe Nihan; Herve Gonzalez (9 July 2018). "Competing Attitudes toward Samaria in Chronicles and Second Zechariah". In Kartvelt, Magnar; Knoppers, Gary N. (eds.). The Bible, Qumran, and the Samaritans. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-11-058141-6.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomy 27:11-13
^ Deuteronomy 15–26
^ Deuteronomy 28:3–6
^ Deuteronomy 28:16–19
^ Joshua 8:31-35
^ Jewish Encyclopedia
^ Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible; Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Joshua, Deuteronomy
^ Joshua 24:1-27
^ Genesis 35:4
^ ^a ^b Jewish Encyclopedia
^ ^a ^b Hawkins, Ralph K. (2012). The Iron Age I Structure on Mt. Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-243-3.
^ Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4. ... the consensus today tends to support the cultic interpretation of this early Iron I site, if not the biblical one (see Mazar 1990a, 348–50; Coogan 1987; 1990; Zevit 2001, 196–201).
^ Ulrich, Eugene (14 April 2015). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible. BRILL. p. 61. ISBN 978-90-04-29603-9. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
^ Antti Laato (2014). "The Cult Site on Mount Ebal: A Biblical Tradition Rewritten and Reinterpreted". In Koskenniemi, Erkki; Vos, Jacobus Cornelis de (eds.). Holy Places and Cult. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-952-12-3046-2. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
^ Lazaroff, Tovah (10 February 2021). "'Prophet Joshua's Mount Ebal altar site harmed by Palestinian road work'". JPost. Retrieved 11 February 2021.

External links

[1] Photograph of the southern face of the mountain

[Sturgis-2] Matthew Sturgis, It Ain't Necessarily So, ISBN 0-7472-4510-X

[Cheyne-3] Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica

[Jewish_Encyclopedia-4] Jewish Encyclopedia

[5] Deuteronomy 27:4–6

[6] Deuteronomy 27:4–8,29

[Peake-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Peake's Commentary on the Bible

[8] Ulrich, Eugene (2015-05-20). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible. BRILL. p. 221. ISBN 978-90-04-29603-9.

[9] Charlesworth, James H. "The Discovery of an Unknown Dead Sea Scroll: The Original Text of Deuteronomy 27?" Archived 2015-11-26 at the Wayback Machine OWU Magazine; 2012/07/16

[Nihan-10] Christophe Nihan; Herve Gonzalez (9 July 2018). "Competing Attitudes toward Samaria in Chronicles and Second Zechariah". In Kartvelt, Magnar; Knoppers, Gary N. (eds.). The Bible, Qumran, and the Samaritans. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-11-058141-6.

[Deu_27_11_13-11] Deuteronomy 27:11-13

[12] Deuteronomy 15–26

[13] Deuteronomy 28:3–6

[14] Deuteronomy 28:16–19

[15] Joshua 8:31-35

[16] Jewish Encyclopedia

[17] Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible; Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Joshua, Deuteronomy

[18] Joshua 24:1-27

[19] Genesis 35:4

[ReferenceB-20] Jewish Encyclopedia

[:0-21] Hawkins, Ralph K. (2012). The Iron Age I Structure on Mt. Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-243-3.

[22] Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4. ... the consensus today tends to support the cultic interpretation of this early Iron I site, if not the biblical one (see Mazar 1990a, 348–50; Coogan 1987; 1990; Zevit 2001, 196–201).

[Ulrich-23] Ulrich, Eugene (14 April 2015). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible. BRILL. p. 61. ISBN 978-90-04-29603-9. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

[24] Antti Laato (2014). "The Cult Site on Mount Ebal: A Biblical Tradition Rewritten and Reinterpreted". In Koskenniemi, Erkki; Vos, Jacobus Cornelis de (eds.). Holy Places and Cult. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-952-12-3046-2. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

[25] Lazaroff, Tovah (10 February 2021). "'Prophet Joshua's Mount Ebal altar site harmed by Palestinian road work'". JPost. Retrieved 11 February 2021.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | photo = File:Mount ebal, near nablus 4.jpg
 | photo_caption = View of Mount Ebal
-| elevation_m =
+| elevation_m = 935
 | elevation_ref =
 | location =
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | topo =
 | type =
+| mapframe = yes
-| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
+| mapframe-zoom = 12
+| mapframe-wikidata = yes
 }}
-'''Mount Ebal''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebr|הַר עֵיבָל}}}} ''Har ʿĒyḇāl''; {{lang-ar|جبل عيبال}} ''Jabal ‘Aybāl'') is one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the city of [[Nablus]] in the [[West Bank]] ([[Bible|biblical]] ''[[Shechem]]''), and forms the northern side of the valley in which Nablus is situated, the southern side being formed by [[Mount Gerizim]].<ref>[http://biblicalstudies.info/top10/ebal-from-east-tb.gif Photograph of the southern face of the mountain]</ref> The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the West Bank and rises to {{convert|940|m|abbr=on}} above [[sea level]], some {{convert|60|m|abbr=on}} higher than Mount Gerizim.<ref name="Sturgis">[[Matthew Sturgis]], ''It Ain't Necessarily So'', {{ISBN|0-7472-4510-X}}</ref> Mount Ebal is approximately {{convert|17|km2|abbr=on}} in area,<ref name="Sturgis"/> and is composed primarily of limestone.<ref name="Cheyne">Cheyne and Black, ''[[Encyclopedia Biblica]]''</ref> The slopes of the mountain contain several large caverns which were probably originally quarries,<ref name="Cheyne"/> and at the base towards the north are several tombs.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia">''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref>
+'''Mount Ebal''' ({{langx|he|הַר עֵיבָל|Har ʿĒyḇāl}}; {{langx|ar|جَبَل عَيْبال|Jabal ʿAybāl}}) is one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the city of [[Nablus]] in the [[West Bank]] ([[Bible|biblical]] ''[[Shechem]]''), and forms the northern side of the valley in which Nablus is situated, the southern side being formed by [[Mount Gerizim]].<ref>[http://biblicalstudies.info/top10/ebal-from-east-tb.gif Photograph of the southern face of the mountain]</ref> The mountain is one of the highest peaks in the West Bank and rises to {{convert|935|m|abbr=on}} above [[sea level]], some {{convert|60|m|abbr=on}} higher than Mount Gerizim.<ref name="Sturgis">[[Matthew Sturgis]], ''It Ain't Necessarily So'', {{ISBN|0-7472-4510-X}}</ref> Mount Ebal is approximately {{convert|17|km2|abbr=on}} in area,<ref name="Sturgis"/> and is composed primarily of limestone.<ref name="Cheyne">Cheyne and Black, ''[[Encyclopedia Biblica]]''</ref> The slopes of the mountain contain several large caverns which were probably originally quarries,<ref name="Cheyne"/> and at the base towards the north are several tombs.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia">''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref>
 [[File:View of Mount Ebal from the city of Nablus.jpg|thumb|View of Mount Ebal from the city of Nablus]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 26: @@
 In advance of the [[Israelites]]' entry to the [[Promised Land]], {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|11:29|HE}} records [[Moses]]' direction that "when the Lord your God has brought you into the land which you go to possess, that you shall put the blessing on Mount Gerizim and the curse on Mount Ebal".
-In the [[masoretic text]] and the [[Septuagint]] version of [[Deuteronomy]] 27, an instruction is given to build an [[Altar (Bible)|altar]] on Mount Ebal, constructed from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place stones there and whiten them with lime,<ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:4-6|HE}}</ref><ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia" /> to make [[korban|peace offerings on the altar]], eat there, and write the words of ''this law'' on the stone.<ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:4-8,29|HE}}</ref> According to the [[Samaritan Pentateuch]] and a [[Qumran]] fragment, this instruction actually concerns [[Mount Gerizim]], which the [[Samaritan]]s view as a holy site;<ref name="Peake" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ulrich|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riNKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible|date=2015-05-20|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29603-9|pages=221|language=en}}</ref> some scholars believe that the Samaritan version is probably more accurate in this respect, the compilers of the masoretic text and authors of the Septuagint being likely to be biased against the Samaritans.<ref name="Peake" /> Recent [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] work supports the accuracy of the Samaritan Pentateuch's designation of Mount Gerizim rather than Mount Ebal as the sacred site.<ref>Charlesworth, James H. [http://blogs.owu.edu/magazine/2012/07/16/the-discovery-of-an-unknown-dead-sea-scroll-the-original-text-of-deuteronomy-27/ "The Discovery of an Unknown Dead Sea Scroll: The Original Text of Deuteronomy 27?"] ''OWU Magazine''; 2012/07/16</ref> Christophe Nihan and Herve Gonzalez wrote in 2018 that it is now widely agreed that the reading "on Mt. Gerizem" is older than that referring to Mt. Ebal which they say "arguably represents a later, polemical revision."<ref name="Nihan">{{cite book |author1=Christophe Nihan |author2=Herve Gonzalez |editor1-last=Kartvelt |editor1-first=Magnar |editor2-last=Knoppers |editor2-first=Gary N. |title=The Bible, Qumran, and the Samaritans |date=9 July 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-058141-6 |page=98 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KotsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Samaritan+Pentateuch+Mount+Gerizim+Mount+Ebal+altar&pg=PA98 |language=en |chapter=Competing Attitudes toward Samaria in Chronicles and Second Zechariah}}</ref>
+In the [[masoretic text]] and the [[Septuagint]] version of [[Deuteronomy]] 27, an instruction is given to build an [[Altar (Bible)|altar]] on Mount Ebal, constructed from natural (rather than cut) stones, to place stones there and whiten them with lime,<ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:4-6|HE}}</ref><ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia" /> to make [[korban|peace offerings on the altar]], eat there, and write the words of ''this law'' on the stone.<ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:4-8,29|HE}}</ref> According to the [[Samaritan Pentateuch]] and a [[Qumran]] fragment, this instruction actually concerns [[Mount Gerizim]], which the [[Samaritan]]s view as a holy site;<ref name="Peake" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ulrich|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riNKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible|date=2015-05-20|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29603-9|pages=221|language=en}}</ref> some scholars believe that the Samaritan version is probably more accurate in this respect, the compilers of the masoretic text and authors of the Septuagint being likely to be biased against the Samaritans.<ref name="Peake" /> Recent [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] work supports the accuracy of the Samaritan Pentateuch's designation of Mount Gerizim rather than Mount Ebal as the sacred site.<ref>Charlesworth, James H. [http://blogs.owu.edu/magazine/2012/07/16/the-discovery-of-an-unknown-dead-sea-scroll-the-original-text-of-deuteronomy-27/ "The Discovery of an Unknown Dead Sea Scroll: The Original Text of Deuteronomy 27?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126051707/http://blogs.owu.edu/magazine/the-discovery-of-an-unknown-dead-sea-scroll-the-original-text-of-deuteronomy-27/ |date=2015-11-26 }} ''OWU Magazine''; 2012/07/16</ref> Christophe Nihan and Herve Gonzalez wrote in 2018 that it is now widely agreed that the reading "on Mt. Gerizem" is older than that referring to Mt. Ebal which they say "arguably represents a later, polemical revision."<ref name="Nihan">{{cite book |author1=Christophe Nihan |author2=Herve Gonzalez |editor1-last=Kartvelt |editor1-first=Magnar |editor2-last=Knoppers |editor2-first=Gary N. |title=The Bible, Qumran, and the Samaritans |date=9 July 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-058141-6 |page=98 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KotsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Samaritan+Pentateuch+Mount+Gerizim+Mount+Ebal+altar&pg=PA98 |language=en |chapter=Competing Attitudes toward Samaria in Chronicles and Second Zechariah}}</ref>
 An instruction immediately subsequent to this orders that, once this is done, the Israelites should split into two groups, one to stay on Mount Ebal and pronounce curses, while the other goes to Mount Gerizim and pronounces blessings.<ref name="Deu_27_11_13">Deuteronomy 27:11-13</ref> The tribes of [[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]], [[Tribe of Levi|Levi]], [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]], [[Tribe of Issachar|Issachar]], [[Tribe of Joseph|Joseph]] and [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] were to be sent to Gerizim, while those of [[Tribe of Reuben|Reuben]], [[Tribe of Gad|Gad]], [[Tribe of Asher|Asher]], [[Tribe of Zebulun|Zebulun]], [[Tribe of Dan|Dan]] and [[Tribe of Naphtali|Naphtali]], were to remain on Ebal.<ref name="Deu_27_11_13" /> No attempts to explain this division of tribes either by their Biblical [[ethnology]] or by their geographical distribution have been generally accepted in academic circles.<ref name="Peake">''Peake's Commentary on the Bible''</ref>
@@ Line 32: / Line 34: @@
 In the [[Book of Joshua]], after the Battle of [[Ai (Bible)|Ai]], Joshua built an altar of unhewn stones there, the Israelites then made peace offerings on it, the ''[[Law of Moses]]'' was written onto the stones, and the Israelites split into the two groups specified in Deuteronomy and pronounced blessings and cursings as instructed there.<ref>Joshua 8:31-35</ref> There is some debate between [[textual criticism|textual scholars]] as to whether this incident in Joshua is one account or spliced together two different accounts, where one account refers to Joshua building an altar, and making sacrifices on it, while the other account refers to Joshua placing large stone slabs there that had been whitened with lime and then had the ''[[Torah]]'' inscribed on them.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> Either way there is general agreement that the sources of Joshua predate Deuteronomy, and hence that the order to build the altar and make the inscription is likely based on these actions in the sources of Joshua, rather than the other way round, possibly to provide an [[aetiology]] for the site acceptable to the deuteronomist's theology.<ref>[[Richard Elliott Friedman]], ''Who wrote the Bible''; ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Joshua'', ''Deuteronomy''</ref>
-Much later in the Book, when Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at [[Shechem]], and gave a farewell speech, and then wrote ''these words in the book of the Torah of God, and took a great stone, and set it under the doorpost which is in the sanctuary of the Lord''.<ref>Joshua 24:1-27</ref> Depending on the way in which the sources of Joshua were spliced together, this may just be another version of the earlier narrative Joshua placing the whitened stones slabs with the ''Torah'' inscribed on them, and some scholars believe that this narrative may have originally been in an earlier location within the Book of Joshua.<ref name="Peake" />
+Much later in the Book, when Joshua was old and dying, he gathered the people together at [[Shechem]], and gave a farewell speech, and then wrote ''these words in the book of the Torah of God, and took a great stone, and set it under the doorpost which is in the sanctuary of the Lord''.<ref>Joshua 24:1-27</ref> Depending on the way in which the sources of Joshua were spliced together, this may just be another version of the earlier narrative of Joshua placing the whitened stones slabs with the ''Torah'' inscribed on them, and some scholars believe that this narrative may have originally been in an earlier location within the Book of Joshua.<ref name="Peake" />
-In the Biblical narrative, the ''[[terebinth]]'', seemingly next to the sanctuary, was evidently in existence as early as the time of the [[Biblical Patriarchs|Patriarchs]], as [[Jacob]] is described in the [[Book of Genesis]] as having buried the idols of ''strange gods'' (belonging to his uncle Laban) beneath it.<ref>[http://bible.cc/genesis/35-4.htm Genesis 35:4]</ref> According to a [[midrash]], one of these idols, in the shape of a [[dove]], was later recovered by the Samaritans, and used in their worship on Mount Gerizim.<ref name="ReferenceB">Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>
+In the Biblical narrative, the ''[[terebinth]]'', seemingly next to the sanctuary, was evidently in existence as early as the time of the [[Biblical Patriarchs|Patriarchs]], as [[Jacob]] is described in the [[Book of Genesis]] as having buried the [[cult image|idols]] of ''strange gods'' (belonging to his uncle [[Laban (Bible)|Laban]]) beneath it.<ref>[http://bible.cc/genesis/35-4.htm Genesis 35:4]</ref> According to a [[midrash]], one of these idols, in the shape of a [[dove]], was later recovered by the Samaritans, and used in their worship on Mount Gerizim.<ref name="ReferenceB">Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>
 [[File:MountEivalView.JPG|thumb|[[Tel Aviv]] and [[Gush Dan]] as seen from Mount Ebal]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 ===Mount Ebal site (Northern el-Burnat)===
 {{Main|Mount Ebal site}}
-In 1980, a structure on Mount Ebal was discovered by Israeli archaeologist [[Adam Zertal]] during the [[Manasseh Hill Country Survey]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Iron Age I Structure on Mt. Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation By Ralph K. Hawkins |url=https://www.eisenbrauns.org/books/titles/978-1-57506-243-3.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.eisenbrauns.org}}</ref> The [[University of Haifa]] and the [[Israel Exploration Society]] excavated the structure over eight seasons from 1982 to 1989, and uncovered scarabs, seals, and animal bones dating to the [[Iron Age in Israel|Iron Age I]] period.<ref name=":0" /> Today, most archeologists agree that the structure was a site of an early [[Israelites|Israelite]] [[Place of worship|cultic activity]]. Zertal suggested that the structure was possibly the [[altar]] described in the [[Book of Joshua]] as where [[Joshua]] built an altar to [[Yahweh]] and renewed the [[Mosaic covenant|Covenant]] in a large ceremony. This identification is controversial and has been disputed by a number of archaeologists.<ref name="Ulrich">{{cite book |last1=Ulrich |first1=Eugene |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible |date=14 April 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-29603-9 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riNKCAAAQBAJ&dq=Adam+Zertal+claimed+to+have+unearthed+on+Mount+Ebal+a+structure+that+he+described+as+%E2%80%9Ca+cultic+site,%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Cfounded+in+the+second+half+of+the+13%22+century&pg=PA61 |access-date=30 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Antti Laato |editor1-last=Koskenniemi |editor1-first=Erkki |editor2-last=Vos |editor2-first=Jacobus Cornelis de |title=Holy Places and Cult |date=2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-952-12-3046-2 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhGwoQEACAAJ |access-date=30 April 2022 |language=en |chapter=The Cult Site on Mount Ebal: A Biblical Tradition Rewritten and Reinterpreted .}}</ref>
+In 1980, a structure on Mount Ebal was discovered by Israeli archaeologist [[Adam Zertal]] during the [[Manasseh Hill Country Survey]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=The Iron Age I Structure on Mt. Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation |last=Hawkins |first=Ralph K. |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-57506-243-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzRULwEACAAJ}}</ref> The [[University of Haifa]] and the [[Israel Exploration Society]] excavated the structure over eight seasons from 1982 to 1989, and uncovered [[Scarab (artifact)|scarabs]], seals, and animal bones dating to the [[Iron Age in Israel|Iron Age I]] period.<ref name=":0" /> Today, most archeologists agree that the structure was a site of an early [[Israelites|Israelite]] [[Place of worship|cultic activity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit. |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58983-097-4 |pages=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&pg=PA160 |quote=... the consensus today tends to support the cultic interpretation of this early Iron I site, if not the biblical one (see Mazar 1990a, 348–50; Coogan 1987; 1990; Zevit 2001, 196–201).}}</ref> Zertal suggested that the structure was possibly the [[altar]] described in the [[Book of Joshua]] as where [[Joshua]] built an altar to [[Yahweh]] and renewed the [[Mosaic covenant|Covenant]] in a large ceremony. This identification is controversial and has been disputed by a number of archaeologists.<ref name="Ulrich">{{cite book |last1=Ulrich |first1=Eugene |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible |date=14 April 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-29603-9 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riNKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Antti Laato |editor1-last=Koskenniemi |editor1-first=Erkki |editor2-last=Vos |editor2-first=Jacobus Cornelis de |title=Holy Places and Cult |date=2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-952-12-3046-2 |page=55 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11077633 |access-date=14 July 2023 |chapter=The Cult Site on Mount Ebal: A Biblical Tradition Rewritten and Reinterpreted}}</ref>
-In February 2021 a portion of the site was destroyed by the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] and the stones were ground up and used to pave a nearby road.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |title='Prophet Joshua's Mount Ebal altar site harmed by Palestinian road work' |publisher=[[JPost]] |date=10 February 2021 |url=https://m.jpost.com/archaeology/joshuas-mount-ebal-altar-site-harmed-by-palestinian-road-work-658521/amp|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>[[File:IHM_מזבח_הר_עיבל.jpeg|thumb|Mount Ebal's Altar]]
+In February 2021 a portion of the site was destroyed by the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] and the stones were ground up and used to pave a nearby road.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |title='Prophet Joshua's Mount Ebal altar site harmed by Palestinian road work' |publisher=[[JPost]] |date=10 February 2021 |url=https://m.jpost.com/archaeology/joshuas-mount-ebal-altar-site-harmed-by-palestinian-road-work-658521/amp|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>[[File:IHM_מזבח_הר_עיבל.jpeg|thumb|The structure on Mount Ebal]]
 ===Western sites===
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 ==External links==
 *[https://www.thetorah.com/article/joshuas-altar-on-mount-ebal-israels-holy-site-before-shiloh The viewpoint of the archaeologists who excavated the site]
-*[http://ebal.haifa.ac.il/ebal01.html University of Haifa site]
+*[http://ebal.haifa.ac.il/ebal01.html University of Haifa site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408060848/http://ebal.haifa.ac.il/ebal01.html |date=2009-04-08 }}
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218130953/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/sources/sources042.html Franciscan site]
 *[[Wikiversity:Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Deuteronomist source, First Deuteronomist Version, Curse blessing pairs|The curses and blessings of Ebal and Gerizim, in isolation, at wikiversity]]
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 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ebal}}
+[[Category:Mount Ebal| ]]
 [[Category:Hebrew Bible mountains]]
-[[Category:Sacred mountains]]
+[[Category:Sacred mountains of West Asia|Ebal]]
 [[Category:Samaritan culture and history]]
 [[Category:Mountains of Nablus]]
+[[Category:Archaeological sites in the West Bank]]

v t e Religious sites in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
Bethlehem Governorate	Chapel of the Milk Grotto Chapel of the Shepherd's Field Church of Saint Catherine Church of the Nativity Mosque of Omar St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader Al-Hamadiyya Mosque Monastery of Saint Theodosius Mar Saba Rachel's Tomb^†	Flag of Palestine
Hebron Governorate	Ibrahimi Mosque^† Sheikh Ali al-Bakka Mosque Al-Jawali Mosque Church of the Holy Forefathers and Monastery of the Holy Trinity
Jenin Governorate	Fatima Khatun Mosque Burqin Church
Jericho Governorate	Deir Hajla Monastery of the Temptation Monastery of Saint George of Choziba Nabi Musa Jericho synagogue
Jerusalem Governorate	Tomb of Lazarus Church of Saint Lazarus Abdeen Mosque
Nablus Governorate	Great Mosque of Nablus An-Nasr Mosque Al-Khadra Mosque Hanbali Mosque Nabi Yahya Mosque Al-Nurayn Mosque Mount Gerizim Mount Ebal Jacob's Well Joseph's Tomb
Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate	Jamal Abdel Nasser Mosque Greek Orthodox Church of the Transfiguration Holy Family Catholic Church
Salfit Governorate	Tomb of Joshua
Tulkarm Governorate	Church of Saint George
Gaza Governorate	Great Mosque of Gaza Abu Khadra Mosque Aybaki Mosque Ibn Marwan Mosque Ibn Uthman Mosque Holy Family Church (Latin Catholic Church) Church of Saint Porphyrius (Orthodox Christian Church)
^† Access to the site is controlled by Israel.