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{{Short description|American naval officer and cryptanalyst (1900–1976)}}
[[Image:joseph_rochefort.jpg|thumb|250px|Joseph J. Rochefort]]
{{for|the Canadian politician|Joseph Irenée Rochefort}}
Captain '''Joseph John Rochefort''' ([[1898]]–[[1976]]) {[[D.S.M.]] [[P.M.F]]} was an American Naval officer and [[cryptanalyst]]. Rochefort was a major figure in the [[U.S. Navy]]'s cryptographic and intelligence operations from [[1925]] to [[1947]], except for a period during WWII. He headed the navy's fledgling cryptanalytic organization in the [[1920s]] and provided cryptographic support to the U.S. Fleet during [[World War II]], leading to victory in the War in the Pacific. At the end of his Naval career ([[1942]]–[[1946]]), Rochefort successfully headed the [[Pacific Strategic Intelligence Group]] in Washington.
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Joseph Rochefort
|image= joseph rochefort.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1900|05|12}}
|birth_place= [[Dayton, Ohio]], U.S.
|death_date= {{death date and age|1976|7|20|1900|05|12}}
|death_place= [[Torrance, California]], U.S.
|placeofburial= [[Inglewood Park Cemetery]]
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Navy]]
|serviceyears= 1918–1947<br/>1950–1953
|rank= [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands= [[Station Hypo]]<br/>[[USS ABSD-2]]
|battles= [[World War II]]<br/>[[Korean War]]
|awards= [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]<br/>[[Legion of Merit]]<br/>[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Joseph John Rochefort''' (May 12, 1900<ref>[http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi?lastname=Rochefort&firstname=Joseph&nt=exact "Social Security Death Index Search"] 10 April 2010</ref> – July 20, 1976) was an American naval officer and [[cryptanalyst]]. He was a major figure in the [[United States Navy]]'s cryptographic and intelligence operations from 1925 to 1946, particularly in the [[Battle of Midway]]. His contributions and those of his team were pivotal to victory in the [[Pacific War]].


==Early career==
Rochefort enlisted in the navy in [[1918]]. He was commissioned as an ensign after graduation from the [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]. That he had not attended the Naval Academy and was a 'mustang' (ie, ex-enlisted) was perhaps important as partial causes of his difficulties later in WWII. Rochefort's tours ashore included cryptanalytic training under both Captain [[Laurance Safford]] and [[Agnes Meyer Driscoll]] in [[1925]]; a stint as second chief of the [[Department of Naval Communications]]' newly created cryptanalytic organization, [[OP-20-G]], from [[1926]] to [[1929]]; training in the [[Japanese language]] from 1929 to [[1932]]; and a two-year intelligence assignment in the [[Eleventh Naval District]], [[San Diego]], from [[1936]] to [[1938]]. Until [[1941]], Rochefort spent nine years in cryptologic or intelligence-related assignments and fourteen years at sea with the U.S. Fleet in positions of increasing responsibility.
Rochefort was born in [[Dayton, Ohio]].<ref>[http://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=Rochefort&given=Joseph "California Death Records" ''note: lists year of birth 1901''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151149/http://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=Rochefort&given=Joseph |date=March 7, 2018 }} 10 April 2010</ref> In 1917, he joined the [[United States Navy]] while still in high school in Los Angeles, without obtaining a diploma.<ref name="Carlson">{{cite book|last1=Carlson|first1=Elliot|title=Joe Rochefort's War|date=2013|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1591141617|page=574|edition=Reprint}}</ref> He enlisted in the Navy in 1918, lying that he was born in 1898 so as to appear almost 21 and eligible for the service. This adjustment lasted his entire career.<ref>Carlson, p.37.</ref> He was commissioned as an Ensign after a 14 June 1919 graduation from the US Navy's Steam Engineering School at [[Stevens Institute of Technology]],<ref>Carlson, p.39.</ref> and later in 1919, became engineering officer of the tanker [[USS Cuyama (AO-3)|USS ''Cuyama'']].<ref name=Stinnett-RB-p61>{{cite book |author=Stinnett, Robert B. |year=2001 |title=Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor |publisher=New York, New York: Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/dayofdeceittruth00stin_0/page/61 61] |isbn=978-0-7432-0129-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofdeceittruth00stin_0/page/61 }}</ref>


A fellow officer observed that Rochefort had a penchant for solving crossword puzzles and adept skills at playing the advanced card game [[auction bridge]] and recommended him for a Navy [[cryptanalysis]] class in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=Stinnett-RB-p61 />
In early 1941 Laurance Safford, again chief of OP-20-G in Washington, sent Rochefort to [[Hawaii]] to become OIC of [[Station Hypo]] in [[Pearl Harbor]]. The reasons for Rochefort's appointment were obvious: he was an expert Japanese [[linguist]], an experienced and very talented [[intelligence analyst]], and a trained cryptanalyst.


Rochefort's tours ashore included cryptanalytic training as an assistant to Captain [[Laurance Safford]],<ref name=Stinnett-RB-p61 /> and work with the master codebreaker [[Agnes Meyer Driscoll]] in 1924.<ref>Stinnett. pp.74–76.</ref> He then served a stint as second chief of the Division of Naval Communications' newly created cryptanalytic organization, [[OP-20-G]], from 1926 to 1929.
Rochefort handpicked many of HYPO's staff, and by the time of [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]], it contained many of the Navy's best cryptanalysts, traffic analysts, and linguists, including [[Thomas Dyer (cryptanalyst)|Thomas Dyer]], [[Wesley A. (Ham) Wright]], [[Joseph Finnegan]], [[General Alva Lasswell]], [[Thomas Huckins]], and [[Jack Williams]].


The US Navy sent him to Japan for training in the [[Japanese language]] from 1929 to 1932. He had a two-year intelligence assignment in the [[Eleventh Naval District]], [[San Diego]], from 1936 to 1938.
After the Japanese attack, Navy cryptographers attempted to break into Japanese Navy encrypted communications. [[Station CAST]] (in the Philippines), [[Station HYPO]] (at Pearl Harbor), [[OP-20-G]] in Washington, with assistance from both British cryptographers (in Hong Kong and later Singapore), and Dutch cryptographers (in the Dutch East Indies), combined to break enough [[JN-25]] traffic to provide useful intelligence reports and assessments regarding Japanese force disposition and intentions in early 1942. How much of this work was done by Station HYPO (in contrast to OP-20-G, CAST, or the British or Dutch) is still controversial, but it is clear that Station HYPO made major, and perhaps the single most critical, contributions. Station HYPO (ie, Rochefort) maintained that the coming Japanese attack would be in the Central Pacific, while OP-20-G (with support from Station CAST) insisted it would be in the North Pacific. There was an 'invasion force' associated with site AF, but where or what as AF was not clear. It was one of the Station HYPO staff, Jasper Holmes, {{fact}} <!-- see two paragraph below this. Both statements can't be right -->who had the idea of faking a water supply failure on Midway Island with a cleartext emergency warning, provoking Japanese JN-25 traffic on the subject, thus testing whether Midway was a target or not. The Japanese took the bait and broadcast instructions for additional water desalinization equipment to be loaded for the code group for the major attack point, thus confirming a Midway attack. During the month of May 1942, Rochefort and his group decrypted, translated, reviewed, analyzed, and reported as many as 140 decrypted messages per day. Many of these reports went directly to the highest-ranking Fleet commanders, including Admiral [[Chester W Nimitz|Nimitz]]. There are stories about Rochefort, in his bathrobe, doing 36 hour continuous shifts in Station HYPO's basement offices.


Prior to 1941, Rochefort spent nine years in cryptologic or intelligence-related assignments and fourteen years at sea with the U.S. Fleet in positions of increasing responsibility.
The most significant cryptographic success of Rochefort and his unit was the timely and accurate support provided before the [[Battle of Midway]]. By early May 1942, the Americans knew that the Japanese were preparing to launch a massive offensive against an objective (identifed as "AF" in early June), and could hope to ambush them. Through analysis of other evidence, [[Station Hypo]], Nimitz's [[cryptology]] unit at Pearl Harbor, was convinced that "AF" was Midway. On the other hand, Nimitz's superior in Washington, Admiral [[Ernest King]], and his own crypto unit — [[OP-20-G]] — believed AF to be in the [[Aleutian Islands]].<ref>Lundstrom, ''First South Pacific Campaign'', p. 155</ref>


==World War II==
An ingenious suggestion by Rochefort, gave Admiral Nimitz confirmation of AF's identity. By secure undersea cable, Rochefort asked the Midway base commander to radio a message back to Pearl Harbor stating that drinking water was running low on Midway due to a breakdown of the water plant — and to use a [[cipher]] known to have been compromised by the Japanese. Soon after, a deciphered Japanese JN-25 intercept stated that "AF" had fresh-water problems, and that the attack force should plan accordingly. "AF" was therefore confirmed to be Midway.<ref>Cressman et. al., ''A Glorious Page in Our History'', p. 34</ref>
===Pearl Harbor===
In early 1941, Laurance Safford, again chief of OP-20-G in Washington, sent Rochefort to [[Hawaii]] to become officer in charge of [[Station Hypo]] ("H" for Hawaii in the Navy's [[Spelling alphabet|phonetic alphabet]] at the time) in [[Pearl Harbor]] as Rochefort was an expert Japanese linguist and trained cryptanalyst.


Rochefort handpicked many of HYPO's staff, and by the time of [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|the attack on Pearl Harbor]] had gotten many of the Navy's best cryptanalysts, [[Traffic analysis|traffic analyst]]s, and linguists, including [[Joseph Finnegan (cryptographer)|Joseph Finnegan]]. Rochefort's team was assigned to break the Japanese Navy's most secure cypher system, the Flag Officers Code,<ref>Holmes, W. J. ''Double-Edged Secrets''</ref> while Navy cryptographers at [[Station CAST]] ([[Cavite]] in the Philippines) and [[OP-20-G]] in Washington (NEGAT, "N" for Navy Department) concentrated on the main fleet cipher, [[JN-25]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>Holmes; Blair, ''Silent Victory'' (Bantam, 1976). They succeeded in making limited breaks by October 1940 and December 1941.</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2011}}
This allowed Admiral Nimitz to set up the ambush which led to victory and to what many consider the turning point of the Pacific War. Disputes between Rochefort in Hawaii and the new commanders of Op-20-G in Washington (Safford having been reassigned) resulted in Rochefort being detached from intelligence work not long after Midway. He ended the War commanding a dry dock on the US West Coast. When appraised of this much later, Nimitz is said to have strenuously objected. Under new command, Station HYPO and its successors provided useful intelligence for the rest of the Pacific War, but was never as independent of OP-20-G in Washington as it had been under Rochefort.


Rochefort had a close working relationship with [[Edwin T. Layton]] Sr., whom he first met on the voyage to Tokyo where both men were sent to learn Japanese at the Navy's request. In 1941, Layton was the chief intelligence officer for Admiral [[Husband E. Kimmel]], Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet (<small>[[Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet|CINCPAC]]</small>). Both he and Rochefort were denied access to decrypts of diplomatic messages sent in [[Purple (cipher machine)|Purple]], the highest level diplomatic cypher, in the months before the Japanese attack, on the orders of the director of the War Plans Division, [[Richmond K. Turner]].<ref>Layton, Edwin T., Admiral, USN, Ret., with Pineau, Roger, Captain USNR, Ret., and Costello, John, ''And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets'' (New York, 1985), p.115.</ref>
Rochefort died in [[1976]]. In [[1985]] he was posthumously awarded the [[Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]. In [[1986]], he posthumously received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the highest military award during peacetime, for his cryptographic work in the period before the Battle of Midway. In [[2000]], he was inducted in to the [[National Security Agency]], [[Central Security Service]] Hall of Fame.


===Battle of Midway===
==Trivia==
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Navy cryptographers, with assistance from both British cryptographers at the [[Far East Combined Bureau]] (in Singapore; later Colombo, Kenya, Colombo), and Dutch cryptographers (in the [[Dutch East Indies]]), combined to break enough JN-25 traffic to provide useful intelligence reports and assessments regarding Japanese force disposition and intentions in early 1942. Rochefort would often go for days without emerging from his bunker, where he and his staff spent 12 hours a day, or even longer, working to decode Japanese radio traffic. He often wore slippers and a bathrobe with his khaki uniform and sometimes went days without bathing.


Station HYPO maintained the coming Japanese attack would be in the Central Pacific, and convinced Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]] (who replaced Kimmel).<ref name=":0" /> OP-20-G (with support from Station CAST) insisted it would be elsewhere in the Pacific, probably the [[Aleutian Islands]],<ref>Lundstrom, ''First South Pacific Campaign'', p.155.</ref> possibly [[Port Moresby]] in [[Papua New Guinea]], or even the west coast of the United States.<ref>Layton, Pineau, and Costello, ''And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets'', p.421.</ref> OP-20-G, which had been restructured (Safford having been replaced by Commander [[John R. Redman|John Redman]], a communications officer untrained in cryptanalysis) agreed the attack was scheduled for mid-June, not late May or early June, as Rochefort maintained. Redman also said that Rochefort was being "un-cooperative", and should concentrate on additive recovery. Admiral [[Ernest King]], Nimitz's superior in Washington, was persuaded by OP-20-G. Rochefort believed an unknown codegroup, AF, referred to Midway.<ref>Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.412–4.</ref><ref name="Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets">Holmes, ''Double-Edged Secrets''.</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2011}}
Rochefort was played by [[Hal Holbrook]] in the movie [[Midway]].

One of the Station HYPO staff, [[Wilfred Holmes|Jasper Holmes]], had the idea of faking a failure of the water supply on Midway Island. He suggested using an unencrypted emergency warning in the hope of provoking a Japanese response, thus establishing whether Midway was a target. Rochefort took the idea to Layton, who put it to Nimitz. Nimitz approved, and the garrison commander was told by submarine cable to immediately radio in "plain-language" an emergency request for water as an explosion in the water desalination system meant that they had only enough water for two weeks. An apparently "follow-up" report was to be made in one of the strip-cipher code systems that the Japanese were known to have captured on Wake. As the plan was to convince Washington, Rochefort tactfully let Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne ([[FRUMEL]]) notify the main objects of the deception (Washington) of the Japanese message by reporting a message from the AF Air Unit saying that they had only enough water for two weeks: "This will confirm identity of AF". Rochefort then sent a reminder on Friday.<!-- The Layton book refers to Station Belconnen in Melbourne, but Belconnen is a suburb of Canberra! HMAS_Harman in Canberra provided intercepts to FRUMEL in Melbourne --> <ref>Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.421–2.</ref>

The Japanese took the bait. Within hours they broadcast instructions to load additional water [[desalination]] equipment, confirming Rochefort's analysis.<ref>Cressman ''et al.'', ''A Glorious Page in Our History'', p.34; Holmes, ''Double-Edged Secrets''.</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2011}} Layton notes the instructions also "produced an unexpected bonus". They revealed the assault was to come before mid-June.

In Washington, [[Admiral]] [[Ernest J. King]], who disliked Rochefort intensely, still was not convinced, however,<ref>Layton, Pineau, and Costello, p. 421</ref> as to the date of the attack. The date-time data in Japanese naval messages was "superenciphered," or encrypted even before it was encoded in JN-25. HYPO made their all-out effort to crack this by searching the stacks of printouts and [[punched cards]] for five-digit number sequences. After finding low-grade codes, the team set about to unravel the cipher itself. Layton credits Lieutenant [[Joseph Finnegan (cryptographer)|Joseph Finnegan]] for discovering "the method that the Japanese had used to lock up their date-time groups."<ref>Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.427–8.</ref> An intercept of 26 May with orders for two destroyer groups escorting invasion transports was analyzed with this table and "really clinched the pivotal date of the operation" as either 4 or 5 June.

During May 1942, Rochefort and his group decrypted, translated, reviewed, analyzed, and reported as many as 140 messages per day. During the week before Nimitz issued his final orders, "decrypts were being processed at the rate of five hundred to a thousand a day."<ref>Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.422.</ref>

===After Midway===
When Nimitz recommended Rochefort for a [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]], the recommendation was rejected by King who unfairly considered Rochefort “one of the most unmilitary-looking officers he had ever encountered.” Rochefort also told Nimitz to stop the recommendation since it would only "make trouble".<ref>{{cite book |author=Budiansky, Stephen |year=2000 |title=Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II |publisher=New York, New York: Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/battleofwitscomp00budi/page/22 22] |isbn=978-0-684-85932-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/battleofwitscomp00budi/page/22 }}; Holmes, ''Double-Edged Secrets''.{{page needed|date=September 2011}}</ref> Other sources suggest Rochefort received no official recognition during his lifetime because he was made a scapegoat for the embarrassment of OP-20-G. CDR John Redman (whose brother was the influential Rear Admiral [[Joseph Redman]]) complained to King about the operation of the Hawaii cryptologic station; as a result, Rochefort was reassigned from cryptanalysis to command the floating dry dock ABSD-2 at San Francisco.<ref>{{cite book |author=Smith, Michael |year=2000 |title=The Emperor's Codes |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorscodesble0000smit_l9m6 |url-access=limited |publisher=Bantam Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/emperorscodesble0000smit_l9m6/page/144 144] |isbn=0-593-04781-8 }}; Holmes, ''Double-Edged Secrets''.{{page needed|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>Carlson, p. 560.</ref> Rochefort never served at sea again.<ref>Holmes, ''Double-Edged Secrets''.{{page needed|date=September 2011}}</ref> The fact that Rochefort received no higher recognition at the time is considered by some to have been an outrage and an example of King’s counterproductive personal vendettas.<ref>Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets, p.117</ref> However, he was decorated with the [[Legion of Merit]] at the end of the War over Admiral King’s objection.<ref name="Valor awards for Joseph J. Rochefort ">{{cite web | url = http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=312576 | access-date = 4 April 2017 | work = valor.militarytimes.com | title = Valor awards for Joseph J. Rochefort | publisher = Militarytimes Websites }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==After WWII==
Rochefort headed the Pacific Strategic Intelligence Group in Washington after the war. He died in 1976 in [[Torrance, California]], aged 76.<ref>[http://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=Rochefort&given=Joseph "California Death Records"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151149/http://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=Rochefort&given=Joseph |date=March 7, 2018 }} 10 April 2010</ref>

==Awards==
In 1985, Rochefort was [[posthumous recognition|posthumous]]ly awarded the [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]. In 1986, he was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. In 2000, he was inducted into the [[National Security Agency]], [[Central Security Service]] Hall of Fame.
<gallery>
File:NavyDSM.gif|Navy Distinguished Service Medal
File:Presidential Medal of Freedom.svg|Presidential Medal of Freedom
File:Us legion of merit legionnaire.png|Legion of Merit
</gallery>

==Legacy==
On 6 January 2012, the ''CAPT Joseph J. Rochefort Building'' was dedicated at the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] facility within a Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Annex, Hawaii.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=NSA/CSS Public and Media Affairs Office |title=NSA/CSS Unveils New Hawaii Center |publisher=National Security Agency {{!}} Central Security Service |url=https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/1630554/nsacss-unveils-new-hawaii-center/ |access-date=29 June 2012 |date=January 6, 2012 |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918073120/https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/1630554/nsacss-unveils-new-hawaii-center/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Portrayals==
In the 1976 movie ''[[Midway (1976 film)|Midway]]'' with [[Charlton Heston]] and [[Henry Fonda]], Rochefort was portrayed by [[Hal Holbrook]]. Rochefort died a month after the movie premiered. In 2019 film ''[[Midway (2019 film)|Midway]]'', he was portrayed by actor [[Brennan Brown]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
*This article is derived, in part, from the [http://www.nsa.gov/honor/honor00025.cfm NSA online biography].
* [https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/hall-of-honor/2000/jrochefort.shtml NSA online biography] ''Please Note: incorrectly gives Rochefort's year of birth as 1898''
*{{cite web|url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/cs/worldwar2/a/codebreakerhk_5.htm |access-date=2006-12-16 |title=America's Code Breaker |author=Herb Kugel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520052841/http://militaryhistory.about.com/cs/worldwar2/a/codebreakerhk_5.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2006 }}
*{{cite web|url= http://www.usncva.org/clog/clog-features.html|access-date= 2006-12-16|last= Rochefort|title= Afterthoughts: Oral history of Captain Joseph Rochefort, USN|work= CRYPTOLOG|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060131/http://www.usncva.org/clog/clog-features.html|archive-date = 2007-09-28}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00023.cfm |access-date=2006-12-16 |title=How Cryptology enabled the United States to turn the tide in the Pacific War |author=Patrick D. Weadon |publisher=National Security Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209193829/http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00023.cfm |archive-date=2006-12-09 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html |access-date=2023-01-19|title=Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence, 1924–1941|author=Frederick D. Parker|publisher=Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency|year=1994}}
*{{cite book|url=http://www.worldwar2history.info/Midway/intelligence.html|title=Battle Of Wits: The Complete Story Of Codebreaking In World War II|author=Stephen Budiansky|year=2000|publisher=Simon & Schuster}}
* {{Findagrave|60275058}}


{{Authority control}}
==Footnotes==
<references/>


[[Category:United States Navy officers|Rochefort, Joseph]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rochefort, Joseph}}
[[Category:Pre-computer cryptographers|Rochefort, Joseph]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients|Rochefort, Joseph]]
[[Category:1898 births|Rochefort, Joseph]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dayton, Ohio]]
[[Category:1976 deaths|Rochefort, Joseph]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Battle of Midway]]
[[Category:American cryptographers]]
[[Category:Intelligence analysts]]
[[Category:20th-century cryptographers]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery]]

Latest revision as of 13:03, 4 December 2024

For the Canadian politician, see Joseph Irenée Rochefort.

Joseph Rochefort
Born(1900-05-12)May 12, 1900
Dayton, Ohio, U.S.
DiedJuly 20, 1976(1976-07-20) (aged 76)
Torrance, California, U.S.
Buried
Inglewood Park Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchUnited States Navy
Years of service1918–1947
1950–1953
RankCaptain
CommandsStation Hypo
USS ABSD-2
Battles / warsWorld War II
Korean War
AwardsNavy Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Presidential Medal of Freedom

Joseph John Rochefort (May 12, 1900[1] – July 20, 1976) was an American naval officer and cryptanalyst. He was a major figure in the United States Navy's cryptographic and intelligence operations from 1925 to 1946, particularly in the Battle of Midway. His contributions and those of his team were pivotal to victory in the Pacific War.

Early career

[edit]

Rochefort was born in Dayton, Ohio.[2] In 1917, he joined the United States Navy while still in high school in Los Angeles, without obtaining a diploma.[3] He enlisted in the Navy in 1918, lying that he was born in 1898 so as to appear almost 21 and eligible for the service. This adjustment lasted his entire career.[4] He was commissioned as an Ensign after a 14 June 1919 graduation from the US Navy's Steam Engineering School at Stevens Institute of Technology,[5] and later in 1919, became engineering officer of the tanker USS Cuyama.[6]

A fellow officer observed that Rochefort had a penchant for solving crossword puzzles and adept skills at playing the advanced card game auction bridge and recommended him for a Navy cryptanalysis class in Washington, D.C.[6]

Rochefort's tours ashore included cryptanalytic training as an assistant to Captain Laurance Safford,[6] and work with the master codebreaker Agnes Meyer Driscoll in 1924.[7] He then served a stint as second chief of the Division of Naval Communications' newly created cryptanalytic organization, OP-20-G, from 1926 to 1929.

The US Navy sent him to Japan for training in the Japanese language from 1929 to 1932. He had a two-year intelligence assignment in the Eleventh Naval District, San Diego, from 1936 to 1938.

Prior to 1941, Rochefort spent nine years in cryptologic or intelligence-related assignments and fourteen years at sea with the U.S. Fleet in positions of increasing responsibility.

World War II

[edit]

Pearl Harbor

[edit]

In early 1941, Laurance Safford, again chief of OP-20-G in Washington, sent Rochefort to Hawaii to become officer in charge of Station Hypo ("H" for Hawaii in the Navy's phonetic alphabet at the time) in Pearl Harbor as Rochefort was an expert Japanese linguist and trained cryptanalyst.

Rochefort handpicked many of HYPO's staff, and by the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor had gotten many of the Navy's best cryptanalysts, traffic analysts, and linguists, including Joseph Finnegan. Rochefort's team was assigned to break the Japanese Navy's most secure cypher system, the Flag Officers Code,[8] while Navy cryptographers at Station CAST (Cavite in the Philippines) and OP-20-G in Washington (NEGAT, "N" for Navy Department) concentrated on the main fleet cipher, JN-25.[9][10][page needed]

Rochefort had a close working relationship with Edwin T. Layton Sr., whom he first met on the voyage to Tokyo where both men were sent to learn Japanese at the Navy's request. In 1941, Layton was the chief intelligence officer for Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC). Both he and Rochefort were denied access to decrypts of diplomatic messages sent in Purple, the highest level diplomatic cypher, in the months before the Japanese attack, on the orders of the director of the War Plans Division, Richmond K. Turner.[11]

Battle of Midway

[edit]

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Navy cryptographers, with assistance from both British cryptographers at the Far East Combined Bureau (in Singapore; later Colombo, Kenya, Colombo), and Dutch cryptographers (in the Dutch East Indies), combined to break enough JN-25 traffic to provide useful intelligence reports and assessments regarding Japanese force disposition and intentions in early 1942. Rochefort would often go for days without emerging from his bunker, where he and his staff spent 12 hours a day, or even longer, working to decode Japanese radio traffic. He often wore slippers and a bathrobe with his khaki uniform and sometimes went days without bathing.

Station HYPO maintained the coming Japanese attack would be in the Central Pacific, and convinced Admiral Chester W. Nimitz (who replaced Kimmel).[9] OP-20-G (with support from Station CAST) insisted it would be elsewhere in the Pacific, probably the Aleutian Islands,[12] possibly Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, or even the west coast of the United States.[13] OP-20-G, which had been restructured (Safford having been replaced by Commander John Redman, a communications officer untrained in cryptanalysis) agreed the attack was scheduled for mid-June, not late May or early June, as Rochefort maintained. Redman also said that Rochefort was being "un-cooperative", and should concentrate on additive recovery. Admiral Ernest King, Nimitz's superior in Washington, was persuaded by OP-20-G. Rochefort believed an unknown codegroup, AF, referred to Midway.[14][15][page needed]

One of the Station HYPO staff, Jasper Holmes, had the idea of faking a failure of the water supply on Midway Island. He suggested using an unencrypted emergency warning in the hope of provoking a Japanese response, thus establishing whether Midway was a target. Rochefort took the idea to Layton, who put it to Nimitz. Nimitz approved, and the garrison commander was told by submarine cable to immediately radio in "plain-language" an emergency request for water as an explosion in the water desalination system meant that they had only enough water for two weeks. An apparently "follow-up" report was to be made in one of the strip-cipher code systems that the Japanese were known to have captured on Wake. As the plan was to convince Washington, Rochefort tactfully let Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne (FRUMEL) notify the main objects of the deception (Washington) of the Japanese message by reporting a message from the AF Air Unit saying that they had only enough water for two weeks: "This will confirm identity of AF". Rochefort then sent a reminder on Friday. [16]

The Japanese took the bait. Within hours they broadcast instructions to load additional water desalination equipment, confirming Rochefort's analysis.[17][page needed] Layton notes the instructions also "produced an unexpected bonus". They revealed the assault was to come before mid-June.

In Washington, Admiral Ernest J. King, who disliked Rochefort intensely, still was not convinced, however,[18] as to the date of the attack. The date-time data in Japanese naval messages was "superenciphered," or encrypted even before it was encoded in JN-25. HYPO made their all-out effort to crack this by searching the stacks of printouts and punched cards for five-digit number sequences. After finding low-grade codes, the team set about to unravel the cipher itself. Layton credits Lieutenant Joseph Finnegan for discovering "the method that the Japanese had used to lock up their date-time groups."[19] An intercept of 26 May with orders for two destroyer groups escorting invasion transports was analyzed with this table and "really clinched the pivotal date of the operation" as either 4 or 5 June.

During May 1942, Rochefort and his group decrypted, translated, reviewed, analyzed, and reported as many as 140 messages per day. During the week before Nimitz issued his final orders, "decrypts were being processed at the rate of five hundred to a thousand a day."[20]

After Midway

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When Nimitz recommended Rochefort for a Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the recommendation was rejected by King who unfairly considered Rochefort “one of the most unmilitary-looking officers he had ever encountered.” Rochefort also told Nimitz to stop the recommendation since it would only "make trouble".[21] Other sources suggest Rochefort received no official recognition during his lifetime because he was made a scapegoat for the embarrassment of OP-20-G. CDR John Redman (whose brother was the influential Rear Admiral Joseph Redman) complained to King about the operation of the Hawaii cryptologic station; as a result, Rochefort was reassigned from cryptanalysis to command the floating dry dock ABSD-2 at San Francisco.[22][23] Rochefort never served at sea again.[24] The fact that Rochefort received no higher recognition at the time is considered by some to have been an outrage and an example of King’s counterproductive personal vendettas.[25] However, he was decorated with the Legion of Merit at the end of the War over Admiral King’s objection.[26]

After WWII

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Rochefort headed the Pacific Strategic Intelligence Group in Washington after the war. He died in 1976 in Torrance, California, aged 76.[27]

Awards

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In 1985, Rochefort was posthumously awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. In 1986, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2000, he was inducted into the National Security Agency, Central Security Service Hall of Fame.

  • Navy Distinguished Service Medal
    Navy Distinguished Service Medal
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom
    Presidential Medal of Freedom
  • Legion of Merit
    Legion of Merit

Legacy

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On 6 January 2012, the CAPT Joseph J. Rochefort Building was dedicated at the NSA facility within a Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Annex, Hawaii.[28]

Portrayals

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In the 1976 movie Midway with Charlton Heston and Henry Fonda, Rochefort was portrayed by Hal Holbrook. Rochefort died a month after the movie premiered. In 2019 film Midway, he was portrayed by actor Brennan Brown.

References

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  1. ^ "Social Security Death Index Search" 10 April 2010
  2. ^ "California Death Records" note: lists year of birth 1901 Archived March 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine 10 April 2010
  3. ^ Carlson, Elliot (2013). Joe Rochefort's War (Reprint ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 574. ISBN 978-1591141617.
  4. ^ Carlson, p.37.
  5. ^ Carlson, p.39.
  6. ^ a b c Stinnett, Robert B. (2001). Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7432-0129-2.
  7. ^ Stinnett. pp.74–76.
  8. ^ Holmes, W. J. Double-Edged Secrets
  9. ^ a b Hanson, Victor Davis (December 18, 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
  10. ^ Holmes; Blair, Silent Victory (Bantam, 1976). They succeeded in making limited breaks by October 1940 and December 1941.
  11. ^ Layton, Edwin T., Admiral, USN, Ret., with Pineau, Roger, Captain USNR, Ret., and Costello, John, And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets (New York, 1985), p.115.
  12. ^ Lundstrom, First South Pacific Campaign, p.155.
  13. ^ Layton, Pineau, and Costello, And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets, p.421.
  14. ^ Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.412–4.
  15. ^ Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets.
  16. ^ Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.421–2.
  17. ^ Cressman et al., A Glorious Page in Our History, p.34; Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets.
  18. ^ Layton, Pineau, and Costello, p. 421
  19. ^ Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.427–8.
  20. ^ Layton, Pineau, and Costello, pp.422.
  21. ^ Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3.; Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets.[page needed]
  22. ^ Smith, Michael (2000). The Emperor's Codes. Bantam Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-593-04781-8.; Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets.[page needed]
  23. ^ Carlson, p. 560.
  24. ^ Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets.[page needed]
  25. ^ Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets, p.117
  26. ^ "Valor awards for Joseph J. Rochefort". valor.militarytimes.com. Militarytimes Websites. Retrieved April 4, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ "California Death Records" Archived March 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine 10 April 2010
  28. ^ NSA/CSS Public and Media Affairs Office (January 6, 2012). "NSA/CSS Unveils New Hawaii Center" (Press release). National Security Agency | Central Security Service. Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
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