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{{Short description|American biochemist (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Joseph Schlessinger
|name = Joseph Schlessinger
|image =
|image =
|birth_name = Josip Schlessinger
|birth_name = Josip Schlessinger
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|03|26|df=yes}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|03|26|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Topusko]], (present-day [[Republic of Croatia]])
|birth_place = [[Topusko]], (present-day [[Republic of Croatia]])
|death_date =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|death_place =
|nationality = Israel<br />United States
|residence =
|citizenship =
|field = [[Pharmacology]]
|nationality = [[Israel]]<br>[[United States]]
|prizes = [[Ciba-Drew Award]] (1995)[[Dan David Prize]] (2006)<br />
|ethnicity = [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]]
|field = [[Pharmacology]]
|prizes = [[Ciba-Drew Award]] <small>(1995)[[Dan David Prize]] (2006)<br></small>
}}
}}


'''Joseph Schlessinger''' (born Josip Schlessinger; 26 March 1945) is a [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]]-born [[Israeli people|Israeli]]-[[United States|American]] [[biochemist]] and biophysician. He is chair of the [[Pharmacology]] Department at [[Yale University]] School of Medicine in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], Connecticut, as well as the founding director of the school's new Cancer Biology Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opac.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=8095 |title=Schlessinger Appointed Director of New Cancer Biology Institute at Yale – Yale Office of Public Affairs & Communication |publisher=Opac.yale.edu |date=13 December 2010 |accessdate=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185448/http://opac.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=8095 |archivedate=24 July 2011 }}</ref> His area of research is signaling through [[tyrosine]] [[phosphorylation]], which is important in many areas of cellular regulation, especially growth control and cancer. Schlessinger's work has led to an understanding of the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by receptor [[tyrosine kinase]]s<ref name=LemmonSchlessinger2010>{{cite journal|last1=Lemmon|first1=Mark Andrew|authorlink1=Mark A. Lemmon|last2=Schlessinger|first2=Joseph|title=Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases|journal=Cell|volume=141|issue=7|year=2010|pages=1117–1134|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011|pmid=20602996|pmc=2914105}}</ref> and how the resulting signals control cell growth and differentiation.
'''Joseph Schlessinger''' (born Josip Schlessinger; 26 March 1945) is a [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]]-born [[Israeli people|Israeli]]-[[United States|American]] [[biochemist]] and biophysician. He is chair of the [[Pharmacology]] Department at [[Yale University]] School of Medicine in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], Connecticut, as well as the founding director of the school's new Cancer Biology Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opac.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=8095 |title=Schlessinger Appointed Director of New Cancer Biology Institute at Yale – Yale Office of Public Affairs & Communication |publisher=Opac.yale.edu |date=13 December 2010 |access-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185448/http://opac.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=8095 |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> His area of research is signaling through [[tyrosine]] [[phosphorylation]], which is important in many areas of cellular regulation, especially growth control and cancer. Schlessinger's work has led to an understanding of the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by receptor [[tyrosine kinase]]s<ref name=LemmonSchlessinger2010>{{cite journal|last1=Lemmon|first1=Mark Andrew|author-link1=Mark A. Lemmon|last2=Schlessinger|first2=Joseph|title=Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases|journal=Cell|volume=141|issue=7|year=2010|pages=1117–1134|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011|pmid=20602996|pmc=2914105}}</ref> and how the resulting signals control cell growth and differentiation.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Josip Schlessinger was born in [[Topusko]] to Jewish parents. His father, Imre, was from [[Slatina, Croatia|Slatina]]; Imre's first wife and child had been deported to [[Auschwitz]]. Schlessinger's mother Rivka was from [[Bugojno]]; her first husband had been murdered by the [[Ustaše]]. Imre and Rivka met in a [[labor camp]] in 1943 on the [[Adriatic]] island of [[Rab]] and joined a group of Jewish [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]].
Josip Schlessinger was born in [[Topusko]] to Jewish parents. His father [[Imre]] came from [[Szalatnok]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]], since 1920 [[Slatina, Croatia|Slatina]]; Imre's first wife and child had been deported to [[Auschwitz]]. Schlessinger's mother Rivka was from [[Bugojno]]; her first husband had been murdered by the [[Ustaše]]. Imre and Rivka met in a [[Rab concentration camp|labor camp on the Adriatic island of Rab]] in 1943 and joined a group of Jewish [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]].


When Schlessinger was born on 26 March 1945 he was wrapped in a [[British Army|British military]] parachute. He was named for his grandfather. After World War II the family moved to [[Osijek]], where another son, Darko David, was born. Imre Schlessinger once made a joke at the expense of [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] and was sentenced to several months in jail.<ref name=jl>{{cite news|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/joseph-schlessinger--borio-sam-se-za-izrael--izumio-sutent--sad-mogu-natrag-u-svoju-hrvatsku/309456 |title=Joseph Schlessinger: Borio sam se za Izrael, izumio Sutent. Sad mogu natrag u svoju Hrvatsku |publisher=[[Jutarnji list]] |work=jutarnji.hr |language=Croatian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016130543/http://www.jutarnji.hr/joseph-schlessinger--borio-sam-se-za-izrael--izumio-sutent--sad-mogu-natrag-u-svoju-hrvatsku/309456/ |archivedate=16 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="hakol">Ha-Kol (Glasilo Židovske zajednice u Hrvatskoj); Joseph Schlessinger odlikovan visokim Hrvatskim odličjem; stranica 54; broj 111, listopad/rujan 2009.{{in lang|hr}}</ref>
When Schlessinger was born on 26 March 1945 he was wrapped in a [[British Army|British military]] parachute. He was named for his grandfather. After World War II the family moved to [[Osijek]], where another son, Darko David, was born. Imre Schlessinger once made a joke at the expense of [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] and was sentenced to several months in jail.<ref name=jl>{{cite news|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/joseph-schlessinger--borio-sam-se-za-izrael--izumio-sutent--sad-mogu-natrag-u-svoju-hrvatsku/309456 |title=Joseph Schlessinger: Borio sam se za Izrael, izumio Sutent. Sad mogu natrag u svoju Hrvatsku |publisher=[[Jutarnji list]] |work=jutarnji.hr |language=Croatian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016130543/http://www.jutarnji.hr/joseph-schlessinger--borio-sam-se-za-izrael--izumio-sutent--sad-mogu-natrag-u-svoju-hrvatsku/309456/ |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="hakol">Ha-Kol (Glasilo Židovske zajednice u Hrvatskoj); Joseph Schlessinger odlikovan visokim Hrvatskim odličjem; stranica 54; broj 111, listopad/rujan 2009.{{in lang|hr}}</ref>


The family moved to [[Israel]] in 1948.<ref name="The long war">{{cite web|url=http://info.med.yale.edu/pharm/faculty/index.php?bioID=13|title=The long war|publisher=Info.med.yale.edu |date=28 September 2010|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> Schlessinger served his compulsory military service with the [[Golani Brigade]] and was commissioned an officer. As part of his reserve duty he participated in the [[Six-Day War]] and the [[Yom Kippur War]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
The family moved to Israel in 1948.<ref name="The long war">{{cite web|url=http://info.med.yale.edu/pharm/faculty/index.php?bioID=13|title=The long war|publisher=Info.med.yale.edu |date=28 September 2010|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> Schlessinger served his compulsory military service with the [[Golani Brigade]] and was commissioned an officer. As part of his reserve duty he participated in the [[Six-Day War]] and the [[Yom Kippur War]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}


Schlessinger received his BSc degree in [[Chemistry]] and [[Physics]] in 1968 (magna cum laude), and an MSc degree in chemistry (also magna cum laude) in 1970 from the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.med.yale.edu/pharm/chairman/biography.htm|title=Schlessinger Lab: Biography|publisher=Med.yale.edu|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
Schlessinger received his BSc degree in [[Chemistry]] and [[Physics]] in 1968 (magna cum laude), and an MSc degree in chemistry (also magna cum laude) in 1970 from the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.med.yale.edu/pharm/chairman/biography.htm|title=Schlessinger Lab: Biography|publisher=Med.yale.edu|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


He obtained his PhD degree in [[biophysics]] from the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in 1974. From 1974 to 1976, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Departments of Chemistry and Applied Physics at [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]], working with [[Watt W. Webb]], among others. From 1977 to 1978, he was a visiting fellow in the immunology branch of the [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/>
He obtained his PhD degree in [[biophysics]] from the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in 1974. From 1974 to 1976, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Departments of Chemistry and Applied Physics at [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]], working with [[Watt W. Webb]], among others. From 1977 to 1978, he was a visiting fellow in the immunology branch of the [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
He is married to Irit Lax, an associate professor in the Pharmacology Department at Yale. They each have two children by previous marriages.<ref name="The long war"/> In a 2009 interview with a Croatian daily newspaper ''[[Jutarnji list]]'', he said, "Basically I am atheist. I grew up Jewish and I truly belong to the Jewish culture, but I'm not a follower of any world religion. Religion does not interest me at all."<ref name=jl/>
He is married to Irit Lax, also a professor in the pharmacology department at Yale. They each have two children by previous marriages.<ref name="The long war"/> In a 2009 interview with a Croatian daily newspaper ''[[Jutarnji list]]'', he said, "Basically I am atheist. I grew up Jewish and I truly belong to the Jewish culture, but I'm not a follower of any world religion. Religion does not interest me at all."<ref name=jl/>


==Academic career==
==Academic career==
Schlessinger was a member of the faculty of the Weizmann Institute from 1978 to 1991 and was the Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research in the Department of [[Immunology]] from 1985 to 1991. In addition, he was a Research Director for Rorer Biotechnology in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania]], from 1985 to 1990. In 1990, he was appointed as the Milton and Helen Kimmelman Professor and Chairman of the Department of [[Pharmacology]] at the [[New York University School of Medicine]]. He served as Director of [[NYU Medical Center]]'s Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, from 1998 to 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.med.yale.edu/pharm/faculty/index.php?bioID=1|title=Schlessinger's Departmental website at Yale University|publisher=Info.med.yale.edu |date=28 September 2010|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
Schlessinger was a member of the faculty of the Weizmann Institute from 1978 to 1991 and was the Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research in the department of [[immunology]] from 1985 to 1991. In addition, he was a research director for Rorer Biotechnology in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania]], from 1985 to 1990. In 1990, he was appointed as the Milton and Helen Kimmelman Professor and chairman of the department of [[pharmacology]] at the [[New York University School of Medicine]]. He served as director of [[NYU Medical Center]]'s Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, from 1998 to 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.med.yale.edu/pharm/faculty/index.php?bioID=1|title=Schlessinger's Departmental website at Yale University|publisher=Info.med.yale.edu |date=28 September 2010|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


He has been the [[William H. Prusoff]] Professor and Chairman of the Department of [[Pharmacology]] at [[Yale School of Medicine]] since 2001. He was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] in 2000, to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2001, and to the [[Institute of Medicine]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10242005|title=News release from Institute of Medicine|publisher=.nationalacademies.org|date=24 October 2005|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
He has been the [[William H. Prusoff]] Professor and chairman of the department of [[pharmacology]] at [[Yale School of Medicine]] since 2001. He was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] in 2000, to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2001, and to the [[Institute of Medicine]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10242005|title=News release from Institute of Medicine|publisher=.nationalacademies.org|date=24 October 2005|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


He is a member of the editorial boards of several journals, including ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cell.com/misc/page?page=contact|title=Cell masthead link|publisher=Cell.com|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> ''[[Molecular Cell]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.molecule.org/misc/page?page=contact |title=Molecular Cell masthead link |publisher=Molecule.org |accessdate=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416040635/http://www.molecule.org/misc/page?page=contact |archivedate=16 April 2008 }}</ref> the ''[[Journal of Cell Biology]]'',<ref>[http://www.jcb.org/misc/edboard.shtml J. Cell Biol. Masthead site]</ref> and the ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' magazine ''Science Signaling''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stke.sciencemag.org/about/edboard|title=AAAS/Science STKE Editorial Board page|publisher=Stke.sciencemag.org|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
He is a member of the editorial boards of several journals, including ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cell.com/misc/page?page=contact|title=Cell masthead link|publisher=Cell.com|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> ''[[Molecular Cell]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.molecule.org/misc/page?page=contact |title=Molecular Cell masthead link |publisher=Molecule.org |access-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416040635/http://www.molecule.org/misc/page?page=contact |archive-date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> the ''[[Journal of Cell Biology]]'',<ref>[http://www.jcb.org/misc/edboard.shtml J. Cell Biol. Masthead site]</ref> and the ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' magazine ''Science Signaling''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stke.sciencemag.org/about/edboard|title=AAAS/Science STKE Editorial Board page|publisher=Stke.sciencemag.org|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


==Awards and recognition==
==Awards and recognition==
Schlessinger is the recipient of numerous prizes, including the Michael Landau Prize (1973),<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/> the Sara Leady Prize (1980),<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/><ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> the Hestrin Prize (1983),<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/><ref name="CV on ISI Website">{{cite web|url=http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Results&id=255 |title=CV on ISI Website |publisher=Hcr3.isiknowledge.com |date=31 December 2011 |accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> the Levinson Prize (1984),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> a [[Ciba-Drew Award]] (1995),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> the Antoine Lacassagne Prize (1995),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> the Taylor Prize (2000),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/><ref>[http://www.robarts.ca/news.php?id=135 Taylor Prize announcement]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the [[Dan David Prize]] (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2006/61-future-2006-cancer-therapy/87-future-2006-cancer-therapy.html |title=Joseph Schlessinger profile |publisher=Dan David Prize |accessdate=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129053721/http://www.dandavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2006/61-future-2006-cancer-therapy/87-future-2006-cancer-therapy.html |archivedate=29 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/tu-ddp052406.php|title=Dan David announcement|publisher=Eurekalert.org|date=24 May 2006|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
Schlessinger is the recipient of numerous prizes, including the Michael Landau Prize (1973),<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/> the Sara Leady Prize (1980),<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/><ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> the Hestrin Prize (1983),<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/><ref name="CV on ISI Website">{{cite web|url=http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Results&id=255 |title=CV on ISI Website |publisher=Hcr3.isiknowledge.com |date=31 December 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> the Levinson Prize (1984),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> a [[Ciba-Drew Award]] (1995),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> the Antoine Lacassagne Prize (1995),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/> the Taylor Prize (2000),<ref name="CV on ISI Website"/><ref>[http://www.robarts.ca/news.php?id=135 Taylor Prize announcement]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the [[Dan David Prize]] (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2006/61-future-2006-cancer-therapy/87-future-2006-cancer-therapy.html |title=Joseph Schlessinger profile |publisher=Dan David Prize |access-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129053721/http://www.dandavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2006/61-future-2006-cancer-therapy/87-future-2006-cancer-therapy.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/tu-ddp052406.php|title=Dan David announcement|publisher=Eurekalert.org|date=24 May 2006|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


In 2002, he was granted an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Haifa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.haifa.ac.il/~focus/2002-summer/03honors.html|title=University of Haifa|publisher=Research.haifa.ac.il|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> He has lectured at many institutions,<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/> including the Harvey Society (in the 1993–1994 Harvey Lectures series)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7622357&ordinalpos=23&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|title=NCBI Pubmed Citation of Harvey Lecture by J. Schlessinger|publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|date=3 October 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> and the 2006 Keith R. Porter Lecture of the American Society for Cell Biology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=4&id=1726&tcode=nws3 |title=Porter lecture laureates |publisher=Ascb.org |accessdate=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715210851/https://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=4&id=1726&tcode=nws3 |archivedate=15 July 2007 }}</ref>
In 2002, he was granted an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Haifa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.haifa.ac.il/~focus/2002-summer/03honors.html|title=University of Haifa|publisher=Research.haifa.ac.il|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> He has lectured at many institutions,<ref name="Schlessinger Lab: Biography"/> including the Harvey Society (in the 1993–1994 Harvey Lectures series)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7622357&ordinalpos=23&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|title=NCBI Pubmed Citation of Harvey Lecture by J. Schlessinger|publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|date=3 October 2011|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> and the 2006 Keith R. Porter Lecture of the American Society for Cell Biology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=4&id=1726&tcode=nws3 |title=Porter lecture laureates |publisher=Ascb.org |access-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715210851/https://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=4&id=1726&tcode=nws3 |archive-date=15 July 2007 }}</ref>


In 2009, he was elected as a Member of the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.hazu.hr/corresponding_members|title=List of Corresponding Members of Croatian Academy or Science and Arts|publisher=Info.hazu.hr|accessdate=16 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225034825/http://info.hazu.hr/corresponding_members|archivedate=25 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.hazu.hr/jschlessinger_biography_en|title=Personal Page for Schlessinger at Croatian Academy of Science and Arts|publisher=Info.hazu.hr|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
In 2009, he was elected as a Member of the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.hazu.hr/corresponding_members|title=List of Corresponding Members of Croatian Academy or Science and Arts|publisher=Info.hazu.hr|access-date=16 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225034825/http://info.hazu.hr/corresponding_members|archive-date=25 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.hazu.hr/jschlessinger_biography_en|title=Personal Page for Schlessinger at Croatian Academy of Science and Arts|publisher=Info.hazu.hr|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


In 2012, the '''Hope Funds for Cancer Research''' selected Schlessinger to receive its Award of Excellence for Clinical Development. In 2009, Schlessinger was given an award by then-President of Croatia [[Stjepan Mesić]] for outstanding service in promoting Croatia in the international scientific community and for the contribution within Croatian biomedical sciences.<ref name="hakol"/>
In 2012, the '''Hope Funds for Cancer Research''' selected Schlessinger to receive its Award of Excellence for Clinical Development. In 2009, Schlessinger was given an award by then-President of Croatia [[Stjepan Mesić]] for outstanding service in promoting Croatia in the international scientific community and for the contribution within Croatian biomedical sciences.<ref name="hakol"/>


In September 2003, ''[[The Guardian]]'' listed him as number 14 in the "Giants of Science".<ref>{{cite news|author=Ian Sample|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/sciences/story/0,,1048716,00.html|title=Guardian article, The Giants of Science|publisher=Education.guardian.co.uk|accessdate=16 January 2012|location=London, UK|date=25 September 2003}}</ref> He received, along with [[Charles Sawyers]] and [[Anthony R. Hunter|Tony Hunter]], the 2014 [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] in the Biomedicine category for "carving out the path that led to the development of a new class of successful cancer drugs."{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
In September 2003, ''[[The Guardian]]'' listed him as number 14 in the "Giants of Science".<ref>{{cite news|author=Ian Sample|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/sciences/story/0,,1048716,00.html|title=Guardian article, The Giants of Science|publisher=Education.guardian.co.uk|access-date=16 January 2012|location=London, UK|date=25 September 2003}}</ref> He received, along with [[Charles Sawyers]] and [[Anthony R. Hunter|Tony Hunter]], the 2014 [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] in the Biomedicine category for "carving out the path that led to the development of a new class of successful cancer drugs."{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}


==Publications and research==
==Publications and research==
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Tyrosine kinases play a particularly important role in cancer, and several agents that block their activity are now used as anti-cancer drugs, such as [[Imatinib]] or [[Gleevec]]. Among his contributions are the findings that cell surface receptors with tyrosine kinase activity signal across membrane by forming dimers when they bind to their growth factor activators. He discovered this in studies of the [[epidermal growth factor receptor]] (EGFR). He was also instrumental in understanding how the [[SH2 domain]] controls tyrosine kinase signaling by binding to phosphorylated tyrosines in activated receptors. One of the seminal findings in this work was his laboratory's cloning of [[Grb2]] and other [[Signal transducing adaptor protein|Adaptor protein]]s.
Tyrosine kinases play a particularly important role in cancer, and several agents that block their activity are now used as anti-cancer drugs, such as [[Imatinib]] or [[Gleevec]]. Among his contributions are the findings that cell surface receptors with tyrosine kinase activity signal across membrane by forming dimers when they bind to their growth factor activators. He discovered this in studies of the [[epidermal growth factor receptor]] (EGFR). He was also instrumental in understanding how the [[SH2 domain]] controls tyrosine kinase signaling by binding to phosphorylated tyrosines in activated receptors. One of the seminal findings in this work was his laboratory's cloning of [[Grb2]] and other [[Signal transducing adaptor protein|Adaptor protein]]s.


Another is the lab's cloning of [[FRS2]], which is critical for signaling by the [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]]. In 2001, he was ranked by the [[ISI Highly Cited]] as one of the world's top 30 most cited scientists (across all fields) in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Imelda Schafer, ISI |url=http://www.in-cites.com/scientists/dr-joseph-schlessinger.html |title=ISI InCites Interview |publisher=In-cites.com |date=18 October 2004 |accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> According to ISI, his papers have been cited a total of 76,699 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isihighlycited.com/ |title=ISI Highly Cited Scientists Database|publisher=Isihighlycited.com |date=31 December 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
Another is the lab's cloning of [[FRS2]], which is critical for signaling by the [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]]. In 2001, he was ranked by the [[ISI Highly Cited]] as one of the world's top 30 most cited scientists (across all fields) in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nancy Imelda Schafer, ISI |url=http://www.in-cites.com/scientists/dr-joseph-schlessinger.html |title=ISI InCites Interview |publisher=In-cites.com |date=18 October 2004 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213043548/http://www.in-cites.com/scientists/dr-joseph-schlessinger.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to ISI, his papers have been cited a total of 76,699 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isihighlycited.com/ |title=ISI Highly Cited Scientists Database|publisher=Isihighlycited.com |date=31 December 2011|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>
=== Select publications ===

* {{Cite Q|Q27860624}}
* {{Cite Q|Q24598357}}
* {{Cite Q|Q24597152}}


==Controversy==
==Controversy==
Line 62: Line 65:


==SUGEN==
==SUGEN==
In 1991, Schlessinger co-founded (with [[Axel Ullrich]] and Steven Evans-Freke) the biotechnology company [[SUGEN]] to develop ATP-like molecules that would compete with ATP for binding to the catalytic site of receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer treatment. In 1999, Sugen was acquired by Pharmacia & Upjohn for $650 million<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/16/business/fi-46990 Los Angeles Times: "Pharmacia to Buy Sugen for $650 Million"], 16 June 1999.</ref> and in 2003, [[Pharmacia]] was acquired by [[Pfizer]].<ref>[http://www.pfizer.com/about/history/pfizer_pharmacia.jsp Pfizer corporate website: "2003:Pfizer and Pharmacia Merger"]; retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> One of the pipeline products (SU11248) was ultimately developed by Pfizer as Sutent ([[Sunitinib]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sutent.com|title=Sutent website|publisher=Sutent.com|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> approved by the FDA for treating gastrointestinal stromal tumors and renal cell carcinoma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108583.htm|title=FDA news announcement on Sutent|publisher=Fda.gov|date=26 January 2006|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref>
In 1991, Schlessinger co-founded (with [[Axel Ullrich]] and Steven Evans-Freke) the biotechnology company [[SUGEN]] to develop ATP-like molecules that would compete with ATP for binding to the catalytic site of receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer treatment. In 1999, Sugen was acquired by Pharmacia & Upjohn for $650 million<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-16-fi-46990-story.html Los Angeles Times: "Pharmacia to Buy Sugen for $650 Million"], 16 June 1999.</ref> and in 2003, [[Pharmacia]] was acquired by [[Pfizer]].<ref>[http://www.pfizer.com/about/history/pfizer_pharmacia.jsp Pfizer corporate website: "2003:Pfizer and Pharmacia Merger"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319002846/http://www.pfizer.com/about/history/pfizer_pharmacia.jsp |date=19 March 2013 }}; retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> One of the pipeline products (SU11248) was ultimately developed by Pfizer as Sutent ([[Sunitinib]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sutent.com|title=Sutent website|publisher=Sutent.com|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> approved by the FDA for treating gastrointestinal stromal tumors and renal cell carcinoma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108583.htm|title=FDA news announcement on Sutent|publisher=Fda.gov|date=26 January 2006|access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>


==Plexxikon==
==Plexxikon==
In 2001, Schlessinger co-founded [[Plexxikon]] with [[Sung-Hou Kim]] ([[University of California, Berkeley]]). Plexxikon, uses a pioneering structural biology-based platform for drug discovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plexxikon.com|title=Plexxikon web site|publisher=Plexxikon.com |accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> In April 2011, Plexxikon was acquired by the Japanese pharmaceutical company [[Daiichi Sankyo]] for $805 million and an additional $130 m in potential milestone payments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daiichi Sankyo to Acquire Plexxikon|url=http://www.plexxikon.com/view.cfm/88/Press-Releases|accessdate=28 February 2016}}</ref>
In 2001, Schlessinger co-founded [[Plexxikon]] with [[Sung-Hou Kim]] ([[University of California, Berkeley]]). Plexxikon, uses a pioneering structural biology-based platform for drug discovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plexxikon.com|title=Plexxikon web site|publisher=Plexxikon.com |access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> In April 2011, Plexxikon was acquired by the Japanese pharmaceutical company [[Daiichi Sankyo]] for $805 million and an additional $130 m in potential milestone payments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daiichi Sankyo to Acquire Plexxikon|url=http://www.plexxikon.com/view.cfm/88/Press-Releases|access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>


==Kolltan Pharmaceuticals==
==Kolltan Pharmaceuticals==
Line 85: Line 88:
[[Category:People from Topusko]]
[[Category:People from Topusko]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
⚫
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American biochemists]]
[[Category:Croatian Jews]]
[[Category:Croatian Jews]]
[[Category:Croatian atheists]]
[[Category:Croatian atheists]]
⚫
[[Category:American biochemists]]
[[Category:Israeli biochemists]]
[[Category:Israeli biochemists]]
[[Category:Jewish chemists]]
[[Category:Jewish chemists]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:Jewish American atheists]]
[[Category:Yale School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Yale School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Croatian emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Croatian emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Yugoslav emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Yugoslav emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli atheists]]
[[Category:Israeli atheists]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Croatian-Jewish
[[Category:Israeli people of Croatian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]

Latest revision as of 14:20, 4 December 2024

Joseph Schlessinger
Born
Josip Schlessinger

(1945-03-26) 26 March 1945 (age 79)
Topusko, (present-day Republic of Croatia)
NationalityIsrael
United States
AwardsCiba-Drew Award (1995)Dan David Prize (2006)
Scientific career
FieldsPharmacology

Joseph Schlessinger (born Josip Schlessinger; 26 March 1945) is a Yugoslav-born Israeli-American biochemist and biophysician. He is chair of the Pharmacology Department at Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut, as well as the founding director of the school's new Cancer Biology Institute.[1] His area of research is signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation, which is important in many areas of cellular regulation, especially growth control and cancer. Schlessinger's work has led to an understanding of the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases[2] and how the resulting signals control cell growth and differentiation.

Biography

[edit]

Josip Schlessinger was born in Topusko to Jewish parents. His father Imre came from Szalatnok, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Hungary, since 1920 Slatina; Imre's first wife and child had been deported to Auschwitz. Schlessinger's mother Rivka was from Bugojno; her first husband had been murdered by the Ustaše. Imre and Rivka met in a labor camp on the Adriatic island of Rab in 1943 and joined a group of Jewish Partisans.

When Schlessinger was born on 26 March 1945 he was wrapped in a British military parachute. He was named for his grandfather. After World War II the family moved to Osijek, where another son, Darko David, was born. Imre Schlessinger once made a joke at the expense of Tito and was sentenced to several months in jail.[3][4]

The family moved to Israel in 1948.[5] Schlessinger served his compulsory military service with the Golani Brigade and was commissioned an officer. As part of his reserve duty he participated in the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War.[citation needed]

Schlessinger received his BSc degree in Chemistry and Physics in 1968 (magna cum laude), and an MSc degree in chemistry (also magna cum laude) in 1970 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[6]

He obtained his PhD degree in biophysics from the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1974. From 1974 to 1976, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Departments of Chemistry and Applied Physics at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, working with Watt W. Webb, among others. From 1977 to 1978, he was a visiting fellow in the immunology branch of the National Cancer Institute.[6]

Personal life

[edit]

He is married to Irit Lax, also a professor in the pharmacology department at Yale. They each have two children by previous marriages.[5] In a 2009 interview with a Croatian daily newspaper Jutarnji list, he said, "Basically I am atheist. I grew up Jewish and I truly belong to the Jewish culture, but I'm not a follower of any world religion. Religion does not interest me at all."[3]

Academic career

[edit]

Schlessinger was a member of the faculty of the Weizmann Institute from 1978 to 1991 and was the Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research in the department of immunology from 1985 to 1991. In addition, he was a research director for Rorer Biotechnology in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, from 1985 to 1990. In 1990, he was appointed as the Milton and Helen Kimmelman Professor and chairman of the department of pharmacology at the New York University School of Medicine. He served as director of NYU Medical Center's Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, from 1998 to 2001.[7]

He has been the William H. Prusoff Professor and chairman of the department of pharmacology at Yale School of Medicine since 2001. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2000, to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001, and to the Institute of Medicine in 2005.[8]

He is a member of the editorial boards of several journals, including Cell,[9] Molecular Cell,[10] the Journal of Cell Biology,[11] and the Science magazine Science Signaling.[12]

Awards and recognition

[edit]

Schlessinger is the recipient of numerous prizes, including the Michael Landau Prize (1973),[6] the Sara Leady Prize (1980),[6][13] the Hestrin Prize (1983),[6][13] the Levinson Prize (1984),[13] a Ciba-Drew Award (1995),[13] the Antoine Lacassagne Prize (1995),[13] the Taylor Prize (2000),[13][14] and the Dan David Prize (2006).[15][16]

In 2002, he was granted an honorary doctorate from the University of Haifa.[17] He has lectured at many institutions,[6] including the Harvey Society (in the 1993–1994 Harvey Lectures series)[18] and the 2006 Keith R. Porter Lecture of the American Society for Cell Biology.[19]

In 2009, he was elected as a Member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.[20][21]

In 2012, the Hope Funds for Cancer Research selected Schlessinger to receive its Award of Excellence for Clinical Development. In 2009, Schlessinger was given an award by then-President of Croatia Stjepan Mesić for outstanding service in promoting Croatia in the international scientific community and for the contribution within Croatian biomedical sciences.[4]

In September 2003, The Guardian listed him as number 14 in the "Giants of Science".[22] He received, along with Charles Sawyers and Tony Hunter, the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Biomedicine category for "carving out the path that led to the development of a new class of successful cancer drugs."[citation needed]

Publications and research

[edit]

According to PubMed, Schlessinger has authored over 450 scientific original and review articles in the areas of pharmacology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and structural biology, mostly on tyrosine kinase signaling. Tyrosine kinase signaling plays a critical role in the control of many cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, as well as cell survival and migration.[6]

Tyrosine kinases play a particularly important role in cancer, and several agents that block their activity are now used as anti-cancer drugs, such as Imatinib or Gleevec. Among his contributions are the findings that cell surface receptors with tyrosine kinase activity signal across membrane by forming dimers when they bind to their growth factor activators. He discovered this in studies of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). He was also instrumental in understanding how the SH2 domain controls tyrosine kinase signaling by binding to phosphorylated tyrosines in activated receptors. One of the seminal findings in this work was his laboratory's cloning of Grb2 and other Adaptor proteins.

Another is the lab's cloning of FRS2, which is critical for signaling by the Fibroblast growth factor receptor. In 2001, he was ranked by the ISI Highly Cited as one of the world's top 30 most cited scientists (across all fields) in the 1990s.[23] According to ISI, his papers have been cited a total of 76,699 times.[24]

Select publications

[edit]
  • A Ullrich; J Schlessinger (20 April 1990). "Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity". Cell. 61 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-K. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 2158859. Wikidata Q27860624.
  • Mark A Lemmon; Joseph Schlessinger (25 June 2010). "Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases". Cell. 141 (7): 1117–34. doi:10.1016/J.CELL.2010.06.011. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 2914105. PMID 20602996. Wikidata Q24598357.
  • Gideon Bollag; Peter Hirth; James Tsai; et al. (30 September 2010). "Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma". Nature. 467 (7315): 596–9. doi:10.1038/NATURE09454. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 2948082. PMID 20823850. Wikidata Q24597152.

Controversy

[edit]

In 2006, a sexual harassment lawsuit was initiated against Yale University by Schlessinger's former secretary, Mary Beth Garceau, who alleged numerous episodes of harassment during her employment at Yale[25][26][27][28] and claimed Yale University failed to act upon her frequent complaints, causing her to resign. The case was settled out of court in mid-2007 and the terms of the settlement were not publicly disclosed.[29]

SUGEN

[edit]

In 1991, Schlessinger co-founded (with Axel Ullrich and Steven Evans-Freke) the biotechnology company SUGEN to develop ATP-like molecules that would compete with ATP for binding to the catalytic site of receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer treatment. In 1999, Sugen was acquired by Pharmacia & Upjohn for $650 million[30] and in 2003, Pharmacia was acquired by Pfizer.[31] One of the pipeline products (SU11248) was ultimately developed by Pfizer as Sutent (Sunitinib),[32] approved by the FDA for treating gastrointestinal stromal tumors and renal cell carcinoma.[33]

Plexxikon

[edit]

In 2001, Schlessinger co-founded Plexxikon with Sung-Hou Kim (University of California, Berkeley). Plexxikon, uses a pioneering structural biology-based platform for drug discovery.[34] In April 2011, Plexxikon was acquired by the Japanese pharmaceutical company Daiichi Sankyo for $805 million and an additional $130 m in potential milestone payments.[35]

Kolltan Pharmaceuticals

[edit]

In 2007, Schlessinger co-founded Kolltan Pharmaceuticals with Arthur Altschul Jr. Kolltan Pharmaceuticals is an early-stage biotech that develops antibodies to treat solid tumors.[36][37][38][39]

In April 2014, Kolltan received $60 million in equity financing.[40] In September 2014, Kolltan filed for an IPO and in January 2015, they withdrew the IPO.[41] In November 2016, Celldex Therapeutics acquired Kolltan for $235 million.[42]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Schlessinger Appointed Director of New Cancer Biology Institute at Yale – Yale Office of Public Affairs & Communication". Opac.yale.edu. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  2. ^ Lemmon, Mark Andrew; Schlessinger, Joseph (2010). "Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases". Cell. 141 (7): 1117–1134. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011. PMC 2914105. PMID 20602996.
  3. ^ a b "Joseph Schlessinger: Borio sam se za Izrael, izumio Sutent. Sad mogu natrag u svoju Hrvatsku". jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012.
  4. ^ a b Ha-Kol (Glasilo Židovske zajednice u Hrvatskoj); Joseph Schlessinger odlikovan visokim Hrvatskim odličjem; stranica 54; broj 111, listopad/rujan 2009.(in Croatian)
  5. ^ a b "The long war". Info.med.yale.edu. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Schlessinger Lab: Biography". Med.yale.edu. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  7. ^ "Schlessinger's Departmental website at Yale University". Info.med.yale.edu. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  8. ^ "News release from Institute of Medicine". .nationalacademies.org. 24 October 2005. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  9. ^ "Cell masthead link". Cell.com. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  10. ^ "Molecular Cell masthead link". Molecule.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  11. ^ J. Cell Biol. Masthead site
  12. ^ "AAAS/Science STKE Editorial Board page". Stke.sciencemag.org. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "CV on ISI Website". Hcr3.isiknowledge.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  14. ^ Taylor Prize announcement[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Joseph Schlessinger profile". Dan David Prize. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  16. ^ "Dan David announcement". Eurekalert.org. 24 May 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  17. ^ "University of Haifa". Research.haifa.ac.il. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  18. ^ "NCBI Pubmed Citation of Harvey Lecture by J. Schlessinger". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  19. ^ "Porter lecture laureates". Ascb.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  20. ^ "List of Corresponding Members of Croatian Academy or Science and Arts". Info.hazu.hr. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  21. ^ "Personal Page for Schlessinger at Croatian Academy of Science and Arts". Info.hazu.hr. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  22. ^ Ian Sample (25 September 2003). "Guardian article, The Giants of Science". London, UK: Education.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  23. ^ Nancy Imelda Schafer, ISI (18 October 2004). "ISI InCites Interview". In-cites.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  24. ^ "ISI Highly Cited Scientists Database". Isihighlycited.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  25. ^ University of Hartford Media Watch (27 November - 4 December 2006)[permanent dead link‍], hartford.edu; accessed 28 February 2016.
  26. ^ Yale ex-secretary sues for sex harassment From publication: "Women in Higher Education", accessmylibrary.com, 1 January 2007.
  27. ^ "Alleged Harassment by Renowned Researcher Prompts Suit Against Yale", Chronicle of Higher Education], 2 December 2006.
  28. ^ "Univ. faces harassment lawsuit", Yale Daily News, 1 Dec. 2006
  29. ^ "Another Lawsuit Against the University" Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Yale Alumni Magazine, July 2007.
  30. ^ Los Angeles Times: "Pharmacia to Buy Sugen for $650 Million", 16 June 1999.
  31. ^ Pfizer corporate website: "2003:Pfizer and Pharmacia Merger" Archived 19 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 29 September 2015.
  32. ^ "Sutent website". Sutent.com. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  33. ^ "FDA news announcement on Sutent". Fda.gov. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  34. ^ "Plexxikon web site". Plexxikon.com. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  35. ^ "Daiichi Sankyo to Acquire Plexxikon". Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  36. ^ "Cancer biotech Kolltan Pharmaceuticals files for an $86 million IPO", nasdaq.com, 12 September 2014.
  37. ^ UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION - FORM S-1- REGISTRATION STATEMENT KOLLTAN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC (filing), 12 September 2014.
  38. ^ Pablo Robles, "Startup's cancer therapy preps for 2014 clinical trials", hartfordbusiness.com, 13 January 2014.
  39. ^ "What is the history of Arthur G. Altschul Jr and the latest information about Arthur G. Altschul Jr?"[permanent dead link‍], chicagotribune.com, 27 December 2015.
  40. ^ J.R. Reed "With $60 million, cancer drug develops", yaledailynews.com, 4 April 2014.
  41. ^ "Cancer biotech Kolltan Pharmaceuticals withdraws $86 million IPO", nasdaq.com, 28 January 2015.
  42. ^ Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News: "Celldex to Acquire Kolltan for Up to $235M" 2 November 2016
[edit]
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