Nematoida: Difference between revisions

Nematoida; Temporal range: Devonian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Ediacaran records
	Paragordius tricuspidatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa
(unranked):	Protostomia
Superphylum:	Ecdysozoa
Clade:	Nematoida; Schmidt-Rhaesa, 1996
Subdivisions
	Nematomorpha; Nematoda; †Uncus?;
Synonyms
	Nematoidea sensu lato Rudolphi, 1808; Nematozoa Zrzavý et al., 1998;

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Nematoida is a clade of pseudocoelomate free living or parasitic animals. It consists of phyla Nematoda and Nematomorpha.^[3]^[4] The two groups share a number of features in common; the presence of a cloaca in both sexes, aflagellate sperm, and a cuticle made of collagen.^[4]

Its position within Ecdysozoa is uncontroversial, but the identity of their closest relatives has been debated. Under the Cycloneuralia hypothesis, the nematoids are considered to be closest to Scalidophora, named for the ring-shaped brains found in these animals.^[5] However, this group has seen less support in phylogenetic analyses, with the Cryptovermes hypothesis being more consistently supported,^[4]^[6]^[7] which groups the nematoids with the panarthropods, although the issue is still not completely settled.

References

^ Poinar, George (January 2008). "Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants". Nematology. 10 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1163/156854108783360159.
^ Hughes, Ian V.; Evans, Scott D.; Droser, Mary L. (November 2024). "An Ediacaran bilaterian with an ecdysozoan affinity from South Australia". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.030.
^ "articulata". Archived from the original on 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c Telford, Maximillian; et al. (11 January 2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philosophical Transactions. 363 (1496): 1529–1537. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.
^ Hejnol, Andreas (2015). "Cycloneuralia". Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 3. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1865-8_1. ISBN 978-3-7091-1864-1.
^ Howard, Richard. "The Deep Evolution of Ecdysozoa". ProQuest.
^ Howard, Richard; et al. (10 March 2022). "The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596.

This protostome-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Poinar, George (January 2008). "Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants". Nematology. 10 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1163/156854108783360159.

[2] Hughes, Ian V.; Evans, Scott D.; Droser, Mary L. (November 2024). "An Ediacaran bilaterian with an ecdysozoan affinity from South Australia". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.030.

[urlarticulata-3] "articulata". Archived from the original on 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2009-06-28.

[ecdyevo-4] Telford, Maximillian; et al. (11 January 2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philosophical Transactions. 363 (1496): 1529–1537. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.

[5] Hejnol, Andreas (2015). "Cycloneuralia". Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 3. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1865-8_1. ISBN 978-3-7091-1864-1.

[6] Howard, Richard. "The Deep Evolution of Ecdysozoa". ProQuest.

[7] Howard, Richard; et al. (10 March 2022). "The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Clade of worm-like animals}}
 {{Automatic taxobox
-| fossil_range = {{fossil range|420|0|earliest=510|latest=0| [[Devonian]]–Recent<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |title=Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants |journal=Nematology |date=January 2008 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |doi=10.1163/156854108783360159 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nemy/10/1/article-p9_2.xml}}</ref>}}
+| fossil_range = {{fossil range|420|0|earliest=555| [[Devonian]]–Recent<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |title=Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants |journal=Nematology |date=January 2008 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |doi=10.1163/156854108783360159 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nemy/10/1/article-p9_2.xml}}</ref>}} <small>Possible Ediacaran records<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Ian V. |last2=Evans |first2=Scott D. |last3=Droser |first3=Mary L. |title=An Ediacaran bilaterian with an ecdysozoan affinity from South Australia |journal=Current Biology |date=November 2024 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.030}}</ref></small>
 | image = Paragordius tricuspidatus.jpeg
 | image_caption = ''[[Paragordius tricuspidatus]]''
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 * Nematoidea <small>''sensu lato'' Rudolphi, 1808</small>
 * Nematozoa <small>Zrzavý ''et al.'', 1998</small>
-| subdivision_ranks = Phyla
+| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions
 | subdivision =
 * [[Nematomorpha]]
 * [[Nematode|Nematoda]]
+* †''[[Uncus dzaugisi|Uncus]]''?
 }}
-'''Nematoida''' is a [[clade]] of [[pseudocoelomate]] free living or parasitic [[animal]]s. It consists of phyla [[Nematoda]] and [[Nematomorpha]].<ref name="urlarticulata">{{cite web |url=http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey/articulata.html |title=articulata |access-date=2009-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510081324/http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey/articulata.html |archive-date=2010-05-10 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18192181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Telford MJ, Bourlat SJ, Economou A, Papillon D, Rota-Stabelli O |title=The evolution of the Ecdysozoa |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1529–37 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18192181 |pmc=2614232 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2243 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Telford MJ, Bourlat SJ, Economou A, Papillon D, Rota-Stabelli O |title=The evolution of the Ecdysozoa |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1529–37 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18192181 |pmc=2614232 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2243}}</ref> The two groups share a number of features in common; the presense of a [[cloaca]] in both sexes, [[flagellate|aflagellate]] sperm, and a [[cuticle]] made of [[collagen]].<ref name=ecdyevo>{{cite journal |last1=Telford |first1=Maximillian |display-authors=et al.|title=The evolution of the Ecdysozoa |journal=Philosophical Transactions |date=11 January 2008 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2243|pmc=2614232 }}</ref>
+'''Nematoida''' is a [[clade]] of [[pseudocoelomate]] free living or parasitic [[animal]]s. It consists of phyla [[Nematoda]] and [[Nematomorpha]].<ref name="urlarticulata">{{cite web |url=http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey/articulata.html |title=articulata |access-date=2009-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510081324/http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey/articulata.html |archive-date=2010-05-10 }}</ref><ref name=ecdyevo>{{cite journal |last1=Telford |first1=Maximillian |display-authors=et al.|title=The evolution of the Ecdysozoa |journal=Philosophical Transactions |date=11 January 2008 |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1529–1537 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2243|pmid=18192181 |pmc=2614232 }}</ref> The two groups share a number of features in common; the presence of a [[cloaca]] in both sexes, [[flagellate|aflagellate]] sperm, and a [[cuticle]] made of [[collagen]].<ref name=ecdyevo></ref>
-Its position within [[Ecdysozoa]] is uncontroversial, but the identity of their closest relatives has been debated. Under the [[Cycloneuralia]] hypothesis, the nematoids are considered to be closest to [[Scalidophora]], named for the ring-shaped brains found in these animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hejnol |first1=Andreas |title=Cycloneuralia |journal=Spinger Link |date=2015 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-1865-8_1}}</ref> However, this group has seen less support in phylogenetic analyses, with the '''Cryptovermes''' hypothesis being more consistently supported,<ref name=ecdyevo></ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Richard |title=The Deep Evolution of Ecdysozoa |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/257f91384a25d9c55ea9980ed27b561f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y |website=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Richard|display-authors=et al. |title=The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: integrating fossil and phylogenomic data |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |date=10 March 2022 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-107|hdl=2445/186596 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> which groups the nematoids with the [[panarthropods]], although the issue is still not completely settled.
+Its position within [[Ecdysozoa]] is uncontroversial, but the identity of their closest relatives has been debated. Under the [[Cycloneuralia]] hypothesis, the nematoids are considered to be closest to [[Scalidophora]], named for the ring-shaped brains found in these animals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hejnol |first1=Andreas |title=Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 3 |chapter=Cycloneuralia |date=2015 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-1865-8_1|isbn=978-3-7091-1864-1 }}</ref> However, this group has seen less support in phylogenetic analyses, with the '''Cryptovermes''' hypothesis being more consistently supported,<ref name=ecdyevo></ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Richard |title=The Deep Evolution of Ecdysozoa |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/257f91384a25d9c55ea9980ed27b561f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y |website=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Richard|display-authors=et al. |title=The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: integrating fossil and phylogenomic data |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |date=10 March 2022 |volume=179 |issue=4 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-107|bibcode=2022JGSoc.179..107H |hdl=2445/186596 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> which groups the nematoids with the [[panarthropods]], although the issue is still not completely settled.
 == References ==
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 [[Category:Nematoida| ]]
-[[Category:Protostome unranked clades]]
+[[Category:Ecdysozoa unranked clades]]