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'''Leper colony money''' was special money ([[scrip]] or [[vouchers]]) which circulated only in [[leper colony|leper colonies]] ([[sanatorium]]s for people with [[leprosy]]) due to the fear that money could carry leprosy and infect other people. However, leprosy is not easily transmitted by casual contact or objects; actual transmission only happens through long-term, constant, intimate contact with leprosy sufferers and not through contact with everyday objects used by sufferers. |
'''Leper colony money''' was special money ([[scrip]] or [[vouchers]]) which circulated only in [[leper colony|leper colonies]] ([[sanatorium]]s for people with [[leprosy]]) due to the fear that money could carry leprosy and infect other people. However, leprosy is not easily transmitted by casual contact or objects; actual transmission only happens through long-term, constant, intimate contact with leprosy sufferers and not through contact with everyday objects used by sufferers. |
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Leprosariums emerged during the [[Middle Ages]] as places to confine people. They were known as [[lazaretto]]s due to the Order of Saint Lazarus and his patron saint: protector of hospitals and lepers. These confinement centers were erected in particularly remote areas and had facilities to cover quarantine periods for the sick. |
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They were used assiduously until a cure for the disease was developed. At the First International Conference on Leprosy (Berlin, 1897), Hansen recommended the isolation of the sick as a preventive measure. Other specialists also proposed minting coins for restricted use in such places. These measures were in force until 1981 when the [[World Health Organization]] determined a treatment to cure the disease. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandya |first=Shubhada |date=2003 |title=The First International Leprosy Conference, Berlin, 1897: the politics of segregation. |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/hcsm/a/X65jRrbmLNMfhYNpsz7Tmbs/?format=pdf&lang=en |journal=Historia, Ciencias, Saude--Manguinhos|volume=10 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=161–177 |doi=10.1590/s0104-59702003000400008 |pmid=14650412 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Special leper colony money was used between 1901 and around 1955. |
Special leper colony money was used between 1901 and around 1955. |
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==The first special money== |
==The first special money== |
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{{multiple image |
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| image2 =COLOMBIA, LEPROSARIUM (LEPER) COLONY 1921 -2 CENTAVOS a - Flickr - woody1778a.jpg |
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| footer = [[Obverse and reverse|Obverse]] (left) and reverse (right) of Colombian 2-centavo coin from 1921 |
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The oldest special money known was made in 1901 for use in three leper colonies of Colombia, called [[Agua de Dios]], [[Cano de Loro]], and [[Contratación]]. Five denominations of coins were issued: 2.5 [[centavo]]s, 5 centavos, 10 centavos, 20 centavos, and 50 centavos. "República de Colombia 1901" was engraved.<ref>The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), McFadden, RR, Grost J, Marr DF. p. 21 D. C. McDonald Associates, Inc. U.S.A.</ref> These coins were issued after the first leprosy congress in Berlin in 1897. |
The oldest special money known was made in 1901 for use in three leper colonies of Colombia, called [[Agua de Dios]], [[Cano de Loro]], and [[Contratación]]. Five denominations of coins were issued: 2.5 [[centavo]]s, 5 centavos, 10 centavos, 20 centavos, and 50 centavos. "República de Colombia 1901" was engraved.<ref>The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), McFadden, RR, Grost J, Marr DF. p. 21 D. C. McDonald Associates, Inc. U.S.A.</ref> These coins were issued after the first leprosy congress in Berlin in 1897. |
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Between 1919 and 1952, special coins were used in a [[Panama Canal Zone]] leper colony called [[Palo Seco Colony]]. One cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents, and one dollar coins were made in the United States, with one hole in the coins.<ref>The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), p. 54.</ref> |
Between 1919 and 1952, special coins were used in a [[Panama Canal Zone]] leper colony called [[Palo Seco Colony]]. One cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents, and one dollar coins were made in the United States, with one hole in the coins.<ref>The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), p. 54.</ref> |
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==Philippines== |
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{{Main|Coins of the Philippine peso#Culion leper colony coinage}} |
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In 1913, special aluminum coins were minted in Manila for use in the Philippines' leprosy colonies. In 1947, after Japanese occupation during [[WW II]], paper money was issued inside the [[Culion]] colony.<ref>The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), p. 58.</ref> |
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| image2 = Culion leper colony 1peso 1925 o.jpg |
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| image1 = Culion leper colony 1peso 1913 o.jpg |
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| footer = [[Obverse and reverse|Obverse]] of Culion leper colony 1-peso coins from 1913 (left) and 1925 (right). |
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From 1913 to 1930, special aluminum (later [[copper-nickel]]) coins were minted in [[Manila]] for use in the [[Culion leper colony]] of the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands]] (then under the [[United States]]). In 1942, during the Japanese occupation of [[World War II]], emergency paper money was also issued inside the [[Culion]] colony. The currency was discontinued after leprosy became a treatable disease in the 1980s, and the island of Culion itself was declared leprosy-free in 2006.<ref name="Lannon">{{cite journal |last1=Lannon |first1=Donald |title=Disinfect Before Handling: The Story of Culion Leper Colony and Its Coinage |journal=The California Numismatist |date=2017 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=28–40 |url=http://www.calnumismatist.com/PDF/TCN201702.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Jarcho">{{cite journal |last1=Jarcho |first1=S. |title=Medical Numinsmatic Notes, IX: Coins of the Leper Colony at Culion and of the Philippine Health Service |journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |date=1973 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1806917&blobtype=pdf|pmid=4567272 |pmc=1806917 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Gilbert Somers |title=The Leper Colony Currency of Colon |journal=Numismatic Notes and Monographs |date=1929 |url=http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan107534}}</ref><ref name="Pe">{{cite news |last1=Pe |first1=Roger |title=Culion: A beautiful story to tell |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/758706/culion-a-beautiful-story-to-tell |accessdate=18 June 2019 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=25 January 2016}}</ref> |
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==Japan== |
==Japan== |
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==Malaysia== |
==Malaysia== |
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{{Main|Banknotes of the Sungei Buloh Settlement}} |
{{Main|Banknotes of the Sungei Buloh Settlement}} |
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In 1936, 5 cents, 10 cents and 1 dollar notes were issued in the [[Sungei Buloh]] Settlement in Malaysia, printed in four languages. The |
In 1936, 5 cents, 10 cents and 1 dollar notes were issued in the [[Sungei Buloh]] Settlement in [[Federated Malay States]] (today [[Malaysia]]), printed in four languages. The director, Dr. Gordon Alexander Ryrie, sent the special banknotes for examination and it was proved that the notes did not carry leprosy. All special banknotes were burned in a bonfire in that country in 1938.<ref name=star/> |
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==Other countries== |
==Other countries== |
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Leper colony money is also known to have existed in Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Korea, Nigeria, Thailand, and Venezuela. |
Leper colony money is also known to have existed in Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Korea, Nigeria, Thailand, and Venezuela. |
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==References and sources== |
==References and sources== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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;Sources |
;Sources |
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*[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL1443590M/numismatic_aspects_of_leprosy The numismatic aspects of leprosy. Money, Medals and Miscellanea] (1993) Roger R. McFadden, John Grost, Dennis F. Marr. D.C. McDonald Associates, Inc. USA. |
* [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL1443590M/numismatic_aspects_of_leprosy The numismatic aspects of leprosy. Money, Medals and Miscellanea] (1993) Roger R. McFadden, John Grost, Dennis F. Marr. D.C. McDonald Associates, Inc. USA. |
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[[Category:Currency]] |
[[Category:Currency]] |
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[[Category:Leper colonies]] |
[[Category:Leper colonies]] |
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[[Category:Leprosy]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:46, 4 December 2024
Leper colony money was special money (scrip or vouchers) which circulated only in leper colonies (sanatoriums for people with leprosy) due to the fear that money could carry leprosy and infect other people. However, leprosy is not easily transmitted by casual contact or objects; actual transmission only happens through long-term, constant, intimate contact with leprosy sufferers and not through contact with everyday objects used by sufferers.
Leprosariums emerged during the Middle Ages as places to confine people. They were known as lazarettos due to the Order of Saint Lazarus and his patron saint: protector of hospitals and lepers. These confinement centers were erected in particularly remote areas and had facilities to cover quarantine periods for the sick.
They were used assiduously until a cure for the disease was developed. At the First International Conference on Leprosy (Berlin, 1897), Hansen recommended the isolation of the sick as a preventive measure. Other specialists also proposed minting coins for restricted use in such places. These measures were in force until 1981 when the World Health Organization determined a treatment to cure the disease. [1]
Special leper colony money was used between 1901 and around 1955.
The original reason for leper colony money was the prevention of leprosy in healthy persons. In 1938, Dr. Gordon Alexander Ryrie in Malaysia proved that the paper money was not contaminated with leprosy bacteria, and all the leper colony banknotes were burned in that country.[2][3]
The first special money
[edit]_COLONY,_1921_-2_CENTAVOS_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg)
_COLONY_1921_-2_CENTAVOS_a_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg)
The oldest special money known was made in 1901 for use in three leper colonies of Colombia, called Agua de Dios, Cano de Loro, and Contratación. Five denominations of coins were issued: 2.5 centavos, 5 centavos, 10 centavos, 20 centavos, and 50 centavos. "República de Colombia 1901" was engraved.[4] These coins were issued after the first leprosy congress in Berlin in 1897.
Special money made in the US
[edit]Between 1919 and 1952, special coins were used in a Panama Canal Zone leper colony called Palo Seco Colony. One cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents, and one dollar coins were made in the United States, with one hole in the coins.[5]
Philippines
[edit]
From 1913 to 1930, special aluminum (later copper-nickel) coins were minted in Manila for use in the Culion leper colony of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (then under the United States). In 1942, during the Japanese occupation of World War II, emergency paper money was also issued inside the Culion colony. The currency was discontinued after leprosy became a treatable disease in the 1980s, and the island of Culion itself was declared leprosy-free in 2006.[6][7][8][9]
Japan
[edit]In 1919, special coins were made in Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium, and later in other sanatoriums in Japan. It is a characteristic of the special money of Japan that coins and in some cases money in papers or plastic were issued by the sanatoriums and not by the government. However, patients liked banknotes or coins of the Japan Bank. When patients were hospitalized, their money was changed for special money, so that this system was used also for the strengthening of segregation. In some sanatoriums, special money served as allowances for poor patients. By 1955 this system had been discontinued in Japan, in some cases initiated by crimes.[10][11]
Malaysia
[edit]In 1936, 5 cents, 10 cents and 1 dollar notes were issued in the Sungei Buloh Settlement in Federated Malay States (today Malaysia), printed in four languages. The director, Dr. Gordon Alexander Ryrie, sent the special banknotes for examination and it was proved that the notes did not carry leprosy. All special banknotes were burned in a bonfire in that country in 1938.[3]
Other countries
[edit]Leper colony money is also known to have existed in Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Korea, Nigeria, Thailand, and Venezuela.
References and sources
[edit]
- References
- ^ Pandya, Shubhada (2003). "The First International Leprosy Conference, Berlin, 1897: the politics of segregation". Historia, Ciencias, Saude--Manguinhos. 10 (Suppl 1): 161–177. doi:10.1590/s0104-59702003000400008. PMID 14650412.
- ^ Kue Issho (1979) p. 39. Ikko Sha, Tokyo 0021-01080-0338
- ^ a b Unique experiment with currency notes(1970) Isaac Teoh, The Star, January–February, p7.
- ^ The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), McFadden, RR, Grost J, Marr DF. p. 21 D. C. McDonald Associates, Inc. U.S.A.
- ^ The numismatic aspects of leprosy (1993), p. 54.
- ^ Lannon, Donald (2017). "Disinfect Before Handling: The Story of Culion Leper Colony and Its Coinage" (PDF). The California Numismatist. 14 (2): 28–40.
- ^ Jarcho, S. (1973). "Medical Numinsmatic Notes, IX: Coins of the Leper Colony at Culion and of the Philippine Health Service". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 49 (2): 156–159. PMC 1806917. PMID 4567272.
- ^ Perez, Gilbert Somers (1929). "The Leper Colony Currency of Colon". Numismatic Notes and Monographs.
- ^ Pe, Roger (25 January 2016). "Culion: A beautiful story to tell". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ Kue Issho (1979) Ikko Sha, Tokyo
- ^ Akebonono Shiokaze (1998) Nihon Bunkyo Shuppan, Okayama
- Sources
- The numismatic aspects of leprosy. Money, Medals and Miscellanea (1993) Roger R. McFadden, John Grost, Dennis F. Marr. D.C. McDonald Associates, Inc. USA.