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{{More citations needed|article|date=August 2008}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=August 2008}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = J-22 Orao
| name = J-22 Orao
| image = File:J-22 Orao 25121 241 LBAE 98 (cropped).jpg
| image = File:J-22 Orao 25121 241 LBAE 98 (cropped).jpg
| caption = J-22 Orao of the [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence|Serbian Air Force]]
| caption = J-22 Orao of the [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence|Serbian air force]]
⚫
| type = [[Attack aircraft]]<br />[[Reconnaissance aircraft]]
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
⚫
| type = [[Attack aircraft]]<br>[[Reconnaissance aircraft]]
| manufacturer = [[SOKO]]
| manufacturer = [[SOKO]]
| designer = [[Aeronautical Technical Institute|VTI]] - Yugoslavia <br/> INCAS - Romania
| designer = [[Aeronautical Technical Institute|VTI]] - Yugoslavia <br /> INCAS - Romania
| first flight = 31 October 1974<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/>
| first_flight = 31 October 1974<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/>
| introduced = 1978
| introduction = 1978
| retired =
| retired =
| number built =
| number_built =
| status = Active
| status = Active
| unit cost =
| unit cost =
| produced = 1974–1992
| produced = 1974–1992
| primary user = [[Serbian Air Force]]
| primary_user = [[Serbian Air Force]]
| more users = [[Yugoslav Air Force]] <small>(historical)</small> <br> [[Bosnian Air Force]] <small>(historical)</small>
| more_users = [[Yugoslav Air Force]] <small>(historical)</small> <br /> [[Bosnian Air Force]] <small>(historical)</small>
| variants with their own articles = [[IAR-93 Vultur]]
| variants = [[IAR-93 Vultur]]
}}
}}
⚫
The '''Soko J-22 Orao''' ({{lang-sr-cyr|text=Oрао|translation=[[eagle]]}}) is a [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]]/[[Serbia|Serbian]] twin-engined, [[Subsonic aircraft|subsonic]] [[Attack aircraft|ground-attack]] and [[aerial reconnaissance]] aircraft. It was developed and built in collaboration by [[SOKO]] in Yugoslavia and by [[Avioane Craiova]] in neighbouring [[Romania]], being known in the latter as the [[IAR-93 Vultur]].
|}

⚫
The '''Soko J-22 Orao''' ({{lang-sr-cyr|text=Oрао|translation=[[eagle]]}}) is a [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] twin-engined, [[Subsonic aircraft|subsonic]] [[Attack aircraft|ground-attack]] and [[aerial reconnaissance]] aircraft. It was developed and built in collaboration by [[SOKO]] in Yugoslavia and by [[Avioane Craiova]] in neighbouring [[Romania]], being known in the latter as the [[IAR-93 Vultur]].


The Orao was designed as either a single-seat main attack version or as a combat-capable twin-seat version, the latter being principally intended for advanced flight- and weapons-training duties. It was developed as a joint Yugoslav-Romanian project, known as '''YuRom''', during the 1970s. Early ambitions to produce a [[supersonic]] fighter were scuppered by Britain's unwillingness to permit the desired engine to be [[licensed production|license-produced]] in Eastern Europe. Further difficulties in fitting an [[afterburner]] to the older [[Armstrong Siddeley Viper|Rolls-Royce Viper]] also hindered development and the performance of early-build aircraft.
The Orao was designed as either a single-seat main attack version or as a combat-capable twin-seat version, the latter being principally intended for advanced flight- and weapons-training duties. It was developed as a joint Yugoslav-Romanian project, known as '''YuRom''', during the 1970s. Early ambitions to produce a [[supersonic]] fighter were scuppered by Britain's unwillingness to permit the desired engine to be [[licensed production|license-produced]] in Eastern Europe. Further difficulties in fitting an [[afterburner]] to the older [[Armstrong Siddeley Viper|Rolls-Royce Viper]] also hindered development and the performance of early-build aircraft.


First flying during November 1974, the resulting aircraft would equip the air forces of both Romania and Yugoslavia, as well as several of Yugoslavia's successor states. On 22 November 1984, the Orao became the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed [[Mach number|Mach]] 1, albeit achieved while in a shallow dive. During the 1990s, the type saw action during the [[Yugoslav Wars]], typically flying ground-attack missions in {{citation needed span|Croatia, Bosnia|date=March 2020}} and Kosovo. As of July 2019, the [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence]] was the only entity still operating the type.
First flying during November 1974, the resulting aircraft would equip the air forces of both Romania and Yugoslavia, as well as several of Yugoslavia's successor states. On 22 November 1984, the Orao became the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed [[Mach number|Mach]] 1, albeit achieved while in a shallow dive. During the 1990s, the type saw action during the [[Yugoslav Wars]], typically flying ground-attack missions in {{citation needed span|Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,|date=March 2020}} and Kosovo. As of July 2019, the [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence]] was the only entity still operating the type.


==Development==
==Development==
===Origins===
===Origins===
During 1970, the neighbouring nations of [[Romania]] and [[Yugoslavia]] began discussions on the subject of jointly developing a new [[Attack aircraft|ground-attack]] orientated fighter aircraft.<ref name = "fredriksen 301">Fredriksen 2001, p. 301.</ref> On 20 May 1971, the Romanian and Yugoslavian governments signed an agreement for the formation of ''YuRom'', a joint [[research and development]] venture between the two nations. According to aviation author John C. Fredriksen, the announcement was a logical extension of political policy, as the two nations' [[head of state|heads of state]], [[Josip Broz Tito]] of Yugoslavia and [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], had both historically sought to avoid overreliance upon the [[Soviet Union]], preferring to build ties and cooperative projects with other friendly or neutral nations.<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/>
During 1970, the neighbouring nations of [[Romania]] and [[Yugoslavia]] began discussions on the subject of jointly developing a new [[Attack aircraft|ground-attack]] orientated fighter aircraft.<ref name = "fredriksen 301">Fredriksen 2001, p. 301.</ref><ref name = "forecast report2002"/> On 20 May 1971, the Romanian and Yugoslavian governments signed an agreement for the formation of ''YuRom'', a joint [[research and development]] venture between the two nations. According to aviation author John C. Fredriksen, the announcement was a logical extension of political policy, as the two nations' [[head of state|heads of state]], [[Josip Broz Tito]] of Yugoslavia and [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], had both historically sought to avoid overreliance upon the [[Soviet Union]], preferring to build ties and cooperative projects with other friendly or neutral nations.<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/>


The research programme was headed by Dipl. Dr. Engineer Teodor Zanfirescu of Romania and Colonel Vidoje Knezević of Yugoslavia.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The aircraft was intended to be a replacement for both the lightly armed [[Soko J-21 Jastreb]] and the [[Republic F-84 Thunderjet]] that were then in the [[Yugoslav People's Army]]'s (JNA) arsenal.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} The requirements called for a lightweight aircraft that featured a relatively simple and rugged structure, that would use locally produced equipment and avionics, capable of operating from austere airstrips (including the ability to operate either from grass or damaged runways), as well as being reliable and easy to maintain.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
The research programme was headed by Dipl. Dr. Engineer Teodor Zanfirescu of Romania and Colonel Vidoje Knezević of Yugoslavia.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The aircraft was intended to be a replacement for both the lightly armed [[Soko J-21 Jastreb]] and the [[Republic F-84 Thunderjet]] that were then in the [[Yugoslav People's Army]]'s (JNA) arsenal.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} The requirements called for a lightweight aircraft that featured a relatively simple and rugged structure, that would use locally produced equipment and avionics, capable of operating from austere airstrips (including the ability to operate either from grass or damaged runways), as well as being reliable and easy to maintain.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
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===Into flight===
===Into flight===
[[File:J-22 Orao 25207 V i PVO VS, april 7, 2012.jpg|thumb|left|J-22 Orao on display in 2012]]
[[File:J-22 Orao 25207 V i PVO VS, april 7, 2012.jpg|thumb|left|J-22 Orao on display in 2012]]
During 31 October 1974, the Yugoslav prototype ''25002'' conducted its [[maiden flight|first flight]] from [[Batajnica Air Base]] near [[Belgrade]], with Major Vladislav Slavujević at the controls.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} For political reasons, this flight was timed to deliberately coincide with the first flight of the IAR-93 Vultur prototype.<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/> The third aircraft, numbered ''25003'', which was a pre-production two-seater version, performed its first flight on 4 July 1977. This aircraft was lost almost a year later, the cause of the accident was attributed to the occurrence of [[Aeroelasticity#Flutter|tail flutter]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
During 31 October 1974, the Yugoslav prototype ''25002'' conducted its [[maiden flight|first flight]] from [[Batajnica Air Base]] near [[Belgrade]], with Major Vladislav Slavujević at the controls.<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> For political reasons, this flight was timed to deliberately coincide with the first flight of the IAR-93 Vultur prototype.<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/> The third aircraft, numbered ''25003'', which was a pre-production two-seater version, performed its first flight on 4 July 1977. This aircraft was lost almost one year later, the cause of the accident was attributed to the occurrence of [[Aeroelasticity#Flutter|tail flutter]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}


Construction of further pre-production aircraft was unimpacted by the loss; during 1978, the first batches of pre-production machines were delivered to the Air Force Aircraft Testing Facility in Belgrade.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Subsequent serial production was established at a facility outside [[Mostar]], (now in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]); this facility would be abandoned in 1992 and heavily damaged during the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name = "flight 1999">Penney, Stewart. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/military-aircraft-directory-part-2-55008/ "Military Aircraft Directory Part 2."] ''Flight International'', 11 August 1999.</ref> Production would never be resumed either in Yugoslavia or in its successor states.<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/>
Construction of further pre-production aircraft was unimpacted by the loss; during 1978, the first batches of pre-production machines were delivered to the Air Force Aircraft Testing Facility in Belgrade.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Subsequent serial production was established at a facility outside [[Mostar]], (now in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]); this facility would be abandoned in early 1992 and heavily damaged during the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name = "flight 1999">Penney, Stewart. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/military-aircraft-directory-part-2-55008/ "Military Aircraft Directory Part 2."] ''Flight International'', 11 August 1999.</ref> The [[Yugoslav People's Army|Yugoslav Army]] reportedly stripped most of the equipment from the Mostar factory and transported as much as possible to the [[Utva Aviation Industry|Utva]] facility in [[Pancevo]], Serbia.<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> However, in spite of this effort, volume production of the J-22 would never be resumed either in Yugoslavia or in its successor states.<ref name = "fredriksen 301"/><ref name = "forecast report2002"/>


During October 1983, the first afterburner-equipped J-22 Orao was flown in Yugoslavia.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/military-aircaft-directory-avioane-40215/ "Military {{sic|nolink=y|Aircaft}} Directory: Avioane."] ''Flight International'', 29 September 1998.</ref> On 22 November 1984, an Orao No 25101 broke the [[sound barrier]] while in a shallow dive at an angle of 25 degrees, piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen, above Batajnica airport.;<ref name="WAPJ7p23">''World Air Power Journal'' Autumn/Winter 1991, p. 23.</ref><ref>''AERO magazine'', No. 24. December 2000, Belgrade, p. 11.</ref> this instance made the J-22 the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The aircraft is incapable of breaking the sound barrier in level flight, so it is classified as being a [[subsonic aircraft]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
During October 1983, the first afterburner-equipped J-22 Orao was flown in Yugoslavia.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/military-aircaft-directory-avioane-40215/ "Military {{sic|nolink=y|Aircaft}} Directory: Avioane."] ''Flight International'', 29 September 1998.</ref> On 22 November 1984, an Orao No 25101 broke the [[sound barrier]] while in a shallow dive at an angle of 25 degrees, piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen, above Batajnica airport.;<ref name="WAPJ7p23">''World Air Power Journal'' Autumn/Winter 1991, p. 23.</ref><ref>''AERO magazine'', No. 24. December 2000, Belgrade, p. 11.</ref> this instance made the J-22 the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The aircraft is incapable of breaking the sound barrier in level flight, so it is classified as being a [[subsonic aircraft]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
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[[File:Soko J-22 Orao profile.jpg|thumb|Side-on depiction of a J-22]]
[[File:Soko J-22 Orao profile.jpg|thumb|Side-on depiction of a J-22]]
[[File:Orao 2.0.jpg|thumb|Modernised cockpit of J-22]]
[[File:Orao 2.0.jpg|thumb|Modernised cockpit of J-22]]
The J-22 Orao is a twin-engined combat jet aircraft designed for performing [[close air support]] (CAS), ground-attack and [[aerial reconnaissance|tactical reconnaissance]] missions, it also features a limited [[fighter aircraft|air-defense]] capability. The twin-seat version, the NJ-22, was primarily assigned for various training purposes, including the advanced flight and weapons training syllabuses, but could also be used for combat missions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
The J-22 Orao is a twin-engined combat jet aircraft designed for performing [[close air support]] (CAS), ground-attack and [[aerial reconnaissance|tactical reconnaissance]] missions, it also features a limited [[fighter aircraft|air-defense]] capability.<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> Twin-seat aircraft, designated ''NJ-22'', were primarily intended for performing tactical reconnaissance; they were also used to train air crew, being suitable for both the advanced flight and weapons training syllabuses.<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> In terms of its configuration, it featured a shoulder-mounted wing and a pair of 23 mm twin-barrel cannon within the lower forward fuselage. It could be outfitted with a range of armaments, including [[bomb]]s, [[rocket]]s, and [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> The cockpit was furnished with [[Martin-Baker]]-built zero/zero [[ejection seats]]. The engine-driven starter and generators were supplied by [[Lucas Industries]].<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> Access to the engine for servicing and inspection was eased by the design of the rear fuselage, which was detachable.<ref name = "forecast report2002">{{cite web |url = https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_old_pdf.cfm?ARC_ID=1045&_gl=1*17dpezs*_up*MQ..*_ga*Mjk0NTQ2OTIuMTczMTY5OTAyNA..*_ga_78LFHYS9LV*MTczMTY5OTAyNC4xLjAuMTczMTY5OTAyNC4wLjAuMA.. |title = Archived Report: SOKO/Avioane J-22 Orao/IAR-93 |website = forecastinternational.com |date = 1 February 2002}}</ref>


The Orao was provisioned with standard communication and navigation equipment, the latter including a [[Honeywell]]-built SGP500 twin-[[gyroscope]] navigation system.<ref name="Janes 93 p180">Lambert 1993, p. 180.</ref> It incorporated a fire control and weapons management system which used the [[Thomson-CSF]]-built VE-120T [[head-up display]] (HUD) (which had replacing the original Ferranti ISIS D-282 gyro-sight).{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} In terms of defensive sensors and systems, it was equipped with an Iskra SO-1 [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) and provision for up to three [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|flare]] dispensers, as well as a P10-65-13 passive [[Radio jamming|jammer]] pod. Further pods could be optionally fitted, including an optical/[[infrared]] reconnaissance pod or an optical reconnaissance/jammer pod.<ref name="Janes 93 p180"/>
The Orao was provisioned with standard communication and navigation equipment, the latter including a [[Honeywell]]-built SGP500 twin-[[gyroscope]] navigation system.<ref name="Janes 93 p180">Lambert 1993, p. 180.</ref> It incorporated a fire control and weapons management system, which used the [[Thomson-CSF]]-built VE-120T [[head-up display]] (HUD). Additional avionics included [[GEC-Marconi]]'s three-axis stability augmentation system and [[Rockwell Collins]]' VIR-30 (or DME-40) [[VHF omnidirectional range]] and [[instrument landing system]].<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> In terms of defensive sensors and systems, it was equipped with an Iskra SO-1 [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) and provision for up to three [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|flare]] dispensers, as well as a P10-65-13 passive [[Radio jamming|jammer]] pod. Further pods could be optionally fitted, including an optical/[[infrared]] reconnaissance pod or an optical reconnaissance/jammer pod.<ref name="Janes 93 p180"/>


Various upgrade programmes for the J-22 had been proposed during the 1990s; reportedly, such efforts would have been focused upon the aircraft's avionics.<ref name = "flight 1999"/> However, such ambitions were heavily undermined by the dismantling of the Mostar factory during the Yugoslav Wars and the collapse of Romania's communist government.<ref name = "flight 1996">[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aviaone-formerly-iav-craiova-9629/ "Aviaone (formerly IAV Craiova)."] ''Flight International'', 22 October 1996.</ref> During the late 2010s, Serbia launched a major modernisation programme involving both its J-22 and NJ-22 fleets.<ref name = "flight modern2019"/> Unofficially referred to as ''Orao 2.0'', this work involved the installation of new navigation and targeting systems, including [[Safran]]'s Sigma 95 [[inertial navigation]] system, a mission computer and [[multi-function display]]s, into the NJ-22's rear cockpit which, along with new weapons, is intended to make the type more effective in ground attack missions. A more comprehensive second phase is to achieve the "complete digitalisation" of the aircraft's cockpit.<ref name = "flight modern2019">Salinger, Igor. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/serbia-outlines-orao-modernisation-programme-459456/ "Serbia outlines Orao modernisation programme."] ''Flight International'', 3 July 2019.</ref>
Various upgrade programmes for the J-22 had been proposed during the 1990s; reportedly, such efforts would have been focused upon the aircraft's avionics.<ref name = "flight 1999"/> However, such ambitions were heavily undermined by the dismantling of the Mostar factory during the Yugoslav Wars and the collapse of Romania's communist government.<ref name = "flight 1996">[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aviaone-formerly-iav-craiova-9629/ "Aviaone (formerly IAV Craiova)."] ''Flight International'', 22 October 1996.</ref> During the late 2010s, Serbia launched a major modernisation programme involving both its J-22 and NJ-22 fleets.<ref name = "flight modern2019"/> Unofficially referred to as ''Orao 2.0'', this work involved the installation of new navigation and targeting systems, including [[Safran]]'s Sigma 95 [[inertial navigation]] system, a mission computer and [[multi-function display]]s, into the NJ-22's rear cockpit which, along with new weapons, is intended to make the type more effective in ground attack missions. A more comprehensive second phase is to achieve the "complete digitalisation" of the aircraft's cockpit.<ref name = "flight modern2019">Salinger, Igor. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/serbia-outlines-orao-modernisation-programme-459456/ "Serbia outlines Orao modernisation programme."] ''Flight International'', 3 July 2019.</ref>
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:26 dedicated reconnaissance aircraft.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Includes 15 pre-production aircraft converted to reconnaissance role.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The IJ-22A Orao 1 differs from the J-22B Orao 2 in having two Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry and supplied with fuel from an internal weight of 2,360&nbsp;kg, length of 14.90 m including probe for single seat model or 15.38 m including probe for two-seat model, wheelbase of 5.40 m for single-seat model or 5.88 m for two-seat model, empty equipped weight of 5,755&nbsp;kg, normal takeoff weight of 8,500&nbsp;kg with reconnaissance pod, maximum take-off weight of 9500, maximum level speed 'clean' of 1,033&nbsp;km/h at 8,000 m and 1,050&nbsp;km/h at sea level, maximum rate of climb at sea level of 2,280 m per minute, climb to 6000 m in 3 minutes 12 seconds, and service ceiling of 13,500 m.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
:26 dedicated reconnaissance aircraft.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Includes 15 pre-production aircraft converted to reconnaissance role.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The IJ-22A Orao 1 differs from the J-22B Orao 2 in having two Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry and supplied with fuel from an internal weight of 2,360&nbsp;kg, length of 14.90 m including probe for single seat model or 15.38 m including probe for two-seat model, wheelbase of 5.40 m for single-seat model or 5.88 m for two-seat model, empty equipped weight of 5,755&nbsp;kg, normal takeoff weight of 8,500&nbsp;kg with reconnaissance pod, maximum take-off weight of 9500, maximum level speed 'clean' of 1,033&nbsp;km/h at 8,000 m and 1,050&nbsp;km/h at sea level, maximum rate of climb at sea level of 2,280 m per minute, climb to 6000 m in 3 minutes 12 seconds, and service ceiling of 13,500 m.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
;INJ-22A Orao 1
;INJ-22A Orao 1
:9 early series trainer aircraft used for training of reconnaissance pilots.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
:9 early series trainer aircraft used for the training of reconnaissance pilots.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
;J-22A Orao 1
;J-22A Orao 1
:Yugoslav equivalent to IAR-93A with a non-afterburning Orao/Turbomecanica (Rolls-Royce/Bristol Siddeley) Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry, but with J-22Bs higher-rated hardpoints. First flew October 1983 and built only as a single-seater.<ref name = "chant 468"/>
:Yugoslav equivalent to IAR-93A with a non-afterburning Orao/Turbomecanica (Rolls-Royce/Bristol Siddeley) Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry, but with J-22Bs higher-rated hardpoints. First flew in October 1983 and built only as a single-seater.<ref name = "chant 468"/>
;J-22B Orao 2
;J-22B Orao 2
:Yugoslav equivalent to the IAR-93B with afterburner, integral wing tankage, the greater weapons load and diversity of the J-22A Orao 1, and Thomson-CSF HUD. Built only in single-seat form. J-22A/B production totalled 165 aircraft.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Yugoslavia had planned a major upgrade with radar and computer nav/attack system integrated via a [[MIL-STD-1553]] digital [[Avionics#Aircraft networks|databus]], but the dissolution of Yugoslavia ended plans.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Only 57 aircraft were delivered before production ceased. Not all were up to full J-22 Orao 2 standard. An additional 42 aircraft were ordered but never delivered.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
:Yugoslav equivalent to the IAR-93B with afterburner, integral wing tankage, the greater weapons load and diversity of the J-22A Orao 1, and Thomson-CSF HUD. Built only in single-seat form. J-22A/B production totalled 165 aircraft.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Yugoslavia had planned a major upgrade with radar and computer nav/attack system integrated via a [[MIL-STD-1553]] digital [[Avionics#Aircraft networks|databus]], but the dissolution of Yugoslavia ended plans.<ref name = "forecast report2002"/> Only 57 aircraft were delivered before production ceased; not all were up to the full J-22 Orao 2 standard. An additional 42 aircraft were ordered but never delivered.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
;NJ-22 Orao
;NJ-22 Orao
:Dedicated two-seat training variant with afterburning engines operated by Yugoslav Air Force. First flew July 1986, and 21 were delivered whilst construction of a further 17 was cancelled.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
:Dedicated two-seat training variant with afterburning engines operated by Yugoslav Air Force. First flew July 1986, and 21 were delivered whilst construction of a further 17 was cancelled.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
;J-22M1A Orao
;J-22M1A<ref>https://tangosix.rs/2023/23/11/nove-informacije-vezane-za-osavremenjavanje-jurisnih-aviona-orao-serijska-modernizacija-obuka-pilota-oprema-i-naoruzanje/</ref> Orao
: Modernized J-22 with glass cockpit, sensors, and external cameras.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tangosix.rs/2023/23/11/nove-informacije-vezane-za-osavremenjavanje-jurisnih-aviona-orao-serijska-modernizacija-obuka-pilota-oprema-i-naoruzanje/ | title=Nove informacije vezane za osavremenjavanje jurišnih aviona Orao: Serijska modernizacija, obuka pilota, oprema i naoružanje | date=23 November 2023 }}</ref>
: Modernized J-22 with glass cockpit, sensors, and external cameras.


==Operators==
==Operators==
; {{flag|Serbia}}
; {{flag|Serbia}}
* [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence]] – 13 in service of which 4 are modernized (version J-22 M1A).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banković |first=Živojin |date=2023-10-04 |title=[PARTNER 2023] Miloradović za Tango Six o trenutnom statusu projekta Orao 2.0: "Modernizovani Orao je u serijskoj proizvodnji, određen broj aviona već je u upotrebi" |url=https://tangosix.rs/2023/04/10/partner-2023-miloradovic-za-tango-six-o-trenutnom-statusu-projekta-orao-2-0-modernizovani-orao-je-u-serijskoj-proizvodnji-odredjen-broj-aviona-vec-je-u-upotrebi/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Tango Six |language=sr-RS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banković |first=Živojin |date=2023-11-23 |title=Nove informacije vezane za osavremenjavanje jurišnih aviona Orao: Serijska modernizacija, obuka pilota, oprema i naoružanje |url=https://tangosix.rs/2023/23/11/nove-informacije-vezane-za-osavremenjavanje-jurisnih-aviona-orao-serijska-modernizacija-obuka-pilota-oprema-i-naoruzanje/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Tango Six |language=sr-RS}}</ref>
* [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence]] – 17 in service of which 4 are modernized (version J-22 M1A).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banković |first=Živojin |date=2023-10-04 |title=[PARTNER 2023] Miloradović za Tango Six o trenutnom statusu projekta Orao 2.0: "Modernizovani Orao je u serijskoj proizvodnji, određen broj aviona već je u upotrebi" |url=https://tangosix.rs/2023/04/10/partner-2023-miloradovic-za-tango-six-o-trenutnom-statusu-projekta-orao-2-0-modernizovani-orao-je-u-serijskoj-proizvodnji-odredjen-broj-aviona-vec-je-u-upotrebi/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Tango Six |language=sr-RS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banković |first=Živojin |date=2023-11-23 |title=Nove informacije vezane za osavremenjavanje jurišnih aviona Orao: Serijska modernizacija, obuka pilota, oprema i naoružanje |url=https://tangosix.rs/2023/23/11/nove-informacije-vezane-za-osavremenjavanje-jurisnih-aviona-orao-serijska-modernizacija-obuka-pilota-oprema-i-naoruzanje/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Tango Six |language=sr-RS}}</ref>


===Former operators===
===Former operators===
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[[File:Soko J-22 Orao line drawing.jpg|thumb|right|Three point view]]
[[File:Soko J-22 Orao line drawing.jpg|thumb|right|Three point view]]
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94''<ref name="Janes 93 p179-81">Lambert 1993, pp. 179–181.</ref>
|ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94'',<ref name="Janes 93 p179-81">Lambert 1993, pp. 179–181.</ref> ''International Air Power Review Vol.3,<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Danut |last=Vlad |editor-first=David |editor-last=Donald |date=2002 |title=IAR-93 and Orao: Balkan Warrior |magazine=International Air Power Review |volume=3 |publisher=Airtime Publishing |ISBN=9781880588376 |page=94-105}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
|prime units?=met
<!--
<!--
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|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|power original=
|power original=
|thrust original=
|eng1 kn-ab=22.24<!-- afterburners -->
|eng1 kn-ab=22.24<!-- afterburners -->
|eng1 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng1 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
Line 145: Line 141:
-->
-->
|perfhide=
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=1130
|max speed kmh=1130
|Orao № 25101, piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen, reached a higher flight speed than the speed of sound on November 22, 1984. He achieved this in a dive, at an angle of 25 degrees, above Batajnica airport.
|max speed mph=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed kts=
Line 170: Line 164:
|ceiling m=15000
|ceiling m=15000
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling ft=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|g limits=-4.2 - +8
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ms=
Line 182: Line 176:
Armament
Armament
-->
-->
|guns= 2× [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23L]] cannons
|guns= 2× [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23L]] cannons in lower front fuselage, below engine air intakes, with 200 rounds per gun
|bombs=
|bombs=
|rockets=
|rockets=
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|hardpoints=5 (4 underwing and 1 centreline)
|hardpoints=5 (4 underwing and 1 centreline)
|hardpoint capacity={{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} wing hardpoints, {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} fuselage station, {{convert|2800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} total
|hardpoint capacity={{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} wing hardpoints, {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} fuselage station, {{convert|2800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} total
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint rockets=BRZ-127 rockets, L-57-16MD (UB-16) rocket pods, L-128-04 rocket pods
|hardpoint missiles=[[AGM-65 Maverick]] TV guided [[Air-to-surface missile|AGM]] or Grom-1 AGM (based on Soviet [[Kh-23]])
|hardpoint missiles=[[AGM-65 Maverick|AGM-65B Maverick]] TV guided [[Air-to-surface missile|AGM]] or Grom-1 AGM (based on Soviet [[Kh-23]])
|hardpoint bombs=free-fall bombs, [[BL755]] [[cluster bombs]]
|hardpoint bombs= 50/100/250/500 kg [[general-purpose bomb]]s, [[BL755]] [[cluster bombs]], PLAB-350 [[napalm]] bombs
|hardpoint other=
|hardpoint other=[[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway bombs, AM-500 [[sea mine]]s
[[Matra Durandal]]{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|avionics=
|avionics=
|thrust/weight=0.45 at max takeoff weight}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 21:22, 4 December 2024

J-22 Orao
J-22 Orao of the Serbian air force
General information
TypeAttack aircraft
Reconnaissance aircraft
ManufacturerSOKO
Designer
VTI - Yugoslavia
INCAS - Romania
StatusActive
Primary usersSerbian Air Force
Yugoslav Air Force (historical)
Bosnian Air Force (historical)
History
Manufactured1974–1992
Introduction date1978
First flight31 October 1974[1]
VariantsIAR-93 Vultur

The Soko J-22 Orao (Serbian Cyrillic: Oрао, lit. 'eagle') is a Yugoslavian/Serbian twin-engined, subsonic ground-attack and aerial reconnaissance aircraft. It was developed and built in collaboration by SOKO in Yugoslavia and by Avioane Craiova in neighbouring Romania, being known in the latter as the IAR-93 Vultur.

The Orao was designed as either a single-seat main attack version or as a combat-capable twin-seat version, the latter being principally intended for advanced flight- and weapons-training duties. It was developed as a joint Yugoslav-Romanian project, known as YuRom, during the 1970s. Early ambitions to produce a supersonic fighter were scuppered by Britain's unwillingness to permit the desired engine to be license-produced in Eastern Europe. Further difficulties in fitting an afterburner to the older Rolls-Royce Viper also hindered development and the performance of early-build aircraft.

First flying during November 1974, the resulting aircraft would equip the air forces of both Romania and Yugoslavia, as well as several of Yugoslavia's successor states. On 22 November 1984, the Orao became the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed Mach 1, albeit achieved while in a shallow dive. During the 1990s, the type saw action during the Yugoslav Wars, typically flying ground-attack missions in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,[citation needed] and Kosovo. As of July 2019, the Serbian Air Force and Air Defence was the only entity still operating the type.

Development

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

During 1970, the neighbouring nations of Romania and Yugoslavia began discussions on the subject of jointly developing a new ground-attack orientated fighter aircraft.[1][2] On 20 May 1971, the Romanian and Yugoslavian governments signed an agreement for the formation of YuRom, a joint research and development venture between the two nations. According to aviation author John C. Fredriksen, the announcement was a logical extension of political policy, as the two nations' heads of state, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Nicolae Ceaușescu, had both historically sought to avoid overreliance upon the Soviet Union, preferring to build ties and cooperative projects with other friendly or neutral nations.[1]

The research programme was headed by Dipl. Dr. Engineer Teodor Zanfirescu of Romania and Colonel Vidoje Knezević of Yugoslavia.[citation needed] The aircraft was intended to be a replacement for both the lightly armed Soko J-21 Jastreb and the Republic F-84 Thunderjet that were then in the Yugoslav People's Army's (JNA) arsenal.[citation needed] The requirements called for a lightweight aircraft that featured a relatively simple and rugged structure, that would use locally produced equipment and avionics, capable of operating from austere airstrips (including the ability to operate either from grass or damaged runways), as well as being reliable and easy to maintain.[citation needed]

The resulting design was of a conventional twin-engine monoplane, featuring a high-mounted wing complete with all-swept flight surfaces.[1] According to Fredriksen, the design emphasised simplicity as well as modernity. Due to political sensitivities and a strong desire to avoid one nation upstaging the other, the aircraft featured two separate names; in Romania, it was known as the IAR-93 Vultur while in Yugoslavia it was referred to as the J-22 Orao.[1]

The design team had originally planned to develop a single-engined aircraft capable of supersonic speeds, but the United Kingdom would not authorize the license to produce the British engine that the designers had selected; the rejection was reportedly due to Romania being a member of the Soviet-aligned Warsaw Pact.[citation needed] In its place, the less-powerful Rolls-Royce Viper was chosen as the powerplant, as Soko already possessed experience with license-building this engine.[1] It was originally intended that an afterburner would be developed for the Viper engine, but there were prolonged difficulties with this project. Due to these complications, none of the pre-production aircraft or any early production examples would be equipped with afterburners; these would be largely restricted to conducting reconnaissance missions.[1] During the 1980s, both countries developed slightly different versions of the aircraft to take advantage of the afterburning engines that had since become available.[3][4]

Into flight

[edit]
J-22 Orao on display in 2012

During 31 October 1974, the Yugoslav prototype 25002 conducted its first flight from Batajnica Air Base near Belgrade, with Major Vladislav Slavujević at the controls.[2] For political reasons, this flight was timed to deliberately coincide with the first flight of the IAR-93 Vultur prototype.[1] The third aircraft, numbered 25003, which was a pre-production two-seater version, performed its first flight on 4 July 1977. This aircraft was lost almost one year later, the cause of the accident was attributed to the occurrence of tail flutter.[citation needed]

Construction of further pre-production aircraft was unimpacted by the loss; during 1978, the first batches of pre-production machines were delivered to the Air Force Aircraft Testing Facility in Belgrade.[citation needed] Subsequent serial production was established at a facility outside Mostar, (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina); this facility would be abandoned in early 1992 and heavily damaged during the Yugoslav Wars.[5] The Yugoslav Army reportedly stripped most of the equipment from the Mostar factory and transported as much as possible to the Utva facility in Pancevo, Serbia.[2] However, in spite of this effort, volume production of the J-22 would never be resumed either in Yugoslavia or in its successor states.[1][2]

During October 1983, the first afterburner-equipped J-22 Orao was flown in Yugoslavia.[6] On 22 November 1984, an Orao No 25101 broke the sound barrier while in a shallow dive at an angle of 25 degrees, piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen, above Batajnica airport.;[7][8] this instance made the J-22 the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed Mach 1.[citation needed] The aircraft is incapable of breaking the sound barrier in level flight, so it is classified as being a subsonic aircraft.[citation needed]

Design

[edit]
Side-on depiction of a J-22
Modernised cockpit of J-22

The J-22 Orao is a twin-engined combat jet aircraft designed for performing close air support (CAS), ground-attack and tactical reconnaissance missions, it also features a limited air-defense capability.[2] Twin-seat aircraft, designated NJ-22, were primarily intended for performing tactical reconnaissance; they were also used to train air crew, being suitable for both the advanced flight and weapons training syllabuses.[2] In terms of its configuration, it featured a shoulder-mounted wing and a pair of 23 mm twin-barrel cannon within the lower forward fuselage. It could be outfitted with a range of armaments, including bombs, rockets, and air-to-surface missiles.[2] The cockpit was furnished with Martin-Baker-built zero/zero ejection seats. The engine-driven starter and generators were supplied by Lucas Industries.[2] Access to the engine for servicing and inspection was eased by the design of the rear fuselage, which was detachable.[2]

The Orao was provisioned with standard communication and navigation equipment, the latter including a Honeywell-built SGP500 twin-gyroscope navigation system.[9] It incorporated a fire control and weapons management system, which used the Thomson-CSF-built VE-120T head-up display (HUD). Additional avionics included GEC-Marconi's three-axis stability augmentation system and Rockwell Collins' VIR-30 (or DME-40) VHF omnidirectional range and instrument landing system.[2] In terms of defensive sensors and systems, it was equipped with an Iskra SO-1 radar warning receiver (RWR) and provision for up to three chaff/flare dispensers, as well as a P10-65-13 passive jammer pod. Further pods could be optionally fitted, including an optical/infrared reconnaissance pod or an optical reconnaissance/jammer pod.[9]

Various upgrade programmes for the J-22 had been proposed during the 1990s; reportedly, such efforts would have been focused upon the aircraft's avionics.[5] However, such ambitions were heavily undermined by the dismantling of the Mostar factory during the Yugoslav Wars and the collapse of Romania's communist government.[3] During the late 2010s, Serbia launched a major modernisation programme involving both its J-22 and NJ-22 fleets.[10] Unofficially referred to as Orao 2.0, this work involved the installation of new navigation and targeting systems, including Safran's Sigma 95 inertial navigation system, a mission computer and multi-function displays, into the NJ-22's rear cockpit which, along with new weapons, is intended to make the type more effective in ground attack missions. A more comprehensive second phase is to achieve the "complete digitalisation" of the aircraft's cockpit.[10]

Operational history

[edit]
J-22 Orao single-seat prototype on display in the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade. Pre-production two-seat aircraft served as the prototype of that version.

The first Yugoslav Air Force unit to receive the J-22 was the 351st reconnaissance aviation squadron of the 82nd Aviation Brigade, Cerklje.[citation needed] Until the 1991 war, there were only three squadrons fully equipped with J-22 attack aircraft and NJ-22 trainer-attack aircraft, these being the 238th fighter-bomber aviation squadron of the 82nd Aviation Brigade; the 241st squadron, 98th Aviation Brigade; and the 242nd squadron, 127th Fighter-Bomber Regiment, Golubovci Airbase[citation needed]. There were also about three squadrons partly equipped with J-22s.[citation needed]

At the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, in Slovenia, J-22s flew over in a show of force, but did not drop any bombs.[citation needed] During 1991, the first offensive action to be conducted by the J-22 occurred when the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) used them to strike targets in Croatia.[citation needed]

As a result of the conflicts of the 1990s, the majority of the former Yugoslav Air Force's aircraft were relocated to the Union of Serbia and Montenegro, with smaller numbers ending up under the control of the other new states created by the break-up of Yugoslavia.[11] The JNA left a squadron equipped with nine Oraos in the Bosnian-Serb Republika Srpska, with these aircraft becoming part of the new Republika Srpska Air Force, based at Mahovljani Airport outside Banja Luka.[12] The airworthiness of these aircraft soon deteriorated due to the combination of limited funding and the impact of international embargoes.[citation needed] By June 2003, the Republika Srpska Air Force had a force of seven J-22 Oraos.[11] These aircraft were ultimately inherited by the unified Bosnian Air Force. By 2008, all of Bosnia's J-22s had been placed into storage while the nation negotiated with neighbouring Serbia to potentially buy them; reportedly, Serbia was viewed as the only viable customer for the type.[13] Several ex-Yugoslav Air Force J-22s were also operated by the Air Force of the Republic of Serbian Krajina following the withdrawal of the JNA from Croatia.[14]

J-22 flying at low level, Kecskemét (Hungary), 2007

During 1999, Yugoslav J-22s saw limited combat against the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), reportedly flying 36 combat missions.[15] One J-22, piloted by Lt. Colonel Života Ðurić, was lost on 25 March 1999 in unclear circumstances, either through malfunction, pilot error or ground fire from KLA units.[15] In addition, eleven aircraft were destroyed on the ground, the majority of these at Ponikve Air Base, when a NATO air strike hit one hangar that reportedly had six J-22 and two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 aircraft inside.[citation needed]

By 2019, the Serbian Air Force was reportedly operating a fleet comprising ten J-22 and NJ-22 Oraos; in addition to these airworthy examples, the service reportedly also had further airframes in storage, including the IJ and INJ reconnaissance variants.[citation needed] According to aerospace periodical Flight International, the Orao's service life had been originally anticipated to be around 24 years; based on structural inspections, some airframes are in such good condition that this forecast could be effectively doubled; following an overhaul, individual J-22s can be approved to perform a further 1,000 flight hours.[10]

Variants

[edit]
IJ-22 Orao 1
26 dedicated reconnaissance aircraft.[citation needed] Includes 15 pre-production aircraft converted to reconnaissance role.[citation needed] The IJ-22A Orao 1 differs from the J-22B Orao 2 in having two Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry and supplied with fuel from an internal weight of 2,360 kg, length of 14.90 m including probe for single seat model or 15.38 m including probe for two-seat model, wheelbase of 5.40 m for single-seat model or 5.88 m for two-seat model, empty equipped weight of 5,755 kg, normal takeoff weight of 8,500 kg with reconnaissance pod, maximum take-off weight of 9500, maximum level speed 'clean' of 1,033 km/h at 8,000 m and 1,050 km/h at sea level, maximum rate of climb at sea level of 2,280 m per minute, climb to 6000 m in 3 minutes 12 seconds, and service ceiling of 13,500 m.[citation needed]
INJ-22A Orao 1
9 early series trainer aircraft used for the training of reconnaissance pilots.[citation needed]
J-22A Orao 1
Yugoslav equivalent to IAR-93A with a non-afterburning Orao/Turbomecanica (Rolls-Royce/Bristol Siddeley) Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry, but with J-22Bs higher-rated hardpoints. First flew in October 1983 and built only as a single-seater.[4]
J-22B Orao 2
Yugoslav equivalent to the IAR-93B with afterburner, integral wing tankage, the greater weapons load and diversity of the J-22A Orao 1, and Thomson-CSF HUD. Built only in single-seat form. J-22A/B production totalled 165 aircraft.[citation needed] Yugoslavia had planned a major upgrade with radar and computer nav/attack system integrated via a MIL-STD-1553 digital databus, but the dissolution of Yugoslavia ended plans.[2] Only 57 aircraft were delivered before production ceased; not all were up to the full J-22 Orao 2 standard. An additional 42 aircraft were ordered but never delivered.[citation needed]
NJ-22 Orao
Dedicated two-seat training variant with afterburning engines operated by Yugoslav Air Force. First flew July 1986, and 21 were delivered whilst construction of a further 17 was cancelled.[citation needed]
J-22M1A Orao
Modernized J-22 with glass cockpit, sensors, and external cameras.[16]

Operators

[edit]
 Serbia

Former operators

[edit]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Yugoslavia

Specifications (J-22)

[edit]
Three point view

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94,[20] International Air Power Review Vol.3,[21]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 13.02 m (42 ft 9 in) (fuselage length); 14.90 m (48 ft 11 in) (including nose probe)
  • Wingspan: 9.30 m (30 ft 6 in)
  • Height: 4.52 m (14 ft 10 in)
  • Wing area: 26.00 m2 (279.9 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 3.33:1
  • Airfoil: NACA 65A-008 (modified)
  • Empty weight: 5,500 kg (12,125 lb)
  • Gross weight: 8,170 kg (18,012 lb) (clean)
  • Max takeoff weight: 11,080 kg (24,427 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 3,120 L (820 US gal; 690 imp gal)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Orao/Turbomecanica-built Rolls-Royce Viper Mk 633-47 turbojets, 17.79 kN (4,000 lbf) thrust each dry, 22.24 kN (5,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,130 km/h (700 mph, 610 kn) at sea level; Mach 0.96 at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
  • Stall speed: 185 km/h (115 mph, 100 kn) (gear and flaps down)
  • Combat range: 522 km (324 mi, 282 nmi) (hi-lo-hi profile with 4× BL755 cluster bombs and 1× 1,500 L (400 US gal; 330 imp gal) drop tank)
  • Ferry range: 1,320 km (820 mi, 710 nmi) (2× 500 L (130 US gal; 110 imp gal) drop tanks)
  • Service ceiling: 15,000 m (49,000 ft)
  • g limits: -4.2 - +8
  • Rate of climb: 89.0 m/s (17,520 ft/min)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.45 at max takeoff weight

Armament

  • Guns: 2× GSh-23L cannons in lower front fuselage, below engine air intakes, with 200 rounds per gun
  • Hardpoints: 5 (4 underwing and 1 centreline) with a capacity of 500 kg (1,100 lb) wing hardpoints, 800 kg (1,800 lb) fuselage station, 2,800 kg (6,200 lb) total, with provisions to carry combinations of:

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fredriksen 2001, p. 301.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Archived Report: SOKO/Avioane J-22 Orao/IAR-93". forecastinternational.com. 1 February 2002.
  3. ^ a b "Aviaone (formerly IAV Craiova)." Flight International, 22 October 1996.
  4. ^ a b Chant 2014, p. 468.
  5. ^ a b Penney, Stewart. "Military Aircraft Directory Part 2." Flight International, 11 August 1999.
  6. ^ "Military Aircaft [sic] Directory: Avioane." Flight International, 29 September 1998.
  7. ^ World Air Power Journal Autumn/Winter 1991, p. 23.
  8. ^ AERO magazine, No. 24. December 2000, Belgrade, p. 11.
  9. ^ a b Lambert 1993, p. 180.
  10. ^ a b c Salinger, Igor. "Serbia outlines Orao modernisation programme." Flight International, 3 July 2019.
  11. ^ a b Salinger, Igor. "Balkan rebirth." Flight International, 3 June 2003.
  12. ^ Barrie & Pite Flight International 24–30 August 1994, p. 54.
  13. ^ a b "Serbia eyes surplus Bosnian fighters". Flightglobal.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  14. ^ Jeziorski, Andrzej. "Croatia's cocked hammer." Flight International, 1 February 1995.
  15. ^ a b "The hero of the Serbian sky said one last sentence before his last flight: Commander Zivota Djuric was the first NATO victim in 1999". Telegraf (Serbia). 26 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  16. ^ "Nove informacije vezane za osavremenjavanje jurišnih aviona Orao: Serijska modernizacija, obuka pilota, oprema i naoružanje". 23 November 2023.
  17. ^ Banković, Živojin (4 October 2023). "[PARTNER 2023] Miloradović za Tango Six o trenutnom statusu projekta Orao 2.0: "Modernizovani Orao je u serijskoj proizvodnji, određen broj aviona već je u upotrebi"". Tango Six (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  18. ^ Banković, Živojin (23 November 2023). "Nove informacije vezane za osavremenjavanje jurišnih aviona Orao: Serijska modernizacija, obuka pilota, oprema i naoružanje". Tango Six (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  19. ^ "World Air Forces 2019". Flightglobal Insight. 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  20. ^ Lambert 1993, pp. 179–181.
  21. ^ Vlad, Danut (2002). Donald, David (ed.). "IAR-93 and Orao: Balkan Warrior". International Air Power Review. Vol. 3. Airtime Publishing. p. 94-105. ISBN 9781880588376.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Chant, Christopher. A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. Routledge, 2014. ISBN 1134646682.
  • Barrie, Douglas and Pite, Jenny. "World's Air Forces". Flight International, 24–30 August 1994, Vol. 146, No. 4435. pp. 29–64. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Gunston, Bill. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes: The Development and Specifications of All Active Military Aircraft. New York: MetroBooks, 1995. ISBN 1-58663-207-8.
  • "Briefing: Jurom Orao/IAR-93: An underpowered Eagle?". World Air Power Journal, Volume 7, Autumn/Winter 1991. pp. 22–25. ISBN 1-874023-73-5. ISSN 0959-7050.
  • Fredriksen, John C. International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000. ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-364-5.
  • Gunston, Bill. Encyclopedia of World Air Power. London: Crescent, 1987. ISBN 0-517-49969-X.
  • Lambert, Mark (ed.). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.
[edit]
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