Doddabasappa Temple: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 22:23, 4 December 2024

Doddabasappa Temple (Kannada: ದೊಡ್ಡಬಸಪ್ಪ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ) is a 12th-century Western Chalukyan architectural innovation in Dambal, Karnataka state, India. Dambal is about 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Gadag city and 24 km (15 mi) southwest of Ittagi in Koppal district.^[1] The sanctum contains a Shiva linga, the symbol of the presiding deity, God Shiva. The temple interior is a standard construction and consists of a sanctum (cella), a vestibule (antarala) and a main mantapa (also called navaranga or hall). The vestibule connects the sanctum to the mantapa.^[2] The Western Chalukya monuments, regional variants of existing dravida (South Indian) temples, defined the Karnata dravida architectural tradition.^[3]^[4]

Temple plan

Stellate plan

The temple is based on a very original 24-pointed uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped) plan and uses soapstone as its basic building material.^[5] Contemporary stellate plans of the Bhumija shrines in central India where the inspiration for this temple came from, were all 32-pointed interrupted types. No temples of the 6-, 12-, or 24-pointed stellate plans are known to exist in Karnataka or Maharashtra, with the exception of the Doddabasappa temple, which can be described as a 24-pointed uninterrupted plan.^[5] In an 'interrupted' stellate plan, the stellate outline is interrupted by orthogonal (right-angle) projections in the cardinal directions, resulting in star points that have been skipped.^[6]

The Doddabasappa temple marks the mature development of the Chalukyan art which originated from basic dravida architecture of South India. Its departure from conventional dravida plan used in the Virupaksha temple in Pattadakal is so extreme that it would be very difficult to find similarities without detailed examination.^[1] A star shape is obtained by rotating a square about its centre. The star points form equidistant projections. The angles and re-entrant angles thus formed make the perimeter of the outerwall of the shrine.^[1]

The star projections are carried right up the superstructure (tower over the shrine — Shikhara), giving it an exotic look, though it loses strength in comparison to the square superstructures found in conventional dravida plans. The storied arrangement of the superstructure found in dravida plans is not easily distinguishable here.^[7] The upper tiers of the seven-tiered (tala) superstructure look like cogged wheels with 48 dents.^[8]

Other details

The pillars in this temple are finely chiseled and "complicated" but lack the elegance of those at the Kasivisvesvara Temple in Lakkundi.^[7] The entrance to the shrine has above it a decorative architrave with space for images (now missing) of the Hindu Gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Depending on the dedication of the temple, either Vishnu or Shiva would take the central position in this arrangement.^[7] The entrance to the sanctum is elaborately decorated on either side with designs that are floral containing tiny images of dancers, musicians and even a mithuna couple (Gemini). In the main mantapa (hall) there are three images, one of the "five headed" Brahma and his vehicle (vahana), the goose, and two images are of Surya, the Sun God.^[7]

The temple has two doorways each with a porch, one facing south and the other facing east. The east facing door has on either side the remains of what must have been elegant lintel decoration, and an open hall type of pillared extension containing a large recumbent image of Nandi (bull) which faces the shrine.^[2]^[7]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Cousens (1926), p. 114
^ ^a ^b M.S. Dwarakinath. "THE CHALUKYAN MAGNIFICENCE". Spectrum. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
^ Hardy (1995), pp. 6–7
^ Sinha, Ajay J. (1999). "Reviewed work: Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Adam Hardy". Artibus Asiae. 58 (3/4): 358–362. doi:10.2307/3250027. JSTOR 3250027.
^ ^a ^b Foekema (2003), p. 60
^ Foekema (2003), p. 63
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cousens (1926), p. 115
^ Foekema (2003), p. 61

External links

References

Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. OCLC 37526233.
Foekema, Gerard (2003) [2003]. Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-215-1089-9.
Hardy, Adam (1995) [1995]. Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-312-4.

15°19′41″N 75°48′37″E / 15.32806°N 75.81028°E / 15.32806; 75.81028

[gadag-1] Cousens (1926), p. 114

[deity-2] M.S. Dwarakinath. "THE CHALUKYAN MAGNIFICENCE". Spectrum. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2008.

[local-3] Hardy (1995), pp. 6–7

[local1-4] Sinha, Ajay J. (1999). "Reviewed work: Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Adam Hardy". Artibus Asiae. 58 (3/4): 358–362. doi:10.2307/3250027. JSTOR 3250027.

[degrees-5] Foekema (2003), p. 60

[skip-6] Foekema (2003), p. 63

[cornice-7] Cousens (1926), p. 115

[dent-8] Foekema (2003), p. 61

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|12th-century temple in Dambal, Karnataka state, India}}
-[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple.JPG|right|thumb|upright|250px|Dodda Basappa Temple at [[Dambal]], a unique 24-pointed, uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped), 7-tiered  ''dravida'' plan, 12th century CE]]
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
+[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple.JPG|right|thumb|upright|250px|Dodda Basappa Temple at [[Dambal]], a unique 24-pointed, uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped), seven-tiered  ''dravida'' plan, 12th century CE]]
-The '''Doddabasappa Temple''' ({{Lang-kn | ದೊಡ್ಡಬಸಪ್ಪ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ }})is a 12th century [[Western Chalukya architecture|Western Chalukyan architectural]] innovation in Dambal, [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. Dambal is about {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Gadag]] city and {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Ittagi in [[Koppal]] district.<ref name="gadag">Cousens (1926), p. 114</ref> The sanctum contains a Shiva ''[[linga]]'', the symbol of the presiding deity, God Shiva. The temple interior is a standard construction and consists of a sanctum (cella), a vestibule (''antarala'') and a main ''[[mantapa]]''  (also called ''navaranga'' or hall). The vestibule connects the sanctum to the ''mantapa''.<ref name="deity">{{cite web|title=THE CHALUKYAN MAGNIFICENCE|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct232007/spectrum2007102231808.asp|author=M.S. Dwarakinath|publisher=Deccan Herald|work=Spectrum|accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref> The Western Chalukya monuments, regional variants of existing [[Dravidian architecture|dravida]] (South Indian) temples, defined the Karnata dravida architectural tradition.<ref name="local">Hardy (1995), pp. 6&ndash;7</ref><ref name="local1">{{cite web|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, the Karnata Dravida Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3648(1999)58%3A3%2F4%3C358%3AITAFAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F|author=Hardy, Adam|publisher=JSTOR|work=Artibus Asiae, Vol. 58, No. 3/4 (1999), pp 358–362|accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref>
+'''Doddabasappa Temple''' ({{Langx |kn| ದೊಡ್ಡಬಸಪ್ಪ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ }}) is a 12th-century [[Western Chalukya architecture|Western Chalukyan architectural]] innovation in Dambal, [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. Dambal is about {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Gadag]] city and {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Ittagi in [[Koppal]] district.<ref name="gadag">Cousens (1926), p. 114</ref> The sanctum contains a Shiva ''[[linga]]'', the symbol of the presiding deity, God Shiva. The temple interior is a standard construction and consists of a sanctum (cella), a vestibule (''antarala'') and a main ''[[mantapa]]''  (also called ''navaranga'' or hall). The vestibule connects the sanctum to the ''mantapa''.<ref name="deity">{{cite web|title=THE CHALUKYAN MAGNIFICENCE|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct232007/spectrum2007102231808.asp|author=M.S. Dwarakinath|publisher=Deccan Herald|work=Spectrum|access-date=2008-05-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811172221/http://archive.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct232007/spectrum2007102231808.asp|archive-date=2011-08-11}}</ref> The Western Chalukya monuments, regional variants of existing [[Dravidian architecture|dravida]] (South Indian) temples, defined the Karnata dravida architectural tradition.<ref name="local">Hardy (1995), pp. 6&ndash;7</ref><ref name="local1">{{cite journal |jstor=3250027 |last1=Sinha |first1=Ajay J. |title=Reviewed work: Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Adam Hardy |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=58 |issue=3/4 |pages=358–362 |year=1999 |doi=10.2307/3250027 }}</ref>
 ==Temple plan==
-[[File:Dodda Basappa temple Stellate plan.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Twenty-four pointed stellate plan of ''[[Vimanam|vimana]]'' of Dodda Basappa Temple in [[Dambal]], 12th century CE]]
+[[File:Dodda Basappa temple Stellate plan.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Twenty-four pointed stellate plan of ''[[vimanam (tower)|vimana]]'' of Dodda Basappa Temple in [[Dambal]], 12th century CE]]
+[[File:KITLV 88227 - Unknown - Reliefs on the walls of the temple at Dodda Basappa Dambal in British India - 1897.tif|thumb|Reliefs on the walls of the temple at Dodda Basappa Dambal, 1897]]
+[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple Wall Relief Sculpture.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wall relief in projections and recesses: ''[[Kirtimukha]]'', [[Pilasters]] and ''dravida'' style miniature towers ([[aedicule]])]]
+[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple Porch Half Pillar.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Half pillar supports the roof of the porch]]
 ===Stellate plan===
-The temple is based on a very original 24-pointed uninterrupted [[stellate]] (star shaped) plan and uses [[soapstone]] as its basic building material.<ref name="degrees"/> Contemporary stellate plans of the [[Bhumija (architecture)|Bhumija]] shrines in central India from where the inspiration for this temple came from, were all 32-pointed interrupted types. No temples of the 6-, 12-, or 24-pointed stellate plans are known to exist in [[Karnataka]] or [[Maharashtra]], with the exception of the Doddabasappa temple, which can be described as a 24-pointed uninterrupted plan.<ref name="degrees">Foekema (2003), p. 60</ref> In an 'interrupted' stellate plan, the stellate outline is interrupted by [[orthogonality|orthogonal]] (right-angle) projections in the [[cardinal direction]]s, resulting in star points that have been skipped.<ref name="skip">Foekema (2003), p. 63</ref>
+The temple is based on a very original 24-pointed uninterrupted [[wikt:stellate|stellate]] (star-shaped) plan and uses [[soapstone]] as its basic building material.<ref name="degrees"/> Contemporary stellate plans of the [[Bhumija (architecture)|Bhumija]] shrines in central India where the inspiration for this temple came from, were all 32-pointed interrupted types. No temples of the 6-, 12-, or 24-pointed stellate plans are known to exist in [[Karnataka]] or [[Maharashtra]], with the exception of the Doddabasappa temple, which can be described as a 24-pointed uninterrupted plan.<ref name="degrees">Foekema (2003), p. 60</ref> In an 'interrupted' stellate plan, the stellate outline is interrupted by [[orthogonality|orthogonal]] (right-angle) projections in the [[cardinal direction]]s, resulting in star points that have been skipped.<ref name="skip">Foekema (2003), p. 63</ref>
 [[File:Dodda Basappa Temple Nandi facing Shrine.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Nandi (vehicle of Shiva-bull) facing shrine through the eastern doorway]]
 The Doddabasappa temple marks the mature development of the Chalukyan art which originated from basic ''dravida'' architecture of South India. Its departure from conventional ''dravida'' plan used in the Virupaksha temple in [[Pattadakal]] is so extreme that it would be very difficult to find similarities without detailed examination.<ref name="gadag"/> A star shape is obtained by rotating a square about its centre. The star points form equidistant projections. The angles and re-entrant angles thus formed make the perimeter of the outerwall of the shrine.<ref name="gadag"/>
-The star projections are carried right up the superstructure (tower over the shrine &mdash; ''[[Sikhara]]''), giving it an exotic look, though it loses strength in comparison to the square superstructures found in conventional ''dravida'' plans.  The storied arrangement of the superstructure found in ''dravida'' plans is not easily distinguishable here.<ref name="cornice">Cousens (1926), p. 115</ref> The upper tiers of the seven-tiered (''tala'') superstructure look like cogged wheels with 48 dents.<ref name="dent">Foekema (2003), p. 61</ref>
+The star projections are carried right up the superstructure (tower over the shrine &mdash; ''[[Shikhara]]''), giving it an exotic look, though it loses strength in comparison to the square superstructures found in conventional ''dravida'' plans.  The storied arrangement of the superstructure found in ''dravida'' plans is not easily distinguishable here.<ref name="cornice">Cousens (1926), p. 115</ref> The upper tiers of the seven-tiered (''tala'') superstructure look like cogged wheels with 48 dents.<ref name="dent">Foekema (2003), p. 61</ref>
 ===Other details===
+The pillars in this temple are finely chiseled and "complicated" but lack the elegance of those at the [[Kasivisvesvara Temple]] in [[Lakkundi]].<ref name="cornice"/> The entrance to the shrine has above it a decorative [[architrave]] with space for images (now missing) of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Gods [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. Depending on the dedication of the temple, either Vishnu or Shiva would take the central position in this arrangement.<ref name="cornice"/> The entrance to the sanctum is elaborately decorated on either side with designs that are floral containing tiny images of dancers, musicians and even a [[mithuna]] couple ([[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]). In the main [[mantapa]] (hall) there are three images, one of the "five headed" Brahma and his vehicle (''[[vahana]]''), the goose, and two images are of [[Surya]], the Sun God.<ref name="cornice"/>
-[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple Wall Relief Sculpture.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wall relief in projections and recesses: ''[[Kirtimukha]]'', [[Pilasters]] and ''dravida'' style miniature towers ([[aedicule]])]]
-The pillars in this temple are finely chiseled and "complicated" but lack the elegance of those at the [[Kasivisvesvara Temple]] in [[Lakkundi]].<ref name="cornice"/> The entrance to the shrine has above it a decorative [[architrave]] with space for images (now missing) of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Gods [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. Depending on the dedication of the temple, either Vishnu or Shiva would take the central position in this arrangement.<ref name="cornice"/> The entrance to the sanctum is elaborately decorated on either side with designs that are floral containing tiny images of dancers, musicians and even a [[mithuna]] couple ([[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]). In the main [[mantapa]] (hall) there are three images, one of the "five headed" Brahma and his vehicle (''[[vahana]]''), the goose, and two images are of [[Surya]], the Sun God.<ref name="cornice"/>
 The temple has two doorways each with a porch, one facing south and the other facing east. The east facing door has on either side the remains of what must have been elegant [[Lintel (architecture)|lintel]] decoration, and an open hall type of pillared extension containing a large recumbent image of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull) which faces the shrine.<ref name="deity"/><ref name="cornice"/>
-[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple Porch Half Pillar.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Half pillar on porch]]
 ==Notes==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|33em}}
+==External links==
+* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/287165/F Dambal]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130625081542/http://puratattva.in/2012/12/08/dambal-a-religious-symphony-2048.html Dambal a religious symphony]
 ==References==
-* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|origyear= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
-* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD|origyear=2003|year=2003|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
+* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|orig-year= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
-* {{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|origyear=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=|isbn= 81-7017-312-4}}
+* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 81-7017-312-4}}
-{{Commonscat|Doddabasappa Temple}}
+{{Commons category|Doddabasappa Temple}}
 {{coord|15|19|41|N|75|48|37|E|display=title}}
-{{Karnataka topics}}
 {{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
+[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
 [[Category:Hindu temples in Gadag district]]
-[[Category:12th-century architecture]]
 [[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
 [[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
-[[Category:Temples in Karnataka]]
+[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]