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{{Short description|French author and soldier}}
{{About|a classic French author|the computer graphics researcher|Alain Fournier}}
{{About|a classic French author|the computer graphics researcher|Alain Fournier}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Henri-Alban Fournier
| name = Henri-Alban Fournier
| image = Alain-Fournier, full portrait, 1905.jpg
| image = Alain-Fournier, full portrait, 1905.jpg
| pseudonym = Alain-Fournier
| caption = Fournier in 1905
| birth_name = Henri-Alban Fournier
| pseudonym = Alain-Fournier
| birth_name = Henri-Alban Fournier
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1886|10|3}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1886|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[La Chapelle-d'Angillon]], [[Cher (department)|Cher]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| birth_place = [[La Chapelle-d'Angillon]], [[Berry, France|Berry]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1914|9|22|1886|10|3}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1914|9|22|1886|10|3}}
| death_place = near [[Vaux-lès-Palameix]], [[Meuse (department)|Meuse]], France
| death_place = near [[Vaux-lès-Palameix]], [[Lorraine]], France
{{Infobox person|child=yes
{{Infobox person|child=yes
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]]
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]]
}}
}}
| occupation = Novelist, critic, soldier
| occupation = Novelist, critic, soldier
| nationality = French
| nationality = French
| period = 1909–14
| period = 1909–14
| notableworks = ''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]''
| notableworks = ''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]''
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{flag|France}}
| allegiance = {{flag|France}}
| branch = {{army|France}}
| branch = {{army|France}}
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}}
}}


'''Alain-Fournier''' ({{IPA-fr|a.lɛ̃.fuʁ.nje|lang}}) was the pseudonym of '''Henri-Alban Fournier''' (3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914<ref name="mem">[http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ Mémoire des hommes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915234408/http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ |date=15 September 2017 }} Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration</ref>), a French author and soldier. He was the author of a single novel, ''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]'' (1913), which has been filmed twice and is considered a classic of [[French literature]]. The book is based partly on his childhood.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0198691372|location=USA|pages=10}}</ref>
'''Henri-Alban Fournier''' ({{IPA|fr|alɛ̃ fuʁnje}}; 3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914),<ref name="mem">[http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ Mémoire des hommes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915234408/http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ |date=15 September 2017 }} Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration</ref> known by the pseudonym '''Alain-Fournier''' ({{IPA|fr|alɛ̃ fuʁnje|lang}}), was a French author and soldier. He was the author of a single novel, ''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]'' (1913), which has been filmed twice and is considered a classic of [[French literature]]. The book is based partly on his childhood.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0198691372|location=USA|pages=10}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Alain-Fournier was born in [[La Chapelle-d'Angillon]], in the [[Cher (département)|Cher]] ''[[département in France|département]]'', in central France, the son of a school teacher. He studied at the [[Lycée Lakanal]] in [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine]], near Paris, where he prepared for the entrance examination to the [[École Normale Supérieure]], but without success. He then studied at the merchant marine school in [[Brest, France|Brest]]. At the Lycée Lakanal, he met [[Jacques Rivière]], and the two became close friends. In 1909, Rivière married Alain-Fournier's younger sister Isabelle.
Alain-Fournier was born in [[La Chapelle-d'Angillon]], in the [[Cher (département)|Cher]] ''[[département in France|département]]'', in central France, the son of school teachers. Everyone who knew him called him "Henri", his first name or "Fournier", his last name, as "Alain-Fournier" was merely a nom-de-plume. He had a younger sister, Isabelle, to whom he was very close. She was one of his first readers, his confidante and most constant friend and support-system throughout his life.<ref>"Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière</ref>

He studied at the [[Lycée Lakanal]] in [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine]], near Paris, where he prepared for the entrance examination to the [[École Normale Supérieure]]. He met there fellow student [[Jacques Rivière]], and the two became close friends, though it took a while as Henri's rebellious and playful nature first kept Jacques at bay. He was then the leader of a group of boys who were fighting against hazing, and circulating revolutionary petitions. About their growing friendship, Jacques Rivière wrote: ”Underneath his untamed exterior, I found him to be tender, naive, filled with a sweet, dreamy sap, even infinitely more vulnerable than me, which is saying something, in the face of life.” The two of them had long and insightful talks and shared the same sensitivity and love for words and poetry, especially the Symbolist movement.<ref>Introduction to Alain-Fournier's poems by Jacques Rivière</ref>

In early 1905, he started to write poems such as ”L’ondée” (The shower) and "Conte du soleil et de la route” (Tale of the sun and the road). He shared them with his sister Isabelle, who loved them and wrote him: ”Only in you have I truly sensed a strong and ardent soul, a poet’s soul, someone who suffers and feels; a bare soul, stripped from all these things that spoil and darken all the others, and only with you have I felt that I was really me, that I could show everything, that you would understand everything.”<ref>Letter from Isabelle to Alain-Fournier, June 4th, 1905</ref>

On the first of June 1905, while he was taking a stroll along the banks of the [[Seine]], Henri saw Yvonne de Quièvrecourt as she was walking in the other direction. He was amazed and followed her aboard a river boat and in the streets, to the house she was staying at. He came back there a few times in the following days, hoping to meet her. Ten days later, on June 11th, he finally had his chance as she was going out on her own. He followed her again aboard a streetcar, inside a church and in the streets, until he plucked up the courage to talk to her. Yvonne first rebuffed him, but he eventually won her trust, and they walked and talked together. This moment was faithfully fictionalized in [[Le Grand Meaulnes]], when Augustin Meaulnes meets Yvonne De Galais for the first time. Yvonne (who was actually engaged) ended up mysteriously saying: "We are children, we acted foolishly" and asked Henri to not follow her again as she was leaving, though, a few steps further, she turned around to look at him for a long time before disappearing in the crowd.<ref>"Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière</ref> A few days later, Henri put his recollection of these moments on paper in great detail.

During the same summer, Henri Fournier spent a few weeks in [[London]], where he was doing translation work in a wallpaper factory. He attended a garden-party in Chiswick that later served as an inspiration for Frantz De Galais' wedding party in "[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]". Though he met several young English girls who were eager to spend time with him, he couldn't keep his mind off Yvonne and kept to himself.<ref>"Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière</ref> In letters, he started to confide in Jacques Rivière about her, stating: "I wish I could talk to you about her, whose face suddenly came back the other night with a frightening clarity to stir me to my heart, to stir me until I cried. I believe it is not only a little romantic episode".<ref>Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jacques Rivière, July 9th, 1905</ref> He also wrote and shared with him his latest poem "A travers les étés" (From summer to summer), that tells the tale of their encounter.<ref>Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier</ref>

Back in Paris from 1905 to 1907 to finish his studies, Henri Fournier expressed in letters how oppressed he felt, that his studies and the idea of pursuing a career became meaningless to him, and that he felt unable to please his parents in that regard. He wrote to Jacques: ”Since I got here, there is like something suffocating me. I am fighting with all I have to pick up this courage and confidence that fell down. It’s hard and dark and inexplicable.”<ref> Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jacques Rivière, October 4th, 1905</ref> With Isabelle, he shared: ”This exam doesn’t speak to me. Far from being an ideal, it’s not even a temporary goal or a first step to make. From now on, I can’t bring myself to use my brain for this. […] My life doesn’t lie in studying until cerebral exhaustion. I am looking for my life. My only regret is for my parents. Since a long time, I have ceased to see through their eyes. And I will not fulfill their ideal, that they spent much money on.”<ref>Letter from Alain-Fournier to Isabelle, February 2nd, 1906</ref>
During these same years, he was often coming back to wait in front of the house where he saw Yvonne the previous year (though she never returned) and in January 1906, he wrote his poem “Et maintenant que c’est la pluie” (And now that it’s raining) about these moments and his longing for her.
On June 1st 1906, he came back at the very same place he first saw Yvonne, waiting for her as he hoped that she was also looking for him, but she did not appear.<ref>Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier</ref>
In 1907, Henri failed his competitive exam. He had suffered several brain fevers in the previous months due to exhaustion, and he was cognitively impaired and fell asleep during the test. He contemplated becoming a sailor as he loved the ocean, but he didn’t follow through, as he had reservations about the work environment.<ref>Introduction to Alain-Fournier's poems by Jacques Rivière</ref> During that same summer, he finally learned that Yvonne was married and he was heartbroken over it, expressing in letters his feeling of new-found utter aloneness. Jacques Rivière was just back from his military service and was able to help him through it, taking him to spend vacations among his own family.<ref>Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier</ref>

From 1907 to 1909, Henri Fournier performed his military service. At this time, he also published some essays, poems and stories, which were later collected and re-published by the name ''Miracles''. He vividly expressed in many letters to his friends and family how much he was struggling with depression, hopelessness and anxiety during his mandatory time in the army, and how broken and traumatized he felt even as he returned.<ref>Correspondence between Alain-Fournier and his family</ref> He became a [[literary critic]], writing for the ''[[Le Journal (Paris)|Paris-Journal]]''. There he met [[André Gide]] and [[Paul Claudel]]. However, he wasn’t satisfied with his job and he was struggling with society’s expectations against his own dreams, and the constant fear of wasting his youth.<ref>« Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière</ref>
His sister Isabelle and Jacques Rivière had met in 1907 when Jacques stayed with their family for a few weeks, they had soon fallen in love and they married in 1909. Henri was then living with them (and his and Isabelle's parents) up to 1910. The three of them were enjoying Paris' effervescent artistic life together, though Isabelle and Jacques worried about Henri's state of mind, which especially showed in the way he seemed unable to start doing anything.<ref>« Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière</ref> He and Jacques argued about it over letters, which somewhat caused a rift between them as Henri felt generally misunderstood.<ref>Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier</ref>
He shared in several letters experiences that clearly show his emotional distress at the time, such as getting lost while on his way home and feeling like a stranger in a strange land,<ref>Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jacques Rivière, April 4th, 1910</ref> or spending all day wandering in the rain and having nightmares at night where he couldn’t recognize his house and no one could hear him call out for help.<ref>Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jeanne, December 9th, 1910</ref>


In 1910, he started a two-year on-and-off relationship with Jeanne Bruneau, a country-born milliner who inspired him the character of Valentine in "[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]". Their romance almost ended soon after they met, when Jeanne confided in him about former relationships, and that remained the object of several arguments and break-ups between them. He wrote her several romantic and passionate letters which show how much he wanted to share with her his ideal about love and hoped to teach her how to believe in true love the way he did. Though their situation was unusual as they weren’t married or engaged (he actually first hid it from them altogether), he introduced her to Isabelle (alongside his beloved niece Jacqueline) and Jacques (who later revealed to Isabelle that she didn’t say a word or even look at him), and he contemplated marrying her, but they eventually parted ways, mostly because he couldn’t bring himself to propose to anyone but Yvonne and he felt that Jeanne didn’t manage to fully understand and enter the fairy world he carried with him<ref>"Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière</ref> as he wrote to her: “Part of my life takes place in this other world, a world filled with imagination and childish paradises. Those who know me very well are aware of that. From several women, already, I hoped that they would be able to go there with me. None ever did”.<ref>Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jeanne Bruneau</ref>
He interrupted his studies in 1907 and from 1908 to 1909 he performed his military service. At this time he published some essays, poems and stories which were later collected and re-published by the name ''Miracles''.


In 1911, he gave French lessons to fellow poet [[T.S. Eliot]] who was then staying in Paris.<ref>« Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière</ref>
Throughout this period he was contemplating what would become his celebrated novel, ''Le Grand Meaulnes''. On the first of June 1905, Ascension day, while he was taking a stroll along banks of the [[Seine]] he saw [[Yvonne Marie Elise Toussaint de Quiévrecourt]] with an elderly lady and, mesmerized by her grace, he followed her, first on a ferry boat, then to her house. He went there a few times during the next ten days, waiting for her. On June 11th, as he saw her leave the house, he followed her again and plucked up the courage to talk to her. He fell in love, but she was engaged. The next year on the same day he waited for her at the same place, but she did not appear. That night he told Rivière, "She did not come. And even if she had, she would not have been the same".<ref>Daniel Leuwers short biography of Alain-Fournier in ''Le Grand Meaulnes'', Le Livre de Poche, 1971, p. 242.</ref> They did not meet again until eight years later, when she was married with two children. Yvonne de Quiévrecourt would become Yvonne de Galais in his novel.
In 1912, he quit his job to become the personal assistant of the politician Casimir Perrier.<ref name="Tucker 2005 57">{{Cite book|last1= Tucker |first1= Spencer C .|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|date=2005|title=Encyclopedia of World War I|publisher = ABC-Clio|volume=1|page=57|isbn= 1-85109-420-2|oclc=61247250}}</ref>
He started writing “Le Grand Meaulnes” in 1910, at his parents’ house. He then wrote to Jacques and Isabelle: “For two weeks, I tried to artificially construct this book as I had started. It wasn’t going anywhere. Eventually, I threw it all away and […] I started to write simply, directly, like one of my letters. I threw away all this abstraction and this philosophy I was tangled with. And the most amazing thing is that there’s still everything, all of me.” ''Le Grand Meaulnes'' was finished in early 1913, and was published first in the ''[[Nouvelle Revue Française]]'' (from July to October 1913) and then as a book, which was nominated for, but did not win, the [[Prix Goncourt]]. It was dedicated to his sister Isabelle.


The same year, Henri finally found Yvonne's trail again, as Jacques Rivière's younger brother Marc was studying medicine in Rochefort, the town where her family lived. Marc was in the know since Henri and him had met in 1907, and he brought it up when he was introduced to Yvonne’s younger sister. Henri and Yvonne were then able to meet again for a couple days, as she was visiting her family. She introduced him to her mother, her sister and her children, and they could talk about their first encounter and what it meant to them. Henri also showed her a letter he wrote for her the previous year, expressing his love and faithfulness and telling her that his then upcoming novel, “Le Grand Meaulnes” was all about her.<ref>"Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière</ref>
He returned to Paris in 1910 and became a [[literary critic]], writing for the ''[[Le Journal (Paris)|Paris-Journal]]''. There he met [[André Gide]] and [[Paul Claudel]]. In 1912, he quit his job to become the personal assistant of the politician Casimir Perrier.<ref name="Tucker 2005 57">{{Cite book|last1= Tucker |first1= Spencer C .|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|date=2005|title=Encyclopedia of World War I|publisher = ABC-Clio|volume=1|page=57|isbn= 1-85109-420-2|oclc=61247250}}</ref> ''Le Grand Meaulnes'' was finished in early 1913, and was published first in the [[Nouvelle Revue Française]] (from July to October 1913), and then as a book. ''Le Grand Meaulnes'' was nominated for, but did not win, the [[Prix Goncourt]]. It is available in English in a widely admired 1959 translation by [[Frank Davison (translator)|Frank Davison]] for Oxford University Press with the title ''The Lost Domain''.


In 1914, Alain-Fournier started work on a second novel, ''Colombe Blanchet'', but this remained unfinished when he joined the Army as a lieutenant during August. He died fighting near [[Vaux-lès-Palameix]]<ref name="mem"/> ([[Meuse (department)|Meuse]]) one month later, on 22 September 1914.<ref name="Tucker 2005 57"/> His body remained unidentified until 1991, at which time he was buried in the cemetery of [[Saint-Remy-la-Calonne]]. According to some sources, the patrol which Alain-Fournier was part of received the order to "shoot at German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers"; the patrol obeyed, which the Germans would have considered a violation of international conventions.<ref>We read in the preface by [[Jean-Jacques Becker]] to the reissue of the tetralogy ''Ceux de 14'' by [[Maurice Genevoix]] (Le grand livre du mois, 2000, p. XI) that "we now know" that the officer who commanded the patrol which included Alain-Fournier gave the order to "shoot German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers", hence the severity of the German reaction. [[:de:Ludwig Harig]] found documents in the military archives containing details of the events of September 22, 1914. French soldiers had attacked a German ambulance and killed two seriously injured soldiers by blows to the head. Then the French soldiers were executed, the writer among them. (''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'', May 12, 2001: "Spuren einer Schlacht").</ref> According to [[:de:Gerd Krumeich]], professor at the University of [[Düsseldorf]], it is correct that Alain-Fournier's patrol attacked a German ambulance, but it is difficult to establish the precise facts.<ref>Gerd Krumeich, "1914 Alain Fournier Disappears. The Archeology of German Sources", in: ''14/18 Today 2'' (1999), p. 85-93. This study, according to a note in a publication co-edited by G. Krumeich himself, examines how propaganda exploited the fact that Alain-Fournier's patrol had attacked a German ambulance. It also shows that because of this role of propaganda, it is difficult to establish the exact facts. See "Frankreich und Deutschland im Krieg (18.-20. Jahrhundert): Zur Kulturgeschichte der europäischen Erbfeindschaft", ''Darstellung nach Kommunikatorengruppen. Ein gemeinsames Forschungsprojekt der Historischen Seminare der TU Braunschweig und der HHU Düsseldorf, gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (2001-2004)''; Projektleitung: Ute Daniel, Gerd Krumeich, p.44, note 126.</ref>
In 1914, Alain-Fournier started to work on a second novel, ''Colombe Blanchet'', but this remained unfinished when he had to join the Army as a lieutenant that August. He died fighting near [[Vaux-lès-Palameix]]<ref name="mem"/> ([[Meuse (department)|Meuse]]) one month later, on 22 September 1914.<ref name="Tucker 2005 57"/> His body remained unidentified until 1991, at which time he was buried in the cemetery of [[Saint-Remy-la-Calonne]]. According to some sources, the patrol which Alain-Fournier was part of received the order to "shoot at German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers"; the patrol obeyed, which the Germans would have considered a violation of international conventions.<ref>We read in the preface by [[Jean-Jacques Becker]] to the reissue of the tetralogy ''Ceux de 14'' by [[Maurice Genevoix]] (Le grand livre du mois, 2000, p. XI) that "we now know" that the officer who commanded the patrol which included Alain-Fournier gave the order to "shoot German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers", hence the severity of the German reaction. [[:de:Ludwig Harig]] found documents in the military archives containing details of the events of September 22, 1914. French soldiers had attacked a German ambulance and killed two seriously injured soldiers by blows to the head. Then the French soldiers were executed, the writer among them. (''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'', May 12, 2001: "Spuren einer Schlacht").</ref> According to {{ill|Gerd Krumeich|de}}, professor at the [[Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf |University of Düsseldorf]], it is correct that Alain-Fournier's patrol attacked a German ambulance, but it is difficult to establish the precise facts.<ref>Gerd Krumeich, "1914 Alain Fournier Disappears. The Archeology of German Sources", in: ''14/18 Today 2'' (1999), p. 85-93. This study, according to a note in a publication co-edited by G. Krumeich himself, examines how propaganda exploited the fact that Alain-Fournier's patrol had attacked a German ambulance. It also shows that because of this role of propaganda, it is difficult to establish the exact facts. See "Frankreich und Deutschland im Krieg (18.-20. Jahrhundert): Zur Kulturgeschichte der europäischen Erbfeindschaft", ''Darstellung nach Kommunikatorengruppen. Ein gemeinsames Forschungsprojekt der Historischen Seminare der TU Braunschweig und der HHU Düsseldorf, gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (2001-2004)''; Projektleitung: Ute Daniel, Gerd Krumeich, p.44, note 126.</ref>


Most of the writing of Alain-Fournier was published posthumously: ''Miracles'' (a volume of poems and essays) in 1924, his correspondence with Jacques Rivière in 1926 and his letters to his family in 1930. His notes and sketches for ''Colombe Blanchet'' have also been published.
Most of the writing of Alain-Fournier was published posthumously: ''Miracles'' (a volume of poems and essays) in 1924, his correspondence with Jacques Rivière in 1926 and his letters to his family in 1930. His notes and sketches for ''Colombe Blanchet'' have also been published.


==Albin Schram manuscripts==
==Albin Schram manuscripts==
A correspondence between Alain-Fournier and an unidentified woman was found in the [[Albin Schram]] Collection. It is a grateful letter for her introduction to Monsieur Hébrard and refers to his next work:
A correspondence between Alain-Fournier and an unidentified woman was found in the collection of [[Albin Schram]]. It is a grateful letter for her introduction to a Monsieur Hébrard and refers to his next work:


<blockquote>''Il m'a proposé pour'' [[Le Temps (Paris)|Le Temps]] ''ce qu'il était le plus logique de me proposer: lui apporter mon prochain roman – ce que j'ai promis bien volontiers. Ce second roman est, pour l'instant un peu retardé par une nouvelle oeuvre qui s'est mise au travers de ma route et qui ne me laisse pas beaucoup de répit. Mais j'espère bien avant la fin de l'année avoir terminé'' Colombe Blanchet.{{Citation needed|reason=This quotation needs to be backed up with a citation.|date=April 2012}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Il m'a proposé pour'' [[Le Temps (Paris)|Le Temps]] ''ce qu'il était le plus logique de me proposer: lui apporter mon prochain roman—ce que j'ai promis bien volontiers. Ce second roman est, pour l'instant un peu retardé par une nouvelle oeuvre qui s'est mise au travers de ma route et qui ne me laisse pas beaucoup de répit. Mais j'espère bien avant la fin de l'année avoir terminé'' Colombe Blanchet.{{Citation needed|reason=This quotation needs to be backed up with a citation.|date=April 2012}}</blockquote>


<blockquote>He has proposed to me for ''Le Temps'' that which was the most logical thing to propose to me: to bring him my next novel – which I have promised quite willingly. This second novel is, for the moment, somewhat delayed by a new work which has placed itself across my path and which doesn't leave me much respite. But I hope well before the end of the year to have finished ''Colombe Blanchet''.</blockquote>
<blockquote>He has proposed to me for ''Le Temps'' that which was the most logical thing to propose to me: to bring him my next novel—which I have promised quite willingly. This second novel is, for the moment, somewhat delayed by a new work which has placed itself across my path and which doesn't leave me much respite. But I hope well before the end of the year to have finished ''Colombe Blanchet''.</blockquote>


==AJRAF==
==AJRAF==
In 1975, AJRAF – ''Association des amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier'' (Association of the Friends of Jacques Rivière and of Alain-Fournier) was founded by Alain Rivière, the son of Jacques Rivière and nephew of Alain-Fournier to "promote knowledge of these two authors and to gather their friends together".<ref>[http://www.legrandmeaulnes.com/Autres-Sites.php Le Grand Meaulnes – The Wanderer website]</ref>
In 1975, L'Association des Amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier (AJRAF, Association of the Friends of Jacques Rivière and of Alain-Fournier) was founded by Alain Rivière, the son of Jacques Rivière and nephew of Alain-Fournier, to "promote knowledge of these two authors and to gather their friends together".<ref>[http://www.legrandmeaulnes.com/Autres-Sites.php Le Grand Meaulnes – The Wanderer website]</ref><ref name="AJRAFabout">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> | title=L'AJRAF | publisher=L'Association des Amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier | url=https://www.association-jacques-riviere-alain-fournier.com/page-presentation-de-l-ajraf.htm | access-date=2023-06-17}} </ref>


== Works ==
== Works ==
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==Inspiration for artists==
==Inspiration for artists==
Alain-Fournier has inspired the artist [[Jean-Louis Berthod]], from [[Albens]], who carved in 2014 a lime wood board (130&nbsp;cm × 140&nbsp;cm) according to ''Le Grand Meaulnes''.
Alain-Fournier has inspired the artist [[Jean-Louis Berthod]], from [[Albens]], who carved in 2014 a limewood board {{convert|130|by|140|cm|in}} inspired by ''Le Grand Meaulnes''.
[[File:Le Grand Meaulnes de Jean-Louis Berthod.JPG|thumb|''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]'' by [[Jean-Louis Berthod]], French sculptor from [[Albens]]]]
[[File:Le Grand Meaulnes de Jean-Louis Berthod.JPG|thumb|''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]'' by [[Jean-Louis Berthod]], French sculptor from [[Albens]]]]


Line 80: Line 101:
* [http://www.legrandmeaulnes.com/ A plot summary of ''Le Grand Meaulnes'']
* [http://www.legrandmeaulnes.com/ A plot summary of ''Le Grand Meaulnes'']
* Campa, Laurence: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/alain-fournier_henri/ Alain-Fournier, Henri], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914–1918-online. ''International Encyclopedia of the First World War''].
* Campa, Laurence: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/alain-fournier_henri/ Alain-Fournier, Henri], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914–1918-online. ''International Encyclopedia of the First World War''].
* {{gutenberg author|id=Alain-Fournier|name=Alain-Fournier}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=1872|name=Alain-Fournier}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{IMDb title| id=0064389| title=Le Grand Meaulnes (1967 film)}}
* {{IMDb title| id=0064389| title=Le Grand Meaulnes (1967 film)}}

Latest revision as of 06:38, 5 December 2024

This article is about a classic French author. For the computer graphics researcher, see Alain Fournier.

Henri-Alban Fournier
Fournier in 1905
Fournier in 1905
BornHenri-Alban Fournier
(1886-10-03)3 October 1886
La Chapelle-d'Angillon, Berry, France
Died22 September 1914(1914-09-22) (aged 27)
near Vaux-lès-Palameix, Lorraine, France
Cause of deathKilled in action
Pen nameAlain-Fournier
OccupationNovelist, critic, soldier
NationalityFrench
Period1909–14
Notable worksLe Grand Meaulnes
Military career
Allegiance France
Service / branch French Army
Years of service1914
RankLieutenant
Battles / warsFirst World War

Henri-Alban Fournier (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ fuʁnje]; 3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914),[1] known by the pseudonym Alain-Fournier (French: [alɛ̃ fuʁnje]), was a French author and soldier. He was the author of a single novel, Le Grand Meaulnes (1913), which has been filmed twice and is considered a classic of French literature. The book is based partly on his childhood.[2]

Biography

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Alain-Fournier was born in La Chapelle-d'Angillon, in the Cher département, in central France, the son of school teachers. Everyone who knew him called him "Henri", his first name or "Fournier", his last name, as "Alain-Fournier" was merely a nom-de-plume. He had a younger sister, Isabelle, to whom he was very close. She was one of his first readers, his confidante and most constant friend and support-system throughout his life.[3]

He studied at the Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, near Paris, where he prepared for the entrance examination to the École Normale Supérieure. He met there fellow student Jacques Rivière, and the two became close friends, though it took a while as Henri's rebellious and playful nature first kept Jacques at bay. He was then the leader of a group of boys who were fighting against hazing, and circulating revolutionary petitions. About their growing friendship, Jacques Rivière wrote: ”Underneath his untamed exterior, I found him to be tender, naive, filled with a sweet, dreamy sap, even infinitely more vulnerable than me, which is saying something, in the face of life.” The two of them had long and insightful talks and shared the same sensitivity and love for words and poetry, especially the Symbolist movement.[4]

In early 1905, he started to write poems such as ”L’ondée” (The shower) and "Conte du soleil et de la route” (Tale of the sun and the road). He shared them with his sister Isabelle, who loved them and wrote him: ”Only in you have I truly sensed a strong and ardent soul, a poet’s soul, someone who suffers and feels; a bare soul, stripped from all these things that spoil and darken all the others, and only with you have I felt that I was really me, that I could show everything, that you would understand everything.”[5]

On the first of June 1905, while he was taking a stroll along the banks of the Seine, Henri saw Yvonne de Quièvrecourt as she was walking in the other direction. He was amazed and followed her aboard a river boat and in the streets, to the house she was staying at. He came back there a few times in the following days, hoping to meet her. Ten days later, on June 11th, he finally had his chance as she was going out on her own. He followed her again aboard a streetcar, inside a church and in the streets, until he plucked up the courage to talk to her. Yvonne first rebuffed him, but he eventually won her trust, and they walked and talked together. This moment was faithfully fictionalized in Le Grand Meaulnes, when Augustin Meaulnes meets Yvonne De Galais for the first time. Yvonne (who was actually engaged) ended up mysteriously saying: "We are children, we acted foolishly" and asked Henri to not follow her again as she was leaving, though, a few steps further, she turned around to look at him for a long time before disappearing in the crowd.[6] A few days later, Henri put his recollection of these moments on paper in great detail.

During the same summer, Henri Fournier spent a few weeks in London, where he was doing translation work in a wallpaper factory. He attended a garden-party in Chiswick that later served as an inspiration for Frantz De Galais' wedding party in "Le Grand Meaulnes". Though he met several young English girls who were eager to spend time with him, he couldn't keep his mind off Yvonne and kept to himself.[7] In letters, he started to confide in Jacques Rivière about her, stating: "I wish I could talk to you about her, whose face suddenly came back the other night with a frightening clarity to stir me to my heart, to stir me until I cried. I believe it is not only a little romantic episode".[8] He also wrote and shared with him his latest poem "A travers les étés" (From summer to summer), that tells the tale of their encounter.[9]

Back in Paris from 1905 to 1907 to finish his studies, Henri Fournier expressed in letters how oppressed he felt, that his studies and the idea of pursuing a career became meaningless to him, and that he felt unable to please his parents in that regard. He wrote to Jacques: ”Since I got here, there is like something suffocating me. I am fighting with all I have to pick up this courage and confidence that fell down. It’s hard and dark and inexplicable.”[10] With Isabelle, he shared: ”This exam doesn’t speak to me. Far from being an ideal, it’s not even a temporary goal or a first step to make. From now on, I can’t bring myself to use my brain for this. […] My life doesn’t lie in studying until cerebral exhaustion. I am looking for my life. My only regret is for my parents. Since a long time, I have ceased to see through their eyes. And I will not fulfill their ideal, that they spent much money on.”[11] During these same years, he was often coming back to wait in front of the house where he saw Yvonne the previous year (though she never returned) and in January 1906, he wrote his poem “Et maintenant que c’est la pluie” (And now that it’s raining) about these moments and his longing for her. On June 1st 1906, he came back at the very same place he first saw Yvonne, waiting for her as he hoped that she was also looking for him, but she did not appear.[12] In 1907, Henri failed his competitive exam. He had suffered several brain fevers in the previous months due to exhaustion, and he was cognitively impaired and fell asleep during the test. He contemplated becoming a sailor as he loved the ocean, but he didn’t follow through, as he had reservations about the work environment.[13] During that same summer, he finally learned that Yvonne was married and he was heartbroken over it, expressing in letters his feeling of new-found utter aloneness. Jacques Rivière was just back from his military service and was able to help him through it, taking him to spend vacations among his own family.[14]

From 1907 to 1909, Henri Fournier performed his military service. At this time, he also published some essays, poems and stories, which were later collected and re-published by the name Miracles. He vividly expressed in many letters to his friends and family how much he was struggling with depression, hopelessness and anxiety during his mandatory time in the army, and how broken and traumatized he felt even as he returned.[15] He became a literary critic, writing for the Paris-Journal. There he met André Gide and Paul Claudel. However, he wasn’t satisfied with his job and he was struggling with society’s expectations against his own dreams, and the constant fear of wasting his youth.[16] His sister Isabelle and Jacques Rivière had met in 1907 when Jacques stayed with their family for a few weeks, they had soon fallen in love and they married in 1909. Henri was then living with them (and his and Isabelle's parents) up to 1910. The three of them were enjoying Paris' effervescent artistic life together, though Isabelle and Jacques worried about Henri's state of mind, which especially showed in the way he seemed unable to start doing anything.[17] He and Jacques argued about it over letters, which somewhat caused a rift between them as Henri felt generally misunderstood.[18] He shared in several letters experiences that clearly show his emotional distress at the time, such as getting lost while on his way home and feeling like a stranger in a strange land,[19] or spending all day wandering in the rain and having nightmares at night where he couldn’t recognize his house and no one could hear him call out for help.[20]

In 1910, he started a two-year on-and-off relationship with Jeanne Bruneau, a country-born milliner who inspired him the character of Valentine in "Le Grand Meaulnes". Their romance almost ended soon after they met, when Jeanne confided in him about former relationships, and that remained the object of several arguments and break-ups between them. He wrote her several romantic and passionate letters which show how much he wanted to share with her his ideal about love and hoped to teach her how to believe in true love the way he did. Though their situation was unusual as they weren’t married or engaged (he actually first hid it from them altogether), he introduced her to Isabelle (alongside his beloved niece Jacqueline) and Jacques (who later revealed to Isabelle that she didn’t say a word or even look at him), and he contemplated marrying her, but they eventually parted ways, mostly because he couldn’t bring himself to propose to anyone but Yvonne and he felt that Jeanne didn’t manage to fully understand and enter the fairy world he carried with him[21] as he wrote to her: “Part of my life takes place in this other world, a world filled with imagination and childish paradises. Those who know me very well are aware of that. From several women, already, I hoped that they would be able to go there with me. None ever did”.[22]

In 1911, he gave French lessons to fellow poet T.S. Eliot who was then staying in Paris.[23] In 1912, he quit his job to become the personal assistant of the politician Casimir Perrier.[24]

He started writing “Le Grand Meaulnes” in 1910, at his parents’ house. He then wrote to Jacques and Isabelle: “For two weeks, I tried to artificially construct this book as I had started. It wasn’t going anywhere. Eventually, I threw it all away and […] I started to write simply, directly, like one of my letters. I threw away all this abstraction and this philosophy I was tangled with. And the most amazing thing is that there’s still everything, all of me.” Le Grand Meaulnes was finished in early 1913, and was published first in the Nouvelle Revue Française (from July to October 1913) and then as a book, which was nominated for, but did not win, the Prix Goncourt. It was dedicated to his sister Isabelle.

The same year, Henri finally found Yvonne's trail again, as Jacques Rivière's younger brother Marc was studying medicine in Rochefort, the town where her family lived. Marc was in the know since Henri and him had met in 1907, and he brought it up when he was introduced to Yvonne’s younger sister. Henri and Yvonne were then able to meet again for a couple days, as she was visiting her family. She introduced him to her mother, her sister and her children, and they could talk about their first encounter and what it meant to them. Henri also showed her a letter he wrote for her the previous year, expressing his love and faithfulness and telling her that his then upcoming novel, “Le Grand Meaulnes” was all about her.[25]

In 1914, Alain-Fournier started to work on a second novel, Colombe Blanchet, but this remained unfinished when he had to join the Army as a lieutenant that August. He died fighting near Vaux-lès-Palameix[1] (Meuse) one month later, on 22 September 1914.[24] His body remained unidentified until 1991, at which time he was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Remy-la-Calonne. According to some sources, the patrol which Alain-Fournier was part of received the order to "shoot at German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers"; the patrol obeyed, which the Germans would have considered a violation of international conventions.[26] According to Gerd Krumeich [de], professor at the University of Düsseldorf, it is correct that Alain-Fournier's patrol attacked a German ambulance, but it is difficult to establish the precise facts.[27]

Most of the writing of Alain-Fournier was published posthumously: Miracles (a volume of poems and essays) in 1924, his correspondence with Jacques Rivière in 1926 and his letters to his family in 1930. His notes and sketches for Colombe Blanchet have also been published.

Albin Schram manuscripts

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A correspondence between Alain-Fournier and an unidentified woman was found in the collection of Albin Schram. It is a grateful letter for her introduction to a Monsieur Hébrard and refers to his next work:

Il m'a proposé pour Le Temps ce qu'il était le plus logique de me proposer: lui apporter mon prochain roman—ce que j'ai promis bien volontiers. Ce second roman est, pour l'instant un peu retardé par une nouvelle oeuvre qui s'est mise au travers de ma route et qui ne me laisse pas beaucoup de répit. Mais j'espère bien avant la fin de l'année avoir terminé Colombe Blanchet.[citation needed]

He has proposed to me for Le Temps that which was the most logical thing to propose to me: to bring him my next novel—which I have promised quite willingly. This second novel is, for the moment, somewhat delayed by a new work which has placed itself across my path and which doesn't leave me much respite. But I hope well before the end of the year to have finished Colombe Blanchet.

AJRAF

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In 1975, L'Association des Amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier (AJRAF, Association of the Friends of Jacques Rivière and of Alain-Fournier) was founded by Alain Rivière, the son of Jacques Rivière and nephew of Alain-Fournier, to "promote knowledge of these two authors and to gather their friends together".[28][29]

Works

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  • Le Grand Meaulnes
  • Colombe Blanchet (unfinished novel)
  • Lettre au Petit B
  • Miracles (poems)

Inspiration for artists

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Alain-Fournier has inspired the artist Jean-Louis Berthod, from Albens, who carved in 2014 a limewood board 130 by 140 centimetres (51 by 55 in) inspired by Le Grand Meaulnes.

Le Grand Meaulnes by Jean-Louis Berthod, French sculptor from Albens

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Mémoire des hommes Archived 15 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration
  2. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0198691372.
  3. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  4. ^ Introduction to Alain-Fournier's poems by Jacques Rivière
  5. ^ Letter from Isabelle to Alain-Fournier, June 4th, 1905
  6. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  7. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  8. ^ Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jacques Rivière, July 9th, 1905
  9. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  10. ^ Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jacques Rivière, October 4th, 1905
  11. ^ Letter from Alain-Fournier to Isabelle, February 2nd, 1906
  12. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  13. ^ Introduction to Alain-Fournier's poems by Jacques Rivière
  14. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  15. ^ Correspondence between Alain-Fournier and his family
  16. ^ « Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière
  17. ^ « Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière
  18. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  19. ^ Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jacques Rivière, April 4th, 1910
  20. ^ Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jeanne, December 9th, 1910
  21. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  22. ^ Letter from Alain-Fournier to Jeanne Bruneau
  23. ^ « Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière
  24. ^ a b Tucker, Spencer C .; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. Vol. 1. ABC-Clio. p. 57. ISBN 1-85109-420-2. OCLC 61247250.
  25. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  26. ^ We read in the preface by Jean-Jacques Becker to the reissue of the tetralogy Ceux de 14 by Maurice Genevoix (Le grand livre du mois, 2000, p. XI) that "we now know" that the officer who commanded the patrol which included Alain-Fournier gave the order to "shoot German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers", hence the severity of the German reaction. de:Ludwig Harig found documents in the military archives containing details of the events of September 22, 1914. French soldiers had attacked a German ambulance and killed two seriously injured soldiers by blows to the head. Then the French soldiers were executed, the writer among them. (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 12, 2001: "Spuren einer Schlacht").
  27. ^ Gerd Krumeich, "1914 Alain Fournier Disappears. The Archeology of German Sources", in: 14/18 Today 2 (1999), p. 85-93. This study, according to a note in a publication co-edited by G. Krumeich himself, examines how propaganda exploited the fact that Alain-Fournier's patrol had attacked a German ambulance. It also shows that because of this role of propaganda, it is difficult to establish the exact facts. See "Frankreich und Deutschland im Krieg (18.-20. Jahrhundert): Zur Kulturgeschichte der europäischen Erbfeindschaft", Darstellung nach Kommunikatorengruppen. Ein gemeinsames Forschungsprojekt der Historischen Seminare der TU Braunschweig und der HHU Düsseldorf, gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (2001-2004); Projektleitung: Ute Daniel, Gerd Krumeich, p.44, note 126.
  28. ^ Le Grand Meaulnes – The Wanderer website
  29. ^ "L'AJRAF". L'Association des Amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
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