Shaykh Uways Jalayir: Difference between revisions
m Awaisius moved page Shaikh Uvais to Shaikh Awais Jalayir |
Klantellian (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| (44 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Jalayirid ruler of Iraq}} |
|||
'''Shaikh Uvais''', also known as '''Uways''' or '''Oways''' (سلطان شیخ اویس), was a [[Jalayirids|Jalayirid]] ruler of [[Iraq]] (1356–1374) and [[Azerbaijan]] (1360–1374). He was the son of [[Hasan Buzurg]] and the [[Chobanids|Chobanid]] [[Delsad Katun]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Uvais |title=Dictionary - Definition of Uvais |publisher=Websters-online-dictionary.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-31}}</ref> |
|||
{{Infobox royalty |
|||
| name = Shaykh Uways Jalayir |
|||
| title = |
|||
| image = Muhammad b. Muhammad al-'Arif presents his work, Farhäd u Gulistan, to Shaikh Uvays Bahadur Khan, from Farhädnäma, Karabagh and Ardabil, 1369-72. Istanbul Topkapi Palace Museum Ms. H. 678 (detail).jpg |
|||
| caption = Muhammad b. Muhammad al-'Arif presents his work, ''Farhäd u Gulistan'', to Shaikh Uvays Bahadur Khan, from ''Farhädnäma'', Karabagh and Ardabil (1369-72). Istanbul Topkapi Palace Museum Ms. H. 678 (detail) |
|||
| succession = [[Sultan]] of the [[Jalayirids]] |
|||
| reign = 1356 – 1374 |
|||
| predecessor = [[Hasan Buzurg]] |
|||
| successor = [[Shaikh Hasan Jalayir]] |
|||
| queen = |
|||
| spouse = Haji Mama Khatun |
|||
| issue = |
|||
| royal house = |
|||
| dynasty = [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirids]] |
|||
| regnal name = Sultan Shaykh Uways Bahadur Khan |
|||
| father = [[Hasan Buzurg]] |
|||
| mother = [[Dilshad Khatun]] |
|||
| birth_date = |
|||
| birth_place = |
|||
| death_date = 10 October 1374 |
|||
| death_place = [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]] |
|||
| burial_place = [[Shadbad-e Mashayekh]], [[Tabriz]] |
|||
| religion = [[Islam]] |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Shaykh Uways Jalayir''' ({{langx|fa|شیخ اوویز جلایر}}) was the [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirid]] ruler of [[Iraq]] (1356–1374) and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] (1360–1374). He was the son of [[Hasan Buzurg]] and the [[Chobanids|Chobanid]] princess [[Dilshad Khatun]]. |
|||
== |
==Rise to throne == |
||
Shortly after Shaykh Uways Jalayir succeeded his father, the old enemy of the Jalayirids, the Chobanids, were overrun by the forces of the [[Golden Horde]] under [[Jani Beg]] in 1357.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=6}} [[Malek Asraf]] was executed, and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] was conquered. Following Jani Beg's withdrawal from Azerbaijan, as well as his son [[Berdi Beg]]'s similar abandonment of the region in 1358, the area became a prime target for its neighbors. Shaykh Uways Jalayir, who at first had recognized the sovereignty of the Blue Horde, decided to take the former Chobanid lands for himself, even as a former amir of Malek Asraf's named Akhi Juq attempted to keep the region in [[Mongol]] hands.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=6}} |
|||
Uvais conquered the area in August 1358, following a swift victory over remnants of Chobanids in a battle near Sitay mountain.{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=105}} In addition to [[Baghdad]], he could now boast [[Tabriz]] as a large city under his control.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=6}} He had certain problems with [[Genoese colonies|Genoese]] who tried to build a stronghold city's vicinity, which caused [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] to boycott the region. |
|||
Shortly after Uvais succeeded his father, the old enemy of the Jalayirids, the Chobanids, were overrun by the forces of the [[Blue Horde]] under [[Jani Beg]] in 1357. [[Malek Asraf]] was executed, and Azerbaijan was conquered. Following Jani Beg’s withdrawal from Azerbaijan, as well as his son Berdi Beg’s similar abandonment of the region in 1358, the area became a prime target for its neighbors. Uvais, who at first had recognized the sovereignty of the Blue Horde, decided to take the former Chobanid lands for himself, even as a former amir of Malek Asraf’s named Akhichuq attempted to keep the region in [[Mongol]] hands. Despite a campaign that ended prematurely, as well as the brief conquest of Azerbaijan by the [[Muzaffarids]], Uvais conquered the area in 1360. In addition to [[Baghdad]], he could now boast [[Tabriz]] as a large city under his control. |
|||
Unlike his predecessors who only claimed to be emirs of figurehead [[Ilkhan (title)|ilkhans]], Shaykh Uways claimed regal titles like ''[[sultan]]'', ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]''{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=129}} and even ''[[Ilkhan (title)|ilkhan]]''.{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=133}} |
|||
During his reign, Shaikh Uvais sought to increase his holdings in [[Persian Empire|Persia]]. He became involved in the power struggles of the Muzaffarids, supporting Shah Mahmud in his efforts against his brother Shah Shuja. Shah Mahmud married one of Uvais’ daughters, and received support around 1363 in his conquest of [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]]. In 1364 Uvais campaigned against the [[Shirvan]] Shah Kai-Ka’us, but a revolt begun by the governor of Baghdad, Khwaja Mirjan, forced him to return to reassert his authority. In 1366 Uvais marched against the [[Black Sheep Turkmen]], defeating their leader, Bairam Khwaja, at the battle of Mush. Later, he defeated the Shirvan Shah, who had attacked Tabriz twice in the meantime. In an effort to extend further east, he fought against [[Amir Vali]], who ruled in [[Astarbad]], and defeated him in [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]. When his brother Amir Zahid died in Ujan, however, he was forced to turn back. The governorship of Ray was trusted in the hands of a Qutlugh Shah, who was followed two years later by ‘Adil Aqa. |
|||
Moving on, he sent his [[emir]] Ali Piltan towards [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan]], where Akhi Juq was hiding. However, he was disastrously defeated on 28 January 1359, Uways had to retreat to Baghdad and lost Tabriz to Akhi Juq temporarily. Same year [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]] conquered Tabriz and [[Mubariz al-Din Muhammad]] became the new ruler of the region, as well as a new rival. However this rivalry was cut short when the latter was blinded and imprisoned by his own son [[Shah Shoja Mozaffari|Shah Shuja]]. Uways was now master of Azerbaijan once again. Although [[Temürtas]] once campaigned to regain Chupanid territories, he was turned over to Uways by Khizrshah of [[Ahlat]] (d. 1384) to be executed in 1360. |
|||
Due to his campaigns, Uvais spent much time in Persia, and he died in Tabriz in 1374; Baghdad, however, remained his capital. During his lifetime, the Jalayirid state reached its peak in power. In addition to his military adventures, which were considerable, he was known for his attempts to revive commercial enterprise, which had suffered heavily in the past years, in the region, as well as his patronage to the arts. His chronicler, Abu Bakr al-Qutbi al Ahri, wrote of Uvais’ deeds in the ''Tarikh-i Shaikh Uvais''. Shaikh Uvais was succeeded by his son [[Hasan (Jalayirids)|Hasan]]. |
|||
== Consolidation of rule == |
|||
==See also== |
|||
[[File:Coin of Shaykh Uways Jalayir.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Shaykh Uways Jalayir]] |
|||
During his reign, Shaykh Uways Jalayir sought to increase his holdings in [[Iran]]. He became involved in the power struggles of the Muzaffarids, supporting [[Shah Mahmud (Muzaffarid)|Shah Mahmud]] in his efforts against his brother [[Shah Shoja Mozaffari|Shah Shuja]]. Shah Mahmud received support around 1363 in his conquest of [[Shiraz]] and later his son married one of Shaykh Uways Jalayir's daughters in 1369/70. |
|||
In 1364, Shaykh Uways Jalayir campaigned against the [[Kavus I|Shirvanshah Kavus]], but a revolt begun by the governor of Baghdad, [[Amin al-Din Murjan|Khwaja Murjan]], forced him to return to reassert his authority.{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=108}} The revolt was supported by [[Al-Ashraf Sha'ban]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]]. Although Uways managed to defeat Murjan, he was pardoned in the end, and was reinstated as governor eventually in 1367 until his death in 1374. |
|||
*[[History of Iran]] |
|||
[[File:The colophon of a manuscript made for Shaykh Uways (r. 1356-74), Jalayirid Iran, dated March-April 1362.jpg|thumb|left|The colophon of a [[Persian language|Persian]] manuscript made for Shaykh Uways. Created in Jalayirid Iran, dated March-April 1362]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
In 1366, Shaykh Uways Jalayir marched against the [[Black Sheep Turkmen]], defeating their leader Birdi Khwaja in [[Mosul]] and his brother [[Bayram Khwaja]], at the battle of Mush.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=7}} Later, he turned his attention toward [[Shirvanshah]] [[Kavus I|Kavus]] again who had attacked Tabriz twice in the meantime. His emir Bayram Beg besieged [[Shamakhi]] for 3 months after which Kavus was jailed for another 3 months. He was pardoned and accepted to become Jalayirid vassal with his son [[Hushang of Shirvan|Hushang]] being Uways' hostage until 1372.{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=112}} |
|||
In 1367, his brother Amir Qasim died of consumption, while his favorite general Bayram Beg who subdued Shirvan also died of excessive drinking. Following year Uways also lost his wife Haji Mama Khatun. |
|||
[[File:Tombstone of Shaykh Uways.jpg|thumb|Tombstone of Shaykh Uways located in the Museum of Quran and Manuscripts in Tabriz]] |
|||
== End of reign == |
|||
He tried to establish relations with [[Republic of Venice]] in 1369 unsuccessfully. In an effort to extend further east, he fought against [[Amir Vali]], who ruled in [[Gorgan|Astarabad]], and defeated him in [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] in 1371. When his brother Amir Zahid died in Ujan after falling off the palace roof, however, he was forced to turn back. The governorship of Ray was trusted in the hands of a Qutlugh Shah, who was followed two years later by ‘Adil Aqa.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=7}} |
|||
Due to his campaigns, Shaykh Uways Jalayir spent much time in Iran, and he died in Tabriz on 10 October 1374;{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=121}} Baghdad, however, remained his capital.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=7}} During his lifetime, the Jalayirid state reached its peak in power. In addition to his military adventures, which were considerable, he was known for his attempts to revive commercial enterprise, which had suffered heavily in the past years, in the region, as well as his patronage to the arts. His chronicler, Abu Bakr al-Qutbi al Ahri, wrote of Shaykh Uways Jalayir’ deeds in the ''Tarikh-i Shaikh Uvais''.{{sfn|Jackson|1986|p=7}} |
|||
Shaykh Uways Jalayir was succeeded by his son [[Shaikh Hasan Jalayir]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=David|title=Medieval Persia 1040-1797|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317415671}}</ref> however he was immediately assassinated on same day. |
|||
==Children== |
|||
He was married to Haji Mama Khatun (d. 1368) with whom he had several children: |
|||
*[[Shaikh Hasan Jalayir]] (k. October 9, 1374) — married to a daughter of Qadi Shaykh Ali, leading ''[[ulama]]'' of Tabriz.{{Sfn|Wing|2016|p=116}} |
|||
*[[Shaikh Ali Jalayir]] — Governor of Baghdad |
|||
**[[Shah Walad Jalayir]] |
|||
***[[Sultan Mahmud Jalayir]] |
|||
***[[Sultan Awais Jalayir]] |
|||
***[[Sultan Muhammad Jalayir]] |
|||
*[[Shaikh Hussain Jalayir]] (k. 1382 ) — succeeded as sultan in 1374 |
|||
*[[Shaikh Bayazid Jalayir]] — ruler in [[Soltaniyeh|Sultaniyeh]] |
|||
*[[Sultan Ahmed Jalayir]] (d. 1410) — Governor of Ardabil, succeeded Hussain |
|||
**[[Ala-du-Daulah Jalayir]] |
|||
***[[Hussain bin Ala-ud-Daulah Jalayir]] |
|||
*[[Tandu Khatun]] (Disputed) |
|||
==Ancestry== |
|||
{{Ahnentafel |
|||
|align=center|collapsed=yes |
|||
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |
|||
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |
|||
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |
|||
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |
|||
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |
|||
|1= 1. '''Shaykh Uways, Jalayirid Sultan''' |
|||
|2= 2. [[Hasan Buzurg]] |
|||
|3= 3. [[Dilshad Khatun]] |
|||
|4= 4. Hussain Gurkan Jalayir |
|||
|5= 5. Öljetey |
|||
|6= 6. [[Demasq Kaja]] |
|||
|7= 7. Tursin Khatun |
|||
|8= 8. Aq Buqa Jalayir |
|||
|10= 10. [[Arghun]] |
|||
|11= 11. Uruk Khatun |
|||
|12= 12. [[Chupan]] |
|||
|14= 14. [[Irinjin]] |
|||
|15= 15. Konchak Khatun |
|||
|16= 16. Īlgā Jalayir |
|||
|20= 20. [[Abaqa]] |
|||
|21= 21. Qaitmish Khatun of the [[Ongud]] |
|||
|22= 22. Sarija of the [[Keraits]] (= 28) |
|||
|24= 24. Malik of the Suldus |
|||
|28= 28. Sarija of the [[Keraits]] (= 22) |
|||
|30= 30. [[Ahmad Tekuder]] |
|||
|31= 31. Armini Khatun of the [[Khongirad|Qongirat]] |
|||
}} |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
== Sources == |
|||
*Peter Jackson (1986). ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods''. ISBN 0-521-20094-6 |
|||
* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=6 | last = Jackson | first = Peter | authorlink = | chapter = Jalayirids, Muzaffarids and Sarbadars| pages=1–42}} |
|||
==Further reading== |
|||
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Jalayerids | last = Jackson | first = Peter | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jalayerids | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 4 | pages = 415–419 | year = 2008 }} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Wing|first=Patrick|year=2016|title=The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|pages=1–256|isbn=9781474402262}} |
|||
{{S-start}} |
{{S-start}} |
||
{{succession box|title=[[Jalayirids|Jalayirid]] Ruler|before=[[Hasan Buzurg]]|after=[[ |
{{succession box|title=[[Jalayirids|Jalayirid]] Ruler|before=[[Hasan Buzurg]]|after=[[Shaikh Hasan Jalayir]]|years=1356–1374}} |
||
{{S-end}} |
{{S-end}} |
||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uways Jalayir, Shaykh}} |
|||
{{Persondata |
|||
| name = Uvais, Shaikh |
|||
| alternative names = |
|||
| short description = Jalayirid ruler of Iraq |
|||
| date of birth = |
|||
| place of birth = |
|||
| date of death = 1374 |
|||
| place of death = |
|||
}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uvais, Shaikh}} |
|||
[[Category:1374 deaths]] |
[[Category:1374 deaths]] |
||
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
|||
[[Category:Jalayirids]] |
[[Category:Jalayirids]] |
||
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia]] |
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia]] |
||
[[Category:Calligraphers from Tabriz]] |
|||
[[az:Sultan Üveys Cəlayır]] |
|||
[[ca:Uways ibn Hasan]] |
|||
[[fa:شیخ اویس بهادرخان]] |
|||
[[ko:우웨이스 1세]] |
|||
[[ja:シャイフ・ウヴァイス]] |
|||
[[zh:谢赫·乌畏思]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 08:23, 5 December 2024
| Shaykh Uways Jalayir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Muhammad b. Muhammad al-'Arif presents his work, Farhäd u Gulistan, to Shaikh Uvays Bahadur Khan, from Farhädnäma, Karabagh and Ardabil (1369-72). Istanbul Topkapi Palace Museum Ms. H. 678 (detail) | |||||
| Sultan of the Jalayirids | |||||
| Reign | 1356 – 1374 | ||||
| Predecessor | Hasan Buzurg | ||||
| Successor | Shaikh Hasan Jalayir | ||||
| Died | 10 October 1374 Tabriz, Iran | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Haji Mama Khatun | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Jalayirids | ||||
| Father | Hasan Buzurg | ||||
| Mother | Dilshad Khatun | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
Shaykh Uways Jalayir (Persian: شیخ اوویز جلایر) was the Jalayirid ruler of Iraq (1356–1374) and Azerbaijan (1360–1374). He was the son of Hasan Buzurg and the Chobanid princess Dilshad Khatun.
Rise to throne
[edit]Shortly after Shaykh Uways Jalayir succeeded his father, the old enemy of the Jalayirids, the Chobanids, were overrun by the forces of the Golden Horde under Jani Beg in 1357.[1] Malek Asraf was executed, and Azerbaijan was conquered. Following Jani Beg's withdrawal from Azerbaijan, as well as his son Berdi Beg's similar abandonment of the region in 1358, the area became a prime target for its neighbors. Shaykh Uways Jalayir, who at first had recognized the sovereignty of the Blue Horde, decided to take the former Chobanid lands for himself, even as a former amir of Malek Asraf's named Akhi Juq attempted to keep the region in Mongol hands.[1]
Uvais conquered the area in August 1358, following a swift victory over remnants of Chobanids in a battle near Sitay mountain.[2] In addition to Baghdad, he could now boast Tabriz as a large city under his control.[1] He had certain problems with Genoese who tried to build a stronghold city's vicinity, which caused Genoa to boycott the region.
Unlike his predecessors who only claimed to be emirs of figurehead ilkhans, Shaykh Uways claimed regal titles like sultan, khan[3] and even ilkhan.[4]
Moving on, he sent his emir Ali Piltan towards Nakhchivan, where Akhi Juq was hiding. However, he was disastrously defeated on 28 January 1359, Uways had to retreat to Baghdad and lost Tabriz to Akhi Juq temporarily. Same year Muzaffarids conquered Tabriz and Mubariz al-Din Muhammad became the new ruler of the region, as well as a new rival. However this rivalry was cut short when the latter was blinded and imprisoned by his own son Shah Shuja. Uways was now master of Azerbaijan once again. Although Temürtas once campaigned to regain Chupanid territories, he was turned over to Uways by Khizrshah of Ahlat (d. 1384) to be executed in 1360.
Consolidation of rule
[edit]
During his reign, Shaykh Uways Jalayir sought to increase his holdings in Iran. He became involved in the power struggles of the Muzaffarids, supporting Shah Mahmud in his efforts against his brother Shah Shuja. Shah Mahmud received support around 1363 in his conquest of Shiraz and later his son married one of Shaykh Uways Jalayir's daughters in 1369/70.
In 1364, Shaykh Uways Jalayir campaigned against the Shirvanshah Kavus, but a revolt begun by the governor of Baghdad, Khwaja Murjan, forced him to return to reassert his authority.[5] The revolt was supported by Al-Ashraf Sha'ban of the Mamluk Sultanate. Although Uways managed to defeat Murjan, he was pardoned in the end, and was reinstated as governor eventually in 1367 until his death in 1374.
,_Jalayirid_Iran,_dated_March-April_1362.jpg)
In 1366, Shaykh Uways Jalayir marched against the Black Sheep Turkmen, defeating their leader Birdi Khwaja in Mosul and his brother Bayram Khwaja, at the battle of Mush.[6] Later, he turned his attention toward Shirvanshah Kavus again who had attacked Tabriz twice in the meantime. His emir Bayram Beg besieged Shamakhi for 3 months after which Kavus was jailed for another 3 months. He was pardoned and accepted to become Jalayirid vassal with his son Hushang being Uways' hostage until 1372.[7]
In 1367, his brother Amir Qasim died of consumption, while his favorite general Bayram Beg who subdued Shirvan also died of excessive drinking. Following year Uways also lost his wife Haji Mama Khatun.
End of reign
[edit]He tried to establish relations with Republic of Venice in 1369 unsuccessfully. In an effort to extend further east, he fought against Amir Vali, who ruled in Astarabad, and defeated him in Ray in 1371. When his brother Amir Zahid died in Ujan after falling off the palace roof, however, he was forced to turn back. The governorship of Ray was trusted in the hands of a Qutlugh Shah, who was followed two years later by ‘Adil Aqa.[6]
Due to his campaigns, Shaykh Uways Jalayir spent much time in Iran, and he died in Tabriz on 10 October 1374;[8] Baghdad, however, remained his capital.[6] During his lifetime, the Jalayirid state reached its peak in power. In addition to his military adventures, which were considerable, he was known for his attempts to revive commercial enterprise, which had suffered heavily in the past years, in the region, as well as his patronage to the arts. His chronicler, Abu Bakr al-Qutbi al Ahri, wrote of Shaykh Uways Jalayir’ deeds in the Tarikh-i Shaikh Uvais.[6]
Shaykh Uways Jalayir was succeeded by his son Shaikh Hasan Jalayir,[9] however he was immediately assassinated on same day.
Children
[edit]He was married to Haji Mama Khatun (d. 1368) with whom he had several children:
- Shaikh Hasan Jalayir (k. October 9, 1374) — married to a daughter of Qadi Shaykh Ali, leading ulama of Tabriz.[10]
- Shaikh Ali Jalayir — Governor of Baghdad
- Shaikh Hussain Jalayir (k. 1382 ) — succeeded as sultan in 1374
- Shaikh Bayazid Jalayir — ruler in Sultaniyeh
- Sultan Ahmed Jalayir (d. 1410) — Governor of Ardabil, succeeded Hussain
- Tandu Khatun (Disputed)
Ancestry
[edit]| Ancestors of Shaykh Uways Jalayir | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Jackson, Peter (1986). "Jalayirids, Muzaffarids and Sarbadars". In Lockhart, Laurence; Jackson, Peter (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–42. ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
Further reading
[edit]- Jackson, Peter (2008). "Jalayerids". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 4. pp. 415–419.
- Wing, Patrick (2016). The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474402262.