Dione (Titaness): Difference between revisions

Dione
Dione
Goddess of the Oracle of Dodona
	Dione in the north frieze of the Pergamon Altar, Pergamon Museum, Berlin
Genealogy
Parents	Uranus and Gaia; or Aether and Gaia; or Oceanus and Tethys
Siblings	Oceanids and Potamoi or; Titans Crius ; Cronus ; Coeus ; Hyperion ; Iapetus ; Mnemosyne ; Oceanus ; Phoebe ; Rhea ; Theia ; Themis ; Tethys ;
Consort	Zeus
Children	Aphrodite

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In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, Dione (/daɪˈoʊniː/; Ancient Greek: Διώνη, romanized: Diṓnē, lit. 'she-Zeus') is an oracular goddess, a Titaness^[1] primarily known from Book V of Homer's Iliad, where she tends to the wounds suffered by her daughter Aphrodite. Dione is presented as either an Oceanid, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, or the thirteenth Titan, daughter of Gaia and Uranus.

Name

Dione (Διώνη Diṓnē, from earlier *Διϝωνᾱ Diwōnā) is essentially the feminine of the genitive form of Greek Ζεύς Zeús, that is, Διός Diós (from earlier Διϝός Diwós), "of Zeus". Other goddesses were called by this name (see the Dione (mythology) article for more).^[1]

Due to being a daughter of Dione by some traditions, Aphrodite was sometimes called "Dionaea" (Διωναίη Diōnaíē) and even "Dione".^[2]

Following the deciphering of Linear B by Ventris and Chadwick in the 1950s, a goddess named Di-u-ja was found in the tablets. This was considered to be a female counterpart of Zeus and identified with Dione by some scholars.^[3]^[who?]

Worship

By the time of Strabo (the first century BC), Dione was worshiped at a sacred grove near Lepreon on the west coast of the Peloponnesus.^[5] She was also worshiped as a consort at the temples of Zeus,^[6] particularly his oracle at Dodona^[7] (perhaps the original, Indo-European consort of Zeus). Herodotus called this the oldest oracle in Greece and recorded two related accounts of its founding: the priests at Thebes in Egypt told him that two priestesses had been taken by Phoenician pirates, one to Libya and the other to Dodona and continued their earlier rites; the priestesses of Dodona claimed that two black doves^[8] had flown to Libya and Dodona and commanded the creation of oracles to Zeus.^[9] Homer^[10] and Herodotus both make Zeus the principal deity of the site, but some scholars propose Dodona originally served as a cult center of an earth goddess.^{[citation needed]}

In the 2nd-century BC sculptural frieze of the Great Altar of Pergamum, Dione is inscribed in the cornice directly above her name and figures in the eastern third of the north frieze, among the Olympian family of Aphrodite. This placement—making her the offspring of Gaia and Uranus—is Homeric and contradicts the theory put forth by Erika Simon that the altar's organization was Hesiodic.^[11] Dione's possible appearance in the east pediment of the Parthenon^[12] would likewise place her among the children of Gaia and Uranus.

Literary sources

The mythology concerning Dione is not consistent across the existing sources.

Homer

In Book V of the Iliad, during the last year of the Trojan War, Aphrodite attempts to save her son Aeneas from the rampaging Greek hero Diomedes as she had previously saved her favorite Paris from his duel with Menelaus in Book III. Enraged, Diomedes chases her and drives his spear into her hand between the wrist and palm. Escorted by Iris to Ares, she borrows his horses and returns to Olympus. Dione consoles her with other examples of gods wounded by mortals — Ares bound by the Aloadae and Hera and Hades shot by Heracles — and notes that Diomedes is risking his life by fighting against the gods.

In fact, Diomedes subsequently fought both Apollo and Ares but lived to an old age; his wife Aegialia, however, took other lovers and never permitted him to return home to Argos after the war.

Dione then heals her wounds and Zeus, while admonishing her to leave the battlefield, calls her daughter.

Hesiod

Dione is not mentioned in Hesiod's treatment of the Titans, although the name does appear in the Theogony among his list of Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,^[13] and according to Hesiod, Aphrodite was born from the foam created by the severed genitals of Uranus, when they were thrown into the sea by Cronus, after he castrated Uranus.^[14]

Apollodorus

The mythographer Apollodorus (first or second century AD) includes Dione among the Titans and makes her the child of Gaia and Uranus.^[15] He makes her the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus but clearly describes Dione as one of the god's adulterous partners and not his wife.^[16]

Hyginus

The Genealogy or Preface of Gaius Julius Hyginus's Fabulae, lists Dione among the children of Terra (Earth) and Aether.^[17]

Hesychius

The 5th-century grammarian Hesychius of Alexandria described Dione as the mother of Bacchus in her entry from his Alphabetical Collection of All Words.^[18] This is separately supported by one of the scholiasts on Pindar.^[19]

Citations

^ ^a ^b "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, DABAR, Dion, Dio'ne". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Peck, Harry T. Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities Archived 2014-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. Harper & Bros. (New York), 1898.
^ "The Riddle of the Labrynth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code," Epilogue: Mr. X and Mr. Y, page 282, author Margalit Fox.
^ British Museum website. Another interpretation of the two figures at the right, however, is that they are the Sea (Thalassa) in the lap of the Earth (Gaia).
^ Strabo. Geographica, Vol. VIII.
^ Strabo. Geographica, Vol. VII.
^ Thompson, Dorothy B. (1982). "Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography: A Dove for Dione". Hesperia Supplements, 20. pp. 155–219. JSTOR 1353956.
^ The priest(esse)s were variously known as selloi and as peliades ("doves"). Thompson (1982).
^ Herodotus. Histories, Vol. II, 54–57.
^ Homer. Iliad, Book XVI, & Odyssey, Books XIV & XIX.
^ Simon, E. (1975). Pergamon und Hesiod. Mainz: Von Zabern. ISBN 3-8053-0083-2.
^ Carpenter, Rhys (July 1962). "On Restoring the East Pediment of the Parthenon". American Journal of Archaeology. 66 (3): 265–268 [p. 267]. doi:10.2307/501452. JSTOR 501452. S2CID 192955913.
^ "Hesiod, Theogony, line 337". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Hesiod, Theogony, line 173". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 1, section 3". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Apollodorus, I.iii.
^ "HYGINUS, FABULAE 1-49 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Hesychius. Alphabetical Collection of All Words: "Bákkhou Diṓnēs".
^ Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian Ode 3. 177.

General and cited references

Burkert, Walter (2005). "Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections". In Foley, John Miles (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Epic. New York and London: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0524-8.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Evelyn-White, Hugh, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.
Euripides, The Complete Greek Drama', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 2. Helen, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.

External links

[Smith-1] "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, DABAR, Dion, Dio'ne". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[Peck-2] Peck, Harry T. Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities Archived 2014-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. Harper & Bros. (New York), 1898.

[3] "The Riddle of the Labrynth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code," Epilogue: Mr. X and Mr. Y, page 282, author Margalit Fox.

[4] British Museum website. Another interpretation of the two figures at the right, however, is that they are the Sea (Thalassa) in the lap of the Earth (Gaia).

[5] Strabo. Geographica, Vol. VIII.

[6] Strabo. Geographica, Vol. VII.

[DBThompson-7] Thompson, Dorothy B. (1982). "Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography: A Dove for Dione". Hesperia Supplements, 20. pp. 155–219. JSTOR 1353956.

[8] The priest(esse)s were variously known as selloi and as peliades ("doves"). Thompson (1982).

[9] Herodotus. Histories, Vol. II, 54–57.

[10] Homer. Iliad, Book XVI, & Odyssey, Books XIV & XIX.

[11] Simon, E. (1975). Pergamon und Hesiod. Mainz: Von Zabern. ISBN 3-8053-0083-2.

[12] Carpenter, Rhys (July 1962). "On Restoring the East Pediment of the Parthenon". American Journal of Archaeology. 66 (3): 265–268 [p. 267]. doi:10.2307/501452. JSTOR 501452. S2CID 192955913.

[13] "Hesiod, Theogony, line 337". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[14] "Hesiod, Theogony, line 173". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[15] "Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 1, section 3". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[16] Apollodorus, I.iii.

[17] "HYGINUS, FABULAE 1-49 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[18] Hesychius. Alphabetical Collection of All Words: "Bákkhou Diṓnēs".

[19] Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian Ode 3. 177.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | type         = Greek
 | name         = Dione
+| deity_of     = Goddess of the Oracle of Dodona
 | image        = Altar Pérgamo Dione 02.JPG
 | caption      = Dione in the north frieze of the [[Pergamon Altar]], [[Pergamon Museum]], [[Berlin]]
 | consort      = [[Zeus]]
-| parents      = [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], or [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]], or [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]
+| parents      = [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]<br/>or [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]<br/>or [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]
-| siblings     = [[Oceanids]] and [[Potamoi]] ''or''<br/>{{Collapsible list
+| siblings     = [[Oceanids]] and [[Potamoi]] or<br/>{{Collapsible list
- | title = [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]]
+ | title = [[Titans]]
  | bullets = on
  | [[Crius]]
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 }}
 | children = [[Aphrodite]]
-| equivalent1_type = Mesopotamian
-| equivalent1 = [[Antu (goddess)|Antu]]{{sfn|Burkert|2005|page=300}}
-| Canaanite_equivalent = [[Ba'alat Gebal]]<ref name=Miller>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Patrick D. |title=El the Warrior |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |date=1967 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=411–431 |doi=10.1017/S0017816000003886 |jstor=1509250}}</ref>
 }}
+{{Ancient Greek religion}}
-{{Greek myth (aquatic nymphs)}}'''Dione''' ({{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|oʊ|n|iː}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Διώνη|Diṓnē}}) was an [[Greek mythology|ancient Greek goddess]], [[Titan (mythology)|Titaness]]<ref name=Smith>[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]. ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'': "[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DD%3Aentry+group%3D12%3Aentry%3Ddione-bio-1 Dióne]". Spottiswoode & Co. (London), 1873.</ref> primarily known from Book V of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', where she tends to the wounds suffered by her daughter [[Aphrodite]].
+In [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology]], '''Dione''' ({{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|oʊ|n|iː}}; {{langx|grc|Διώνη|Diṓnē|she-Zeus}}) is an oracular [[goddess]], a [[Titan (mythology)|Titaness]]<ref name="Smith">{{Cite web |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, DABAR, Dion, Dio'ne |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:alphabetic+letter=D:entry+group=12:entry=dione-bio-1 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> primarily known from Book V of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', where she tends to the wounds suffered by her daughter [[Aphrodite]]. Dione is presented as either an [[Oceanid]], daughter of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], or the thirteenth Titan, daughter of [[Gaia]] and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]].
 == Name ==
 Dione (Διώνη ''Diṓnē'', from earlier *Διϝωνᾱ ''Diwōnā'') is essentially the feminine of the genitive form of [[ancient Greek language|Greek]] Ζεύς ''[[Zeus|Zeús]]'', that is, Διός ''Diós'' (from earlier Διϝός ''Diwós''), "of Zeus". Other goddesses were called by this name (see the [[Dione (mythology)]] article for more).<ref name=Smith/>
-Due to being a daughter of Dione by some traditions, Aphrodite was sometimes called "Dionaea" (Διωναίη ''Diōnaíē'') and even "Dione".<ref name=Peck>Peck, Harry T. [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.20:1:323.harpers ''Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'']. Harper & Bros. (New York), 1898.</ref>
+Due to being a daughter of Dione by some traditions, Aphrodite was sometimes called "Dionaea" (Διωναίη ''Diōnaíē'') and even "Dione".<ref name=Peck>Peck, Harry T. [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.20:1:323.harpers ''Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219055850/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.20:1:323.harpers |date=2014-12-19 }}. Harper & Bros. (New York), 1898.</ref>
-Following the deciphering of [[Linear B]] by [[Michael Ventris|Ventris]] and [[John Chadwick|Chadwick]] in the 1950s, a goddess named ''Di-u-ja'' was found in the tablets. This was considered to be a female counterpart of Zeus and identified with Dione by some scholars.{{who|date=July 2013}}
+Following the deciphering of [[Linear B]] by [[Michael Ventris|Ventris]] and [[John Chadwick|Chadwick]] in the 1950s, a goddess named ''Di-u-ja'' was found in the tablets. This was considered to be a female counterpart of Zeus and identified with Dione by some scholars.<ref>"The Riddle of the Labrynth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code," Epilogue: Mr. X and Mr. Y, page 282, author Margalit Fox.</ref>{{who|date=July 2013}}
 ==Worship==
-{{main article|Dodona}}
+{{Main article|Dodona}}
-[[File:East pediment KLM Parthenon BM.jpg|thumb|left|Three goddesses from the [[Parthenon]] east pediment, possibly [[Hestia]], Dione, and [[Aphrodite]], c. 435 BC [[British Museum]])<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/f/figures_of_3_goddesses.aspx British Museum website]. Another interpretation of the two figures at the right, however, is that they are the Sea ([[Thalassa (mythology)|Thalassa]]) in the lap of the Earth ([[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]).</ref>]]
+[[File:East pediment KLM Parthenon BM.jpg|thumb|Three goddesses from the [[Parthenon]] east pediment, possibly [[Hestia]], Dione, and [[Aphrodite]], c. 435 BC [[British Museum]])<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/f/figures_of_3_goddesses.aspx British Museum website]. Another interpretation of the two figures at the right, however, is that they are the Sea ([[Thalassa (mythology)|Thalassa]]) in the lap of the Earth ([[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]).</ref>]]
 [[File:Dodona sanctuary.jpg|thumb|Sanctuairy of Dodone from the theater.]]
-By the time of [[Strabo]], Dione was worshiped at a [[sacred grove]] near [[Lepreum|Lepreon]] on the west coast of the [[Peloponnesus]].<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''[[Geographica]]'', Vol. VIII.</ref> She was also worshiped as a consort at the temples of Zeus,<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''[[Geographica]]'', Vol. VII.</ref> particularly his oracle at [[Dodona]]<ref name =DBThompson>Thompson, Dorothy B. ''Hesperia Supplements,'' 20 (1982), pp. 155&ndash;219. "Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography: A Dove for Dione". {{JSTOR|1353956}}</ref> (perhaps the original, Indo-European consort of [[Zeus]]). [[Herodotus]] called this the oldest oracle in Greece and recorded two related accounts of its founding: the priests at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] in Egypt told him that two priestesses had been taken by [[Phoenicia]]n pirates, one to [[Siwa Oasis|Libya]] and the other to Dodona and continued their earlier rites; the priestesses of Dodona claimed that two black doves<ref>The priest(esse)s were variously known as ''selloi'' and as ''[[peliades]]'' ("doves"). Thompson (1982).</ref> had flown to Libya and Dodona and commanded the creation of oracles to Zeus.<ref>[[Herodotus]]. ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Vol. II, 54&ndash;57.</ref> Homer<ref>Homer. ''Iliad'', Book XVI, & ''[[Odyssey]]'', Books XIV & XIX.</ref> and Herodotus both make Zeus the principal deity of the site, but some scholars propose Dodona originally served as a cult center of an [[earth goddess]].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
+By the time of [[Strabo]] (the first century BC), Dione was worshiped at a [[sacred grove]] near [[Lepreum|Lepreon]] on the west coast of the [[Peloponnesus]].<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''[[Geographica]]'', Vol. VIII.</ref> She was also worshiped as a consort at the temples of Zeus,<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''[[Geographica]]'', Vol. VII.</ref> particularly his oracle at [[Dodona]]<ref name =DBThompson>Thompson, Dorothy B. (1982). "Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography: A Dove for Dione". ''Hesperia Supplements'', 20. pp. 155–219. {{JSTOR|1353956}}.</ref> (perhaps the original, Indo-European consort of [[Zeus]]). [[Herodotus]] called this the oldest oracle in Greece and recorded two related accounts of its founding: the priests at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] in Egypt told him that two priestesses had been taken by [[Phoenicia]]n pirates, one to [[Siwa Oasis|Libya]] and the other to Dodona and continued their earlier rites; the priestesses of Dodona claimed that two black doves<ref>The priest(esse)s were variously known as ''selloi'' and as ''[[peliades]]'' ("doves"). Thompson (1982).</ref> had flown to Libya and Dodona and commanded the creation of oracles to Zeus.<ref>[[Herodotus]]. ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Vol. II, 54&ndash;57.</ref> Homer<ref>Homer. ''Iliad'', Book XVI, & ''[[Odyssey]]'', Books XIV & XIX.</ref> and Herodotus both make Zeus the principal deity of the site, but some scholars propose Dodona originally served as a cult center of an [[earth goddess]].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
-In the 2nd-century BC sculptural frieze of the [[Pergamon Altar|Great Altar of Pergamum]], Dione is inscribed in the cornice directly above her name and figures in the eastern third of the north frieze, among the Olympian family of Aphrodite. This placement{{ndash}}making her the offspring of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and [[Uranus (god)|Uranus]] {{ndash}}is Homeric and contradicts the theory put forth by [[Erika Simon]] that the altar's organization was Hesiodic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simon |first=E. |title=Pergamon und Hesiod |location=Mainz |publisher=Von Zabern |year=1975 |isbn=3-8053-0083-2 }}</ref> Dione's possible appearance in the east [[Pediments of the Parthenon|pediment of the Parthenon]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rhys |last=Carpenter |title=On Restoring the East Pediment of the Parthenon |journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]] |volume=66 |issue=3 |year=1962 |pages=265–268 [p. 267] |jstor=501452 |doi=10.2307/501452 }}</ref> would likewise place her among the children of Gaia and Uranus.
+In the 2nd-century BC sculptural frieze of the [[Pergamon Altar|Great Altar of Pergamum]], Dione is inscribed in the cornice directly above her name and figures in the eastern third of the north frieze, among the Olympian family of Aphrodite. This placement—making her the offspring of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and [[Uranus (god)|Uranus]]—is Homeric and contradicts the theory put forth by [[Erika Simon]] that the altar's organization was Hesiodic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simon |first=E. |year=1975 |title=Pergamon und Hesiod |location=Mainz |publisher=Von Zabern |isbn=3-8053-0083-2 }}</ref> Dione's possible appearance in the east [[Pediments of the Parthenon|pediment of the Parthenon]]<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Rhys |last=Carpenter |date=July 1962 |title=On Restoring the East Pediment of the Parthenon |journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]] |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=265–268 [p. 267] |doi=10.2307/501452 |jstor=501452 |s2cid=192955913 }}</ref> would likewise place her among the children of Gaia and Uranus.
 ==Literary sources==
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 In Book V of the ''[[Iliad]]'', during the last year of the [[Trojan War]], [[Aphrodite]] attempts to save her son [[Aeneas]] from the rampaging Greek [[hero]] [[Diomedes]] as she had previously saved her favorite [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]] from his duel with [[Menelaus]] in Book III. Enraged, Diomedes chases her and drives his spear into her hand between the wrist and palm. Escorted by [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]] to [[Ares]], she borrows his horses and returns to [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]]. Dione consoles her with other examples of gods wounded by mortals &mdash; Ares bound by the [[Aloadae]] and [[Hera]] and [[Hades]] shot by [[Heracles]] &mdash; and notes that Diomedes is risking his life by fighting against the gods.
-In fact, Diomedes subsequently fought both Apollo and Ares but lived to an old age; his wife [[Aegialia]], however, took other lovers and never permitted him to return home to [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] after the war.
+In fact, Diomedes subsequently fought both Apollo and Ares but lived to an old age; his wife [[Aegiale (wife of Diomedes)|Aegialia]], however, took other lovers and never permitted him to return home to [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] after the war.
 Dione then heals her wounds and Zeus, while admonishing her to leave the battlefield, calls her daughter.
 ===Hesiod===
-Dione is not mentioned in [[Hesiod]]'s treatment of the [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]], although the name does appear in the ''[[Theogony]]'' among his list of [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]],<ref>[[Hesiod]]. ''[[Theogony]]'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+353&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130 353].</ref> and according to Hesiod, Aphrodite was born from the foam created by the severed genitals of [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], when they were thrown into the sea by [[Cronus]], after he castrated Uranus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183 183&ndash;200].</ref>
+Dione is not mentioned in [[Hesiod]]'s treatment of the [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]], although the name does appear in the ''[[Theogony]]'' among his list of [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hesiod, Theogony, line 337 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+353&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> and according to Hesiod, Aphrodite was born from the foam created by the severed genitals of [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], when they were thrown into the sea by [[Cronus]], after he castrated Uranus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hesiod, Theogony, line 173 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
 ===Apollodorus===
-The mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] (first or second century AD) includes Dione among the Titans and makes her the child of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and [[Uranus (god)|Uranus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%201.1.3&lang=original I.i.3].</ref> He makes her the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus but clearly describes Dione as one of the god's adulterous partners and not his wife.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%201.3&lang=original I.iii].</ref>
+The mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] (first or second century AD) includes Dione among the Titans and makes her the child of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and [[Uranus (god)|Uranus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 1, section 3 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%201.1.3&lang=original |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> He makes her the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus but clearly describes Dione as one of the god's adulterous partners and not his wife.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%201.3&lang=original I.iii].</ref>
 ===Hyginus===
-The Genealogy or Preface of [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]]'s ''[[Fabulae]]'', lists Dione among the children of [[Terra (mythology)|Terra]] (Earth) and [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]].<ref>Hyginus. ''Fabulae'', [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface Preface].</ref>
+The Genealogy or Preface of [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]]'s ''[[Fabulae]]'', lists Dione among the children of [[Terra (mythology)|Terra]] (Earth) and [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HYGINUS, FABULAE 1-49 - Theoi Classical Texts Library |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.theoi.com}}</ref>
 ===Hesychius===
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 ==See also==
+* ''[[Dyeus]]'', the reconstructed sky deity of the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European pantheon]] and etymological origin of [[Zeus]] and Dione.
-* [[Goddess]]
-* *''[[Dyeus]]'', the reconstructed sky deity of the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European pantheon]] and etymological origin of [[Zeus]] and Dione.
-==Notes==
+== Citations ==
 {{reflist|20em}}
+== General and cited references ==
-==References==
+* {{Cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |date=2005 |chapter=Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections |title=A Companion to Ancient Epic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4mZmoZhG68C&q=Epic+of+Gilgamesh+Iliad+and+Odyssey |editor-last=Foley |editor-first=John Miles |location=New York and London |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-4051-0524-8}}
 * [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes''. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
 * [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 * [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary  Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
 * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html ''The Myths of Hyginus'']. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
+== External links ==
+{{Commons category|Dione (mythology)|Dione}}
+* [https://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanisDione.html DIONE from the Theoi Project]
+* [https://www.greekmythology.com/Titans/Dione/dione.html DIONE from greekmythology.com]
 {{Greek mythology (deities)}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Dione}}
+[[Category:Children of Gaia]]
+[[Category:Classical oracles]]
+[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
 [[Category:Divine women of Zeus]]
 [[Category:Greek goddesses]]
+[[Category:Mothers of the twelve Olympians]]
 [[Category:Oceanids]]
+[[Category:Olympian deities]]
 [[Category:Oracular goddesses]]
 [[Category:Titans (mythology)]]
-[[Category:Women in Greek mythology]]
-[[Category:Characters in Greek mythology]]
-[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]