Jump to content

Gaius Terentius Varro: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→215 - 207 BC: add word in section title
BattyBot (talk | contribs)
Bots
1,931,293 edits
m Removed non-content empty section(s), performed general fixes
 
(19 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Roman consul}}
{{short description|Roman general and politician}}
{{About|the Roman general and consul of the Second Punic War|the Roman polymath|Marcus Terentius Varro}}
:''For others with a similar name, see [[Varro (cognomen)]].''
{{Infobox
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaius Terentius Varro
| name = Gaius Terentius Varro
| office = [[Roman Consul]]
| above = Gaius Terentius Varro
| battles = [[Second Punic War]]
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
* [[Battle of Cannae]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| termstart1 = 216
| termend1 = 215 BCE
|header1 = [[Consul]] of the [[Roman Republic]]
| allegiance = [[Roman Republic]]
| label1 =
| nationality = [[Roman people|Roman]]
| data1 =
⚫
| predecessor = [[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]] and [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]] (suffect)
|header2 =
⚫
| successor = [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]] and [[Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 BC)|Lucius Postumius Albinus]]
| label2 = '''In office'''
| data2 = 216 BC
|header3 =
| label3 = '''Colleague'''
⚫
| data3 = [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]]
|header4 =
| label4 =
| data4 =
|header5 =
| label5 = '''Preceded by'''
⚫
| data5 = [[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]] and [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]] (suffect)
|header6 =
| label6 = '''Succeeded by'''
⚫
| data6 = [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]] and [[Lucius Postumius A.f. Albinus|Lucius Postumius Albinus]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Gaius Terentius Varro''' ({{floruit}} 218-200 [[BCE]]) was a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] politician and general active during the [[Second Punic War]]. A [[plebs|plebeian]] son of a butcher, he was a populist politician who was elected [[Roman consul|consul]] for the year 216 BCE. While holding that office, he was decisively defeated by [[Hannibal]] at the [[Battle of Cannae]].

⚫
'''Gaius Terentius Varro''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 218{{spnd}}200 BC) was a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] politician and general active during the [[Second Punic War]]. A [[plebs|plebeian]] son of a butcher, he was a populist politician who was elected [[Roman consul|consul]] for the year 216. While holding that office, he was decisively defeated by [[Hannibal]] at the [[Battle of Cannae]].


==Early years==
==Early years==
Varro was a member of a [[plebs|plebeian]] family, the ''[[Terentia (gens)|gens Terentia]]'', and the first man of note in his family.<ref>Jerome S. Arkenberg, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436295 "Licinii Murenae, Terentii Varrones, and Varrones Murenae: I. A Prosopographical Study of Three Roman Families"], ''[[Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]]'', 42 (1993), pp. 326-351</ref> His father was reportedly a butcher who had "employed his son in the menial tasks associated with that profession."<ref>Livy. 22.25.18</ref> Despite this low birth, on his father's death he used the inheritance to embark on a public career, making his name by prosecuting those of higher status and progressing through the various magistracies of the ''[[cursus honorum]]'', holding the [[quaestor|quaestorship]] and both the plebeian and curule [[aedile|aedileships]].<ref name="auto">Livy. 22.26.1.</ref> When discussing the provenance of his cognomen, Servius suggests that this Varro served in the [[First Illyrian War]].<ref>Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil, 11.743.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D11%3Acommline%3D743].</ref> His first time in office for which details survive was the [[Praetor|praetorship]] of 218 BC, during which he was perhaps posted in [[Sardinia]].<ref>[[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T.R.S. Broughton]], ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', (American Philological Association, 1952). vol. I, p. 240.</ref>
Varro was a member of a [[plebs|plebeian]] family, the ''[[Terentia gens|gens Terentia]]'', and the first man of note in his family.<ref>Jerome S. Arkenberg, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436295 "Licinii Murenae, Terentii Varrones, and Varrones Murenae: I. A Prosopographical Study of Three Roman Families"], ''[[Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]]'', 42 (1993), pp. 326-351</ref> His father was reportedly a butcher who had "employed his son in the menial tasks associated with that profession."<ref>Livy. 22.25.18</ref> Despite this low birth, on his father's death he used the inheritance to embark on a public career, making his name by prosecuting those of higher status and progressing through the various magistracies of the ''[[cursus honorum]]'', holding the [[quaestor]]ship and both the plebeian and curule [[aedile]]ships.<ref name="auto">Livy. 22.26.1.</ref> When discussing the provenance of his cognomen, Servius suggests that this Varro served in the [[First Illyrian War]].<ref>Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil, 11.743.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D11%3Acommline%3D743].</ref> His first time in office for which details survive was the [[praetor]]ship of 218 BCE, during which he was perhaps posted in [[Sardinia]].<ref>[[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T.R.S. Broughton]], ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', (American Philological Association, 1952). vol. I, p. 240.</ref>


In 217 BC, having completed his praetorship, Varro was one of the few senators to support the elevation of [[Marcus Minucius Rufus]] to the dictatorship, apparently more because of the popular support of the plebeians that could be won by doing so than from any personal conviction.<ref name="auto"/> Not only was Varro successful in appointing Minucius co-dictator, but he was also elected consul for the year 216 BC.
In 217 BCE, having completed his praetorship, Varro was one of the few senators to support the elevation of [[Marcus Minucius Rufus]] to the dictatorship, apparently more because of the popular support of the plebeians that could be won by doing so than from any personal conviction.<ref name="auto"/> Not only was Varro successful in appointing Minucius co-dictator, but he was also elected consul for the year 216 BCE.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}


==Consulship==
==Consulship==
{{Main|Battle of Cannae}}
{{Main|Battle of Cannae}}
Varro and his colleague, [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]], assumed the consulship two years after the outbreak of the Second Punic War and the year after the dictator [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]] had earned the epithet ''cunctator'' (delayer) by refusing to engage [[Hannibal|Hannibal's]] army in pitched battle. Varro and Paullus, though, took the rare step of combining the two consular armies, which each would normally lead separately, into an 85,000-strong force to face Hannibal. As was customary in such situations, the two consuls took charge of the force on alternating days.<ref>Polybius. 3.110.</ref><ref>Oliver L. Spaulding, Jr. The Classical Element in the German War Plan of 1914, The Classical Weekly, Vol. 18, No. 18 (Mar. 16, 1925), p143.</ref>
Varro and his colleague, [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]], assumed the consulship two years after the outbreak of the [[Second Punic War]] and the year after the dictator [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]] had earned the epithet ''cunctator'' (delayer) by refusing to engage [[Hannibal|Hannibal's]] army in pitched battle. Varro and Paullus, however, took the rare step of combining the two consular armies, which each would normally lead separately, into an 85,000-strong force to face Hannibal. As was customary in such situations, the two consuls took charge of the force on alternating days.<ref>Polybius. 3.110.</ref><ref>[[Oliver Lyman Spaulding (general)|Oliver L. Spaulding Jr.]] The Classical Element in the German War Plan of 1914, The Classical Weekly, Vol. 18, No. 18 (Mar. 16, 1925), p143.</ref>


The two armies met at [[Battle of Cannae|Cannae]] where the inexperienced Varro, using his day in command, pressed Paullus to attack. Hannibal enveloped the Roman force and inflicted huge losses. Paullus was killed in the battle while Varro escaped to Venusia with around 4,500 surviving troops.<ref>Livy. 22.54.1</ref><ref>Polybius. 3.116.</ref> On receiving word that larger Roman forces were at Canusium, he marched the survivors to join them, creating a force of roughly equal size to a standard consular army.<ref>Livy. 22.54.6.</ref>
The two armies met at [[Battle of Cannae|Cannae]] where the inexperienced Varro, using his day in command, pressed Paullus to attack while ordering a short battle line. Hannibal enveloped the Roman force and inflicted huge losses. Paullus was killed in the battle while Varro escaped to Venusia with around 4,500 surviving troops.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>Livy. 22.54.1</ref><ref>Polybius. 3.116.</ref> On receiving word that larger Roman forces were at Canusium, he marched the survivors to join them, creating a force of roughly equal size to a standard consular army.<ref>Livy. 22.54.6.</ref>


Varro was recalled to a Rome overrun by a state of panic.<ref>Livy. 22.61.</ref> On arrival, he was greeted by a crowd who thanked him for not "despairing of the state" and taking his own life, thereby visibly choosing to fight on.<ref>Livy. 21.61.14.</ref> While there, he facilitated the appointment of [[Marcus Junius Pera]] as dictator to settle the immediate disaster. Varro then returned to the command of his troops, taking up positions at Apulia.
Varro was recalled to a Rome overrun by a state of panic.<ref>Livy. 22.61.</ref> On arrival, he was greeted by a crowd who thanked him for not "despairing of the state" and taking his own life, thereby visibly choosing to fight on.<ref>Livy. 22.61.14.</ref> While there, he facilitated the appointment of [[Marcus Junius Pera]] as dictator to settle the immediate disaster. Varro then returned to the command of his troops, taking up positions at Apulia.


Later in the year, he was again recalled to Rome to appoint [[Marcus Fabius Buteo]] as a second dictator, specifically for the purpose of promoting senators to replace those killed at Cannae.<ref>Livy. 23.22.10</ref>
Later in the year, he was again recalled to Rome to appoint [[Marcus Fabius Buteo]] as a second dictator, specifically for the purpose of promoting senators to replace those killed at Cannae.<ref>Livy. 23.22.10</ref>


==215 to 207 BC==
==215 to 207 BCE==
Varro was [[Proconsul|prorogued]] in his position for the year 215, maintaining command of the force he had consolidated at Apulia,<ref>Livy. 23.23.11</ref> before being sent to [[Picenum]] to levy new soldiers and guard the region.<ref>Livy. 23..32.19.</ref>
Varro was [[Proconsul|prorogued]] in his position for the year 215&nbsp;BCE, maintaining command of the force he had consolidated at Apulia,<ref>Livy. 23.23.11</ref> before being sent to [[Picenum]] to levy new soldiers and guard the region.<ref>Livy. 23..32.19.</ref>


He, along with all the other generals still serving around Italy, was prorogued again for the year 214 BC.<ref>Livy. 24.10.3</ref> He received one of the 18 legions enrolled that year to carry out his duties.<ref>Livy. 24.10.3.</ref> He was prorogued again and kept the legion in Picenum for the next year.<ref>Livy.24.44.5.</ref><ref>[[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T.R.S. Broughton]], The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952). vol. I. p256.</ref>
Varro, along with all the other generals still serving around Italy, was prorogued again for the year 214 BCE.<ref>Livy. 24.10.3</ref> He received one of the 18 legions enrolled that year to carry out his duties.<ref>Livy. 24.10.3.</ref> He was prorogued again and kept the legion in Picenum for the next year.<ref>Livy.24.44.5.</ref><ref>[[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T.R.S. Broughton]], The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952). vol. I. p256.</ref>


After leaving Picenum, Varro was next recorded as being a [[Promagistrate|Propraetor]], a citizen imbued with the authority of a [[praetor]], charged with subduing a potential rebellion in the Etrurian town of [[Arezzo|Arretium]]. After securing 120 hostages from the town, Varro informed the Roman senate that the unrest was still not quelled. He was sent back with a legion to garrison Arretium.<ref>Livy. 27.24.9.</ref> He stayed in his command of Etruria for the year 207 BC, receiving a second legion from the Senate.<ref>Livy. 27.36.12.</ref>
After leaving Picenum, Varro was next recorded as being a [[Promagistrate|Propraetor]], a citizen imbued with the authority of a [[praetor]], charged with subduing a potential rebellion in the Etrurian town of [[Arezzo|Arretium]]. After securing 120 hostages from the town, Varro informed the Roman senate that the unrest was still not quelled. He was sent back with a legion to garrison Arretium.<ref>Livy. 27.24.9.</ref> He stayed in his command of Etruria for the year 207 BCE, receiving a second legion from the Senate.<ref>Livy. 27.36.12.</ref>


==Later life==
==Later life==
Varro does not feature for the remainder of the Second Punic War, although he would later hold two roles in the year 200 BCE.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
⚫
Varro does not feature for the remainder of the Second Punic War, though later held two roles in the year 200 BC. He was part of a three-man diplomatic legation to North Africa, tasked with visiting [[Carthage]], and senior [[Numidia|Numidians]].<ref>Livy. 31.11.6-7.</ref> The ambassadors were instructed to inform Carthage that, despite the conclusion of the war in 201, the general Hamilcar was continuing operations in [[Gaul]] and that Romans who had deserted to Carthage had not been repatriated. Furthermore, they took gifts and congratulations to [[Masinissa]], whose alliance with Rome had proved pivotal at the [[Battle of Zama]], on his becoming King of Numidia.


⚫
For the first role, Varro was part of a three-man diplomatic legation to North Africa, tasked with visiting [[Carthage]], and senior [[Numidia]]ns.<ref>Livy. 31.11.6-7.</ref> The ambassadors were instructed to inform Carthage that, despite the conclusion of the war in 201&nbsp;BCE, the general Hamilcar was continuing operations in [[Gaul]] and that Romans who had deserted to Carthage had not been repatriated. Furthermore, they took gifts and congratulations to [[Masinissa]], whose alliance with Rome had proved pivotal at the [[Battle of Zama]], on his becoming King of Numidia.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
⚫
Varro also returned to Venusia, serving as one of the three ''triumviri coloniae ducendae'', charged with increasing the local population by adding new colonists after the town's losses during the Second Punic War.<ref>Livy. 31.49.6.</ref> It has been suggested he also served as a minter of coins down to the year 197 BC.<ref>Jerome S. Arkenberg. Licinii Murenae, Terentii Varrones, and Varrones Murenae: I. A Prosopographical Study of Three Roman Families, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Bd. 42, H. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1993), pp. 326-351 </ref>


⚫
For the second role, Varro also returned to Venusia, serving as one of the three ''triumviri coloniae ducendae'', charged with increasing the local population by adding new colonists after the town's losses during the Second Punic War.<ref>Livy. 31.49.6.</ref> It has been suggested he also served as a minter of coins down to the year 197 BCE.<ref>Jerome S. Arkenberg. Licinii Murenae, Terentii Varrones, and Varrones Murenae: I. A Prosopographical Study of Three Roman Families, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Bd. 42, H. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1993), pp. 326-351</ref>
⚫
Varro then disappears from history, either retiring or dying.

⚫
Varro then disappears from history, either retiring or dying.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==

{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Consul]] of the [[Roman Republic]]|before=[[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]] and [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]] (Suffect)||after=[[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 and 213 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]] and [[Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 and 229 BC)|Lucius Postumius Albinus]]|years=''with [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]]''<br /> 216 BC}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]]|before2=[[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]]}}
⚫
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]]|years=216 BC|with=[[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]|after2=[[Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 BC)|Lucius Postumius Albinus]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Terentius Varro, Gaius}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Terentius Varro, Gaius}}
[[Category:3rd-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman generals]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Roman praetors]]
[[Category:Curule aediles]]
[[Category:Plebeian aediles]]
[[Category:Roman commanders of the Second Punic War]]
[[Category:Roman commanders of the Second Punic War]]
[[Category:Roman Republican consuls]]
[[Category:Roman quaestors]]
[[Category:Terentii|Varro, Gaius]]
[[Category:Terentii|Varro, Gaius]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Latest revision as of 18:05, 5 December 2024

This article is about the Roman general and consul of the Second Punic War. For the Roman polymath, see Marcus Terentius Varro.
Gaius Terentius Varro
Roman Consul
Preceded byGnaeus Servilius Geminus and Marcus Atilius Regulus (suffect)
Succeeded byTiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Lucius Postumius Albinus
In office
216 – 215 BCE
Personal details
NationalityRoman
Military service
AllegianceRoman Republic
Battles/warsSecond Punic War

Gaius Terentius Varro (fl. 218-200 BCE) was a Roman politician and general active during the Second Punic War. A plebeian son of a butcher, he was a populist politician who was elected consul for the year 216 BCE. While holding that office, he was decisively defeated by Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae.

Early years

[edit]

Varro was a member of a plebeian family, the gens Terentia, and the first man of note in his family.[1] His father was reportedly a butcher who had "employed his son in the menial tasks associated with that profession."[2] Despite this low birth, on his father's death he used the inheritance to embark on a public career, making his name by prosecuting those of higher status and progressing through the various magistracies of the cursus honorum, holding the quaestorship and both the plebeian and curule aedileships.[3] When discussing the provenance of his cognomen, Servius suggests that this Varro served in the First Illyrian War.[4] His first time in office for which details survive was the praetorship of 218 BCE, during which he was perhaps posted in Sardinia.[5]

In 217 BCE, having completed his praetorship, Varro was one of the few senators to support the elevation of Marcus Minucius Rufus to the dictatorship, apparently more because of the popular support of the plebeians that could be won by doing so than from any personal conviction.[3] Not only was Varro successful in appointing Minucius co-dictator, but he was also elected consul for the year 216 BCE.[citation needed]

Consulship

[edit]
Main article: Battle of Cannae

Varro and his colleague, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, assumed the consulship two years after the outbreak of the Second Punic War and the year after the dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus had earned the epithet cunctator (delayer) by refusing to engage Hannibal's army in pitched battle. Varro and Paullus, however, took the rare step of combining the two consular armies, which each would normally lead separately, into an 85,000-strong force to face Hannibal. As was customary in such situations, the two consuls took charge of the force on alternating days.[6][7]

The two armies met at Cannae where the inexperienced Varro, using his day in command, pressed Paullus to attack while ordering a short battle line. Hannibal enveloped the Roman force and inflicted huge losses. Paullus was killed in the battle while Varro escaped to Venusia with around 4,500 surviving troops.[8][9][10] On receiving word that larger Roman forces were at Canusium, he marched the survivors to join them, creating a force of roughly equal size to a standard consular army.[11]

Varro was recalled to a Rome overrun by a state of panic.[12] On arrival, he was greeted by a crowd who thanked him for not "despairing of the state" and taking his own life, thereby visibly choosing to fight on.[13] While there, he facilitated the appointment of Marcus Junius Pera as dictator to settle the immediate disaster. Varro then returned to the command of his troops, taking up positions at Apulia.

Later in the year, he was again recalled to Rome to appoint Marcus Fabius Buteo as a second dictator, specifically for the purpose of promoting senators to replace those killed at Cannae.[14]

215 to 207 BCE

[edit]

Varro was prorogued in his position for the year 215 BCE, maintaining command of the force he had consolidated at Apulia,[15] before being sent to Picenum to levy new soldiers and guard the region.[16]

Varro, along with all the other generals still serving around Italy, was prorogued again for the year 214 BCE.[17] He received one of the 18 legions enrolled that year to carry out his duties.[18] He was prorogued again and kept the legion in Picenum for the next year.[19][20]

After leaving Picenum, Varro was next recorded as being a Propraetor, a citizen imbued with the authority of a praetor, charged with subduing a potential rebellion in the Etrurian town of Arretium. After securing 120 hostages from the town, Varro informed the Roman senate that the unrest was still not quelled. He was sent back with a legion to garrison Arretium.[21] He stayed in his command of Etruria for the year 207 BCE, receiving a second legion from the Senate.[22]

Later life

[edit]

Varro does not feature for the remainder of the Second Punic War, although he would later hold two roles in the year 200 BCE.[citation needed]

For the first role, Varro was part of a three-man diplomatic legation to North Africa, tasked with visiting Carthage, and senior Numidians.[23] The ambassadors were instructed to inform Carthage that, despite the conclusion of the war in 201 BCE, the general Hamilcar was continuing operations in Gaul and that Romans who had deserted to Carthage had not been repatriated. Furthermore, they took gifts and congratulations to Masinissa, whose alliance with Rome had proved pivotal at the Battle of Zama, on his becoming King of Numidia.[citation needed]

For the second role, Varro also returned to Venusia, serving as one of the three triumviri coloniae ducendae, charged with increasing the local population by adding new colonists after the town's losses during the Second Punic War.[24] It has been suggested he also served as a minter of coins down to the year 197 BCE.[25]

Varro then disappears from history, either retiring or dying.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jerome S. Arkenberg, "Licinii Murenae, Terentii Varrones, and Varrones Murenae: I. A Prosopographical Study of Three Roman Families", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 42 (1993), pp. 326-351
  2. ^ Livy. 22.25.18
  3. ^ a b Livy. 22.26.1.
  4. ^ Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil, 11.743.[1].
  5. ^ T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, (American Philological Association, 1952). vol. I, p. 240.
  6. ^ Polybius. 3.110.
  7. ^ Oliver L. Spaulding Jr. The Classical Element in the German War Plan of 1914, The Classical Weekly, Vol. 18, No. 18 (Mar. 16, 1925), p143.
  8. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
  9. ^ Livy. 22.54.1
  10. ^ Polybius. 3.116.
  11. ^ Livy. 22.54.6.
  12. ^ Livy. 22.61.
  13. ^ Livy. 22.61.14.
  14. ^ Livy. 23.22.10
  15. ^ Livy. 23.23.11
  16. ^ Livy. 23..32.19.
  17. ^ Livy. 24.10.3
  18. ^ Livy. 24.10.3.
  19. ^ Livy.24.44.5.
  20. ^ T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952). vol. I. p256.
  21. ^ Livy. 27.24.9.
  22. ^ Livy. 27.36.12.
  23. ^ Livy. 31.11.6-7.
  24. ^ Livy. 31.49.6.
  25. ^ Jerome S. Arkenberg. Licinii Murenae, Terentii Varrones, and Varrones Murenae: I. A Prosopographical Study of Three Roman Families, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Bd. 42, H. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1993), pp. 326-351
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Roman consul
216 BC
With: Lucius Aemilius Paullus 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Terentius_Varro&oldid=1261360751"