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Hormah (meaning "broken rock", "banned", or "devoted to destruction"), also known by its Canaanite name Zephath (Tsfat צפת), is an unidentified city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in relation to several conflicts between the migrant Israelite people seeking to enter the, Promised Land and the Amalekites and the Canaanites who dwelt at that time in southern Canaan.

Biblical reference

The city is mentioned in Book of Numbers 14:45 as the site of an Israelite defeat:

Then the Amalekites and the Canaanites who dwelt in that mountain came down and attacked them, and drove them back as far as Hormah.

The city is then mentioned in Book of Numbers 21:2–3 as the site of an Israelite victory:

Then Israel made this vow to the LORD: "If you will deliver these people into our hands, we will totally destroy their cities." The LORD listened to Israel's plea and gave the Canaanites over to them. They completely destroyed them and their towns; so the place was named Hormah.

Hormah is also mentioned in Book of Judges 1:17:

Then the men of Judah went with the Simeonites their brothers and attacked the Canaanites living in Zephath, and they totally destroyed the city. Therefore, it was called Hormah.

Identification

Its location is unknown; some place it between Beer Sheba and Gaza, some between Beer Sheba and Arad, and some east of the Arabah Valley in the ruins of Sarta, on the western slopes below biblical Tophel (today's town of Tafileh).

For the Beersheva–Arad Valley location, several options have been suggested, from west to east: Tel Sera (fr), Tel Masos, Tel Ira (fr), Tel Malhata (fr) (all with articles in French Wikipedia, some also in Hebrew).

Anson Rainey offers a thorough discussion of the options and references to supporting studies on p. 122 of his book, The Sacred Bridge.^[1]^{[clarification needed]}

External links

References

^ Rainey, Anson F.; Notley, R. Steven (2006). The Sacred Bridge. Carta Jerusalem. p. 122. ISBN 965-220-529-X.

This article related to the Hebrew Bible is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Rainey, Anson F.; Notley, R. Steven (2006). The Sacred Bridge. Carta Jerusalem. p. 122. ISBN 965-220-529-X.

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+{{Short description|Unidentified place mentioned in the Bible}}
-'''Hormah''' (meaning "broken rock", "banned", or "devoted to destruction"), also known by its [[Canaan]]ite name '''Zephath''' ('''Tsfat''' צפת) in an unidentified city in the [[Hebrew Bible]], mentioned as one of the cities captured by [[Joshua]]. Its location is unknown; some place it between [[Beer Sheba]] and [[Gaza]], some between
+[[File:Ein_Al_Garbana.JPG | thumb | right]]
-[[Beer Sheba]] and [[Arad, Israel|Arad]] and some in the east side of the [[Arabah]] in the ruins of [[Sarta]] (under the town of Tafileh, Tufileh or Tafyleh, identified as biblical [[Tophel]]).
+'''Hormah''' (meaning "broken rock", "banned", or "devoted to destruction"), also known by its [[Canaan]]ite name '''Zephath''' ('''Tsfat''' צפת), is an unidentified city mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]] in relation to several conflicts between the migrant [[Israelite]] people seeking to enter the, [[Promised Land]] and the [[Amalek]]ites and the Canaanites who dwelt at that time in southern Canaan.
+==Biblical reference==
-The city is mentioned in [[Book of Numbers]] 21:2-3
+The city is mentioned in [[Book of Numbers]] 14:45 as the site of an Israelite defeat:
-:Then Israel made this vow to the LORD: "If you will deliver these people into our hands, we will totally destroy their cities." The LORD listened to Israel's plea and gave the Canaanites over to them. They completely destroyed them and their towns; so the place was named Hormah.
+:''Then the Amalekites and the Canaanites who dwelt in that mountain came down and attacked them, and drove them back as far as Hormah.''
-It is also mentioned in [[Book of Judges]] 1:17:
+The city is then mentioned in [[Book of Numbers]] 21:2–3 as the site of an Israelite victory:
+:''Then Israel made this vow to the LORD: "If you will deliver these people into our hands, we will totally destroy their cities." The LORD listened to Israel's plea and gave the Canaanites over to them. They completely destroyed them and their towns; so the place was named Hormah''.
+Hormah is also mentioned in [[Book of Judges]] 1:17:
-:"Then the men of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] went with the [[Simeon]]ites their brothers and attacked the [[Canaanites]] living in Zephath, and they totally destroyed the city. Therefore it was called Hormah."
+:''Then the men of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] went with the [[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]]ites their brothers and attacked the [[Canaanites]] living in Zephath, and they totally destroyed the city. Therefore, it was called Hormah''.
+==Identification==
-It is also mentioned in Numbers 14:45.
+Its location is unknown; some place it between [[Beer Sheba]] and [[Gaza City|Gaza]], some between [[Beer Sheba]] and [[Arad, Israel|Arad]], and some east of the [[Arabah]] Valley in the ruins of Sarta, on the western slopes below biblical [[Tophel]] (today's town of [[Tafileh]]).
+For the Beersheva–Arad Valley location, several options have been suggested, from west to east: [[:fr:Tel Sera|Tel Sera (fr)]], [[Tel Masos]], [[:fr:Tel Ira|Tel Ira (fr)]], [[:fr:Tel Malhata|Tel Malhata (fr)]] (all with articles in French Wikipedia, some also in Hebrew).
-''The Amalekite and the Canaanite who dwelled on that mountain descended; they struck them and pounded them until Hormah''.
+[[Anson Rainey]] offers a thorough discussion of the options and references to supporting studies on p. 122 of his book, ''The Sacred Bridge.''<ref>{{cite book |last1= Rainey |first1= Anson F. |last2= Notley |first2= R. Steven |author-link= Anson Rainey |title= The Sacred Bridge |year= 2006 |publisher=[[Carta Jerusalem]] |page= 122 |isbn= 965-220-529-X}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=The book only appears with a snippet of a few lines on Google Books, which contain nothing on identification. Please, either summarise options, quote relevant passage, or offer a different source.|date=March 2021}}
+==See also==
+*[[Cities in the Book of Joshua]]
 ==External links==
 *[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010730.htm Bible Study]
-*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/Hormah.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060522121558/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/Hormah.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition]
 *[http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/hormah.html WebBible Encyclopedia]
-[[Category:Hebrew Bible places]]
-[[Category:Execration text places]]
+==References==
-{{Tanakh-stub}}
+{{reflist}}
+[[Category:Hebrew Bible cities]]
+[[Category:Massacres in the Bible]]
+{{Hebrew-Bible-stub}}
-[[he:חורמה]]