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{{Short description|German ironclad gunboat}}
{{good article}}
{{otherships|SMS Wespe}}
{{otherships|SMS Wespe}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption= |italic title=}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption= |italic title=}}
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|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|German Empire|naval}}
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|German Empire|naval}}
|Ship name=''Wespe''
|Ship name=''Wespe''
|Ship namesake={{SMS|Wespe|1860|2}}
|Ship namesake={{SMS|Wespe|1860|6}}
|Ship builder=[[AG Weser]], [[Bremen]]
|Ship builder=[[AG Weser]], [[Bremen]]
|Ship laid down=May 1875
|Ship laid down=May 1875
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|Ship decommissioned=14 September 1885
|Ship decommissioned=14 September 1885
|Ship struck=28 June 1909
|Ship struck=28 June 1909
|Ship fate=Sold, 1910
|Ship fate=Sold, 1911
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=
|Ship flag=
|Ship name= ''H.A.M. III''
|Ship owner= {{lang|nl|Hollandsche Aanneming Maatschappij}}
|Ship acquired=1911
|Ship fate=Sank in a storm, 11 May 1926
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
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|Ship type=[[Gunboat]]
|Ship type=[[Gunboat]]
|Ship displacement=
|Ship displacement=
*{{cvt|1098|t|LT|lk=on}}
*Design: {{cvt|1098|t|LT|lk=on}}
*{{cvt|1163|t|LT|lk=on}}
*[[Full load]]: {{cvt|1163|t|LT|lk=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|46.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{cvt|46.4|m|ftin}}
|Ship beam={{convert|10.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{cvt|10.6|m|ftin}}
|Ship draft={{convert|3.2|to|3.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{cvt|3.2|to|3.4|m|ftin}}
|Ship propulsion=2 × [[double-expansion steam engine]]s
|Ship propulsion=
*2 × [[double-expansion steam engine]]s
*2 × [[screw propeller]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|10.4|kn|lk=on}}
|Ship speed={{convert|10.4|kn|lk=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|800|PS|ihp|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=
*4 × [[fire-tube boiler]]s
|Ship range=
*{{convert|800|PS|ihp|lk=on|abbr=on}}|Ship range=
|Ship complement=
|Ship complement=
*3 officers
*3 officers
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}}
}}
|}
|}
'''SMS ''Wespe''''' was the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|Wespe|gunboat|4}} of [[ironclad warship|ironclad]] [[gunboat]]s built for the German {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Marine]]}} (Imperial Navy) in the 1870s. The ships, which were armed with a single [[30.5 cm MRK L/22|{{cvt|30.5|cm|0}} MRK L/22 gun]], were intended to serve as part of a coastal defense fleet.
'''SMS ''Wespe''''' was the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|Wespe|gunboat|4}} of [[ironclad warship|ironclad]] [[gunboat]]s built for the German {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Marine]]}} (Imperial Navy) in the 1870s. The ships, which were armed with a single [[30.5 cm MRK L/22|{{cvt|30.5|cm|0}} MRK L/22 gun]], were intended to serve as part of a coastal defense fleet. ''Wespe'' saw little active service after her initial [[sea trials]] in 1877, being [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] for short training periods in 1880, 1881, and 1885. She was refitted twice during her career to strengthen her armament, in 1883 and 1892–1894. ''Wespe'' was struck from the [[naval register]] in 1909 and then used as a [[barge]]. In 1911, she was sold to the Dutch firm {{lang|nl|Hollandsche Aanneming Maatschappij}} and converted into a [[Dredging#Cutter-suction|cutter suction dredger]]. While being towed from the [[Dutch East Indies]] to Australia in 1926, she sank in a storm off [[Newcastle, New South Wales]]; all three of her crew survived.


==Design==
==Design==
{{main|Wespe-class gunboat}}
{{main|Wespe-class gunboat}}
[[File:Wespe class - Brassey's Naval Annual 1887.png|thumb|left|Sketch of ''Wespe'' in her original configuration]]
[[File:SMS Wespe plan and profile.png|thumb|left|Plan and profile of ''Wespe'' in her original configuration]]


Development of the {{sclass|Wespe|gunboat|4}} of [[ironclad warship|ironclad]] [[gunboat]]s began in the 1850s, after the first ironclads were introduced during the [[Crimean War]]. Through the 1860s, the [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|Federal Convention]] examined various proposals, with numbers of vessels ranging from eight to eighteen. The decision was finalized based on the fleet plan conceived by General [[Albrecht von Stosch]], the new Chief of the {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Admiralität]]}} (Imperial Admiralty), in the early 1870s. He envisioned a fleet oriented on defense of Germany's [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[North Sea]] coasts, which would be led by the ironclad [[corvette]]s of the {{sclass|Sachsen|ironclad|4}}. These were to be supported by larger numbers of small, armored gunboats.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=113–114}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=69}}
Development of the {{sclass|Wespe|gunboat|4}} of [[ironclad warship|ironclad]] [[gunboat]]s began in the 1850s, after the first ironclads were introduced during the [[Crimean War]]. Through the 1860s, the [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|Federal Convention]] examined various proposals, which included plans to build at least eight vessels, to as many as eighteen armored warships. The decision was finalized based on the fleet plan conceived by General [[Albrecht von Stosch]], the new Chief of the {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Admiralität]]}} (Imperial Admiralty), in the early 1870s. He envisioned a fleet oriented on defense of Germany's [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[North Sea]] coasts, which would be led by the ironclad [[corvette]]s of the {{sclass|Sachsen|ironclad|4}}. These were to be supported by larger numbers of small, armored gunboats, which became the ''Wespe'' class.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=113–114}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=69}}


''Wespe'' was {{convert|46.4|m|ft|0|sp=us}} [[long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|10.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|3.2|to|3.4|m|abbr=on}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|1098|t|LT|lk=on|sp=us}} as designed and {{cvt|1163|t|LT}} at [[full load]]. The ship's crew consisted of 3 officers and 73 to 85 enlisted men. She was powered by a pair of [[double-expansion steam engine]]s that drove a pair of 4-bladed [[screw propeller]], with steam provided by four coal-fired cylindrical [[boiler]]s, which gave her a top speed of {{convert|10.4|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|800|PS|ihp|lk=on}}. At a cruising speed of {{convert|7|kn}}, she could steam for {{convert|700|nmi|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=137–138}}
''Wespe'' was {{convert|46.4|m|ftin|0|sp=us}} [[long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|10.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|3.2|to|3.4|m|abbr=on}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|1098|t|LT|lk=on|sp=us}} as designed and {{cvt|1163|t|LT}} at [[full load]]. The ship's crew consisted of 3 officers and 73 to 85 enlisted men. She was powered by a pair of [[double-expansion steam engine]]s that drove a pair of 4-bladed [[screw propeller]]s, with steam provided by four coal-fired cylindrical [[fire-tube boiler]]s, which gave her a top speed of {{convert|10.4|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|800|PS|ihp|lk=on}}. At a cruising speed of {{convert|7|kn}}, she could steam for {{convert|700|nmi|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=137–138}}


The ship was armed with one [[30.5 cm MRK L/22|{{cvt|30.5|cm|0}} MRK L/22 gun]] in a [[barbette]] mount that had a limited arc of traverse. The armored barbette was protected by {{cvt|203|mm|0}} of [[wrought iron]], backed with {{cvt|210|mm}} of [[teak]]. The ship was fitted with a [[waterline]] [[armor belt]] that was {{cvt|102|to|203|mm|0}} thick, with the thickest section protecting the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]. The belt was backed with 210 mm of teak. An armor deck that consisted of two layers of {{cvt|22|mm}} of iron on {{cvt|28|mm}} of teak provided additional protection against enemy fire.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|Lyon|p=261}}
The ship was armed with one [[30.5 cm MRK L/22|{{cvt|30.5|cm|0}} MRK L/22 gun]] in a [[barbette]] mount that had a limited arc of traverse. In practice, the gun was aimed by turning the ship in the direction of fire. The ''Wespe''s were intended to [[ship grounding|beach]] themselves on the [[sandbar]]s along the German coastline to serve as semi-mobile [[coastal artillery]] batteries. The armored barbette was protected by {{cvt|203|mm|0}} of [[wrought iron]], backed with {{cvt|210|mm}} of [[teak]]. The ship was fitted with a [[waterline]] [[armor belt]] that was {{cvt|102|to|203|mm|0}} thick, with the thickest section protecting the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]. The belt was backed with 210 mm of teak. An armor deck that consisted of two layers of {{cvt|22|mm}} of iron on {{cvt|28|mm}} of teak provided additional protection against enemy fire.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|Lyon|p=261}}


==Service history==
==Service history==
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The [[keel]] for ''Wespe'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[AG Weser]] shipyard in [[Bremen]] in May 1875, and she was [[ship launching|launched]] on 6 July 1876. The ship was named for the earlier wooden gunboat [[SMS Wespe (1860)|of the same name]]. Work on the ship was completed later that year, and she was moved to [[Wilhelmshaven]] to have her gun installed, along with other [[fitting-out]] work. The ship was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into active service on 26 November. She then began initial [[sea trials]], which lasted until 9 February 1877. Next, she conducted test firings of her gun in the [[Schillig]] [[roadstead]] from 24 March to 9 April. ''Wespe'' was thereafter [[laid up]] in [[reserve fleet|reserve]].{{sfn|Gröner|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=69–70}}
The [[keel]] for ''Wespe'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[AG Weser]] shipyard in [[Bremen]] in May 1875, and she was [[ship launching|launched]] on 6 July 1876. The ship was named for the earlier wooden gunboat [[SMS Wespe (1860)|of the same name]]. Work on the ship was completed later that year, and she was moved to [[Wilhelmshaven]] to have her gun installed, along with other [[fitting-out]] work. The ship was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into active service on 26 November. She then began initial [[sea trials]], which lasted until 9 February 1877. Next, she conducted test firings of her gun in the [[Schillig]] [[roadstead]] from 24 March to 9 April. ''Wespe'' was thereafter [[laid up]] in [[reserve fleet|reserve]].{{sfn|Gröner|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=69–70}}


''Wespe'' next recommissioned on 20 September 1880, under the command of {{lang|de|[[Kapitänleutnant]]}} (Captain Lieutenant) [[Fritz Rötger]]. She conducted training operations with her [[sister ship]] {{SMS|Crocodill|1879|2}}, before being decommissioned again on 15 October. The following year, she was recommissioned on 20 September to train cohorts of sailors to man her sisters that had been completed that year. The work lasted until 17 October, when she was decommissioned again for the winter. In 1882, the German government considered activating ''Wespe'' and some of her sisters to send them to an international naval demonstration to protest the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]], but they were not activated for that purpose.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=69–70}} By 1883, the ship had been refitted with two {{cvt|35|cm}} [[torpedo tube]]s in her bow, both of which were above the waterline.{{sfn|Gröner|p=138}}
''Wespe'' next recommissioned on 20 September 1880, under the command of {{lang|de|[[Kapitänleutnant]]}} (Captain Lieutenant) [[Fritz Rötger]]. She conducted training operations with her [[sister ship]] {{SMS|Crocodill|1879|2}}, before being decommissioned again on 15 October. The following year, she was recommissioned on 20 September to train cohorts of sailors to man her sisters that had been completed that year. The work lasted until 17 October, when she was decommissioned again for the winter. In 1882, the German government considered activating ''Wespe'' and some of her sisters to send them to an international naval demonstration to protest the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]], but they were not activated for that purpose.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=69–70}} By 1883, the ship had been refitted with two {{cvt|35|cm}} [[torpedo tube]]s in her [[bow (watercraft)|bow]], both of which were below the waterline.{{sfn|Gröner|p=138}}

''Wespe'' remained out of service until 20 August 1885, when she was recommissioned for a brief period of training that lasted from 28 August to 14 September. Her sisters {{SMS|Salamander|1880|2}}, {{SMS|Viper|1876|2}}, and {{SMS|Mücke||2}} also participated, and the four ships operated in [[Jade Bight]]. ''Wespe'' was thereafter assigned to the Reserve Division of the North Sea. From 1892 to 1894, she was modernized with a new, armored [[conning tower]] and an additional two {{cvt|8.7|cm}} L/24 [[built-up gun]]s and a pair of {{cvt|37|mm}} [[Hotchkiss revolver cannon]]. Despite the reconstruction, the ship never returned to active service, and she was eventually struck from the [[naval register]] on 28 June 1909. She was sold the following year in [[Düsseldorf]], and was thereafter used as a [[barge]].{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Gröner|p=138}} In 1911, ''Wespe'' was converted into a [[Dredging#Cutter-suction|cutter suction dredger]] and sold into commercial service with the {{lang|nl|Hollandsche Aanneming Maatschappij}}, where she was renamed ''H.A.M. III''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dredgepoint.org/dredging-database/equipment/ham-iii-ham-3|website=dredgepoint.org|publisher=[[Central Dredging Association]]|access-date=5 December 2024|title=H.A.M. III (H.A.M. 3)}}</ref>


At some point thereafter, ''H.A.M. III'' was sent to the [[Dutch East Indies]]. On 27 March 1926, she was taken under tow by the [[tugboat]] ''Kraus'', departing from [[Surabaya]], [[Java]], to sail to Australia. On the morning of 11 May, while about {{cvt|50|nmi}} from [[Newcastle, New South Wales]], ''H.A.M. III'' sprang a leak in heavy weather. The ship's pumps, coupled with hand pumps, could not keep pace with the flooding, and after forty-five minutes, the three-man crew abandoned the sinking vessel as ''Kraus'' cut the tow line. The suction from the sinking ship dragged the captain down about {{cvt|40|ft|m|order=flip}}, but he was able to swim back to the surface. ''Kraus'' rescued all three men and arrived in Newcastle two days later. ''H.A.M. III'' lies at a depth of {{convert|56|fathom}} off [[Sugarloaf Point Light|Sugar Loaf Point]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sucked down 40 feet |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/243586902 |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=The Herald |issue=15282 |date=13 May 1926 |location=Melbourne |page=7|via=Trove}}</ref>
''Wespe'' remained out of service until 20 August 1885, when she was recommissioned for a brief period of training that lasted from 28 August to 14 September. Her sisters {{SMS|Salamander|1880|2}}, {{SMS|Viper||2}}, and {{SMS|Mücke||2}} also participated, and the four ships operated in [[Jade Bight]]. ''Wespe'' was thereafter assigned to the Reserve Division of the North Sea. From 1892 to 1894, she was modernized with a new, armored [[conning tower]] and an additional {{cvt|8.7|cm}} L/24 [[built-up gun]]s and a pair of {{cvt|37|mm}} [[Hotchkiss revolver cannon]]. Despite the reconstruction, the ship never returned to active service, and she was eventually struck from the [[naval register]] on 28 June 1909. She was sold the following year in [[Düsseldorf]], and was thereafter used as a [[barge]]. Her ultimate fate is unknown.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Gröner|p=138}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
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[[Category:Wespe-class gunboats]]
[[Category:Wespe-class gunboats]]
[[Category:1876 ships]]
[[Category:1876 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Bremen (state)]]

Latest revision as of 23:46, 5 December 2024

Wespe's sister ship Natter in Kiel
History
German Empire
NameWespe
NamesakeSMS Wespe
BuilderAG Weser, Bremen
Laid downMay 1875
Launched6 July 1876
Commissioned26 November 1876
Decommissioned14 September 1885
Stricken28 June 1909
FateSold, 1911
History
NameH.A.M. III
OwnerHollandsche Aanneming Maatschappij
Acquired1911
FateSank in a storm, 11 May 1926
General characteristics
TypeGunboat
Displacement
Length46.4 m (152 ft 3 in)
Beam10.6 m (34 ft 9 in)
Draft3.2 to 3.4 m (10 ft 6 in to 11 ft 2 in)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed10.4 knots (19.3 km/h; 12.0 mph)
Complement
  • 3 officers
  • 73–85 enlisted
Armament1 × 30.5 cm (12 in) MRK L/22 gun
Armor
  • Belt: 102 to 203 mm (4 to 8 in)
  • Barbette: 203 mm (8 in)
  • Deck: 44 mm (1.7 in)

SMS Wespe was the lead ship of the Wespe class of ironclad gunboats built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in the 1870s. The ships, which were armed with a single 30.5 cm (12 in) MRK L/22 gun, were intended to serve as part of a coastal defense fleet. Wespe saw little active service after her initial sea trials in 1877, being commissioned for short training periods in 1880, 1881, and 1885. She was refitted twice during her career to strengthen her armament, in 1883 and 1892–1894. Wespe was struck from the naval register in 1909 and then used as a barge. In 1911, she was sold to the Dutch firm Hollandsche Aanneming Maatschappij and converted into a cutter suction dredger. While being towed from the Dutch East Indies to Australia in 1926, she sank in a storm off Newcastle, New South Wales; all three of her crew survived.

Design

[edit]
Plan and profile of Wespe in her original configuration

Development of the Wespe class of ironclad gunboats began in the 1850s, after the first ironclads were introduced during the Crimean War. Through the 1860s, the Federal Convention examined various proposals, which included plans to build at least eight vessels, to as many as eighteen armored warships. The decision was finalized based on the fleet plan conceived by General Albrecht von Stosch, the new Chief of the Kaiserliche Admiralität (Imperial Admiralty), in the early 1870s. He envisioned a fleet oriented on defense of Germany's Baltic and North Sea coasts, which would be led by the ironclad corvettes of the Sachsen class. These were to be supported by larger numbers of small, armored gunboats, which became the Wespe class.[1][2]

Wespe was 46.4 meters (152 ft 3 in) long overall, with a beam of 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in) and a draft of 3.2 to 3.4 m (10 to 11 ft). She displaced 1,098 metric tons (1,081 long tons) as designed and 1,163 t (1,145 long tons) at full load. The ship's crew consisted of 3 officers and 73 to 85 enlisted men. She was powered by a pair of double-expansion steam engines that drove a pair of 4-bladed screw propellers, with steam provided by four coal-fired cylindrical fire-tube boilers, which gave her a top speed of 10.4 knots (19.3 km/h; 12.0 mph) at 800 metric horsepower (790 ihp). At a cruising speed of 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph), she could steam for 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi).[3]

The ship was armed with one 30.5 cm (12 in) MRK L/22 gun in a barbette mount that had a limited arc of traverse. In practice, the gun was aimed by turning the ship in the direction of fire. The Wespes were intended to beach themselves on the sandbars along the German coastline to serve as semi-mobile coastal artillery batteries. The armored barbette was protected by 203 mm (8 in) of wrought iron, backed with 210 mm (8.3 in) of teak. The ship was fitted with a waterline armor belt that was 102 to 203 mm (4 to 8 in) thick, with the thickest section protecting the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazine. The belt was backed with 210 mm of teak. An armor deck that consisted of two layers of 22 mm (0.87 in) of iron on 28 mm (1.1 in) of teak provided additional protection against enemy fire.[3][4]

Service history

[edit]
Profile drawing of Wespe as she appeared c. 1900

The keel for Wespe was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in May 1875, and she was launched on 6 July 1876. The ship was named for the earlier wooden gunboat of the same name. Work on the ship was completed later that year, and she was moved to Wilhelmshaven to have her gun installed, along with other fitting-out work. The ship was commissioned into active service on 26 November. She then began initial sea trials, which lasted until 9 February 1877. Next, she conducted test firings of her gun in the Schillig roadstead from 24 March to 9 April. Wespe was thereafter laid up in reserve.[3][5]

Wespe next recommissioned on 20 September 1880, under the command of Kapitänleutnant (Captain Lieutenant) Fritz Rötger. She conducted training operations with her sister ship Crocodill, before being decommissioned again on 15 October. The following year, she was recommissioned on 20 September to train cohorts of sailors to man her sisters that had been completed that year. The work lasted until 17 October, when she was decommissioned again for the winter. In 1882, the German government considered activating Wespe and some of her sisters to send them to an international naval demonstration to protest the Anglo-Egyptian War, but they were not activated for that purpose.[5] By 1883, the ship had been refitted with two 35 cm (14 in) torpedo tubes in her bow, both of which were below the waterline.[6]

Wespe remained out of service until 20 August 1885, when she was recommissioned for a brief period of training that lasted from 28 August to 14 September. Her sisters Salamander, Viper, and Mücke also participated, and the four ships operated in Jade Bight. Wespe was thereafter assigned to the Reserve Division of the North Sea. From 1892 to 1894, she was modernized with a new, armored conning tower and an additional two 8.7 cm (3.4 in) L/24 built-up guns and a pair of 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon. Despite the reconstruction, the ship never returned to active service, and she was eventually struck from the naval register on 28 June 1909. She was sold the following year in Düsseldorf, and was thereafter used as a barge.[5][6] In 1911, Wespe was converted into a cutter suction dredger and sold into commercial service with the Hollandsche Aanneming Maatschappij, where she was renamed H.A.M. III.[7]

At some point thereafter, H.A.M. III was sent to the Dutch East Indies. On 27 March 1926, she was taken under tow by the tugboat Kraus, departing from Surabaya, Java, to sail to Australia. On the morning of 11 May, while about 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) from Newcastle, New South Wales, H.A.M. III sprang a leak in heavy weather. The ship's pumps, coupled with hand pumps, could not keep pace with the flooding, and after forty-five minutes, the three-man crew abandoned the sinking vessel as Kraus cut the tow line. The suction from the sinking ship dragged the captain down about 12 m (40 ft), but he was able to swim back to the surface. Kraus rescued all three men and arrived in Newcastle two days later. H.A.M. III lies at a depth of 56 fathoms (336 ft; 102 m) off Sugar Loaf Point.[8]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Sondhaus, pp. 113–114.
  2. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 69.
  3. ^ a b c Gröner, pp. 137–138.
  4. ^ Lyon, p. 261.
  5. ^ a b c Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 69–70.
  6. ^ a b Gröner, p. 138.
  7. ^ "H.A.M. III (H.A.M. 3)". dredgepoint.org. Central Dredging Association. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  8. ^ "Sucked down 40 feet". The Herald. No. 15282. Melbourne. 13 May 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 17 November 2021 – via Trove.

References

[edit]
  • Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
  • Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 8. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag.
  • Lyon, David (1979). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 240–265. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
  • Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7.