David Bawden: Difference between revisions

History
History
Diaconal ordination
Ordained by	Robert Biarnesen
Date	December 11, 2011
Priestly ordination
Ordained by	Robert Biarnesen
Date	December 11, 2011
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated by	Robert Biarnesen
Date	December 11, 2011

David Bawden
David Bawden
Pope Michael I
Installed	July 16, 1990
Term ended	August 2, 2022
Successor	Rogelio Martinez
Opposed to	John Paul II; Benedict XVI; Francis;
Orders
Ordination	December 11, 2011; by Robert Biarnesen
Consecration	December 11, 2011; by Robert Biarnesen
Personal details
Born	September 22, 1959; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
Died	August 2, 2022 (aged 62); Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Ordination history
Ordained by
History
Diaconal ordination
Ordained by	Robert Biarnesen
Date	December 11, 2011
Priestly ordination
Ordained by	Robert Biarnesen
Date	December 11, 2011
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated by	Robert Biarnesen
Date	December 11, 2011

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David Allen Bawden (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),^[1] who took the name Pope Michael I, was an American conclavist claimant to the papacy. Bawden believed that the Catholic Church had apostatized from the Catholic faith since Vatican II, and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958. In 1990 he was elected pope by a group of six laypeople, including himself and his parents. In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an Independent Catholic bishop.

Early life and education

Bawden was born in 1959 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Clara (née Barton) and Kennett Bawden.^[1]^[2]^[3] He attended elementary school and high school in Oklahoma City.^[2] He had one brother.^[3]

Bawden's parents were traditionalist Catholics who rejected Vatican II.^[4] In the mid-1970s, he and his family became followers of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX).^[5]^[6] Bawden entered the SSPX seminary in Écône, Switzerland, in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in Armada, Michigan. He was dismissed in 1978.^[4]^[6] His family subsequently moved to St. Marys, Kansas, where the SSPX ran Saint Mary's Academy and College. Bawden worked for the school and his brother attended it.^[7] In 1981 Bawden broke with the SSPX.^[5] Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.^[8]

Claim to the papacy

Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of Pope Pius XII on October 9, 1958, were modernists, heretics, and apostates, and that their elections were invalid.^[9] On July 16, 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other laypeople held a papal conclave at the Bawden family's thrift store in Belvue, Kansas.^[5]^[3] Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.^[10]^[11] He styled himself "Michael I" after Saint Michael the Archangel.^[8] Bawden had invited hundreds of Independent Catholic bishops and sedevacantists to the election, but none attended.^[12] As Bawden was not ordained until 2011, he was unable to celebrate Mass or confect the sacraments as a priest.^[4]

Later years and death

After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.^[3] In 1993, they relocated to Delia, Kansas.^[5] His father died in 1995.^[13] Bawden established a presence on the internet as an alternative claimant to the papacy;^[14] in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".^[15] He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.^[6] In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, Pope Michael.^[16]

Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an Independent Catholic episcopus vagans, Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic episcopal lineages.^[17]^[18] Bawden said that he was able to validly celebrate Catholic sacraments, offer the Mass, ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops, since he believed that the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages were recognized as valid by the Catholic Church.^[19]

In a 2022 interview released posthumously, Bawden said that his church had grown to more than 100 members.^[20]

On July 10, 2022, his church's Twitter account posted that Bawden had to have emergency surgery and was in a coma.^[21] Bawden died on August 2, 2022, in Kansas City, Missouri.^[1]^[22]

On July 29, 2023, some of his followers elected Rogelio Martinez, a bishop from the Philippines, as his successor. He took the name Michael II.^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Obituary for Father David A. Bawden". www.davidsonfuneral.com. Davidson Funeral Home. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Seba, Erwin (July 23, 1990). "'Pope' explains theological conflicts". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 165. pp. 1, 5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Henning, Sarah (October 17, 2009). "The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church". Lawrence Journal-World. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brisendine, Steve (May 30, 2005). "Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Melton, J. Gordon (1994). "Catholic Church (Pope Michael I)". Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8103-8818-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bawden, David; Asadi, Torang (September 2, 2010). Pope Michael Oral History. Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ Crumbo, Christine (August 17, 1990). "Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope". Miami Herald. Knight-Ridder News Service. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Fruhling, Larry (November 4, 1990). "Papal pretender twits the real one". The Des Moines Register. pp. 1A, 9A.
^ Frank, Thomas (2004). "Antipopes among us". What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. Macmillan. pp. 217–224. ISBN 978-0-8050-7339-3.
^ "Group elects area man pope". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 164. Associated Press. July 19, 1990. p. 8.
^ Fox, Robin (2011). The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780674059016.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Vatican in Exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ "Obituary: Bawden, Kennett". Rossville Kansas Genealogy. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
^ Last, Jonathan V. (December 2005). "God on the Internet". First Things. No. 158. pp. 34–40. ISSN 1047-5141. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ Fairholm, Adam (director) (2010). Pope Michael (Documentary). Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ Mills, David (February 28, 2012), "We have a Pope, but not that one", First Things, Institute on Religion and Public Life, archived from the original on August 5, 2022, retrieved December 25, 2018
^ Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB. Apocryphile Press. p. 169. ISBN 9781947826908.
^ Anderson, Phil (January 13, 2012). "Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ Bawden, David (November 2, 2016). "Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael". Pope-Michael.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
^ Interview with Pope Michael. Pontifacts Podcast. September 2, 2022.
^ #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (July 10, 2022). "Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (August 3, 2022). "Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Habemus Papam!: Michael II". Magnus Lundberg. August 10, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.

External links

Official website

[obituary-1] "Obituary for Father David A. Bawden". www.davidsonfuneral.com. Davidson Funeral Home. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.

[Seba_1990-2] Seba, Erwin (July 23, 1990). "'Pope' explains theological conflicts". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 165. pp. 1, 5.

[Henning_2009-3] Henning, Sarah (October 17, 2009). "The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church". Lawrence Journal-World. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2022.

[Brisendine-4] Brisendine, Steve (May 30, 2005). "Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.

[Melton_1994-5] Melton, J. Gordon (1994). "Catholic Church (Pope Michael I)". Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8103-8818-5.

[oral_history-6] Bawden, David; Asadi, Torang (September 2, 2010). Pope Michael Oral History. Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2022.

[7] Crumbo, Christine (August 17, 1990). "Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope". Miami Herald. Knight-Ridder News Service. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.

[Fruhling_1990-8] Fruhling, Larry (November 4, 1990). "Papal pretender twits the real one". The Des Moines Register. pp. 1A, 9A.

[Frank-9] Frank, Thomas (2004). "Antipopes among us". What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. Macmillan. pp. 217–224. ISBN 978-0-8050-7339-3.

[10] "Group elects area man pope". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 164. Associated Press. July 19, 1990. p. 8.

[11] Fox, Robin (2011). The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780674059016.

[12] "Frequently Asked Questions". Vatican in Exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.

[13] "Obituary: Bawden, Kennett". Rossville Kansas Genealogy. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.

[14] Last, Jonathan V. (December 2005). "God on the Internet". First Things. No. 158. pp. 34–40. ISSN 1047-5141. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.

[documentary-15] Fairholm, Adam (director) (2010). Pope Michael (Documentary). Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021.

[16] Mills, David (February 28, 2012), "We have a Pope, but not that one", First Things, Institute on Religion and Public Life, archived from the original on August 5, 2022, retrieved December 25, 2018

[17] Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB. Apocryphile Press. p. 169. ISBN 9781947826908.

[18] Anderson, Phil (January 13, 2012). "Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.

[19] Bawden, David (November 2, 2016). "Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael". Pope-Michael.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.

[20] Interview with Pope Michael. Pontifacts Podcast. September 2, 2022.

[sick-21] #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (July 10, 2022). "Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

[died-22] #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (August 3, 2022). "Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

[23] "Habemus Papam!: Michael II". Magnus Lundberg. August 10, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{for|the information science scholar|David Bawden (academic)}}
 {{Short description|Conclavist claimant to papacy (1959–2022)}}
 {{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
 {{Infobox Christian leader
-| type = Antipope
 | name = David Bawden
-| title =
+| title = Pope Michael I
 | image =
 | birth_date = {{birth date|1959|9|22|mf=y}}
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | term_start = July 16, 1990
 | opposed = {{ubl|[[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]|[[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]]|[[Pope Francis|Francis]]}}
+| successor = [[Rogelio Del Rosario Martinez|Rogelio Martinez]]
 <!---------- Orders ---------->| ordination = December 11, 2011
 | ordained_by = [[Robert Biarnesen]]
@@ Line 39: / Line 40: @@
 }}
-'''David Allen Bawden''' (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),<ref name="obituary">{{cite web |title=Obituary for Father David A. Bawden |url=https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.davidsonfuneral.com |publisher=Davidson Funeral Home |language=en |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803014513/https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |url-status=live }}</ref> who took the name '''Pope Michael''', was an American citizen and a [[Conclavism|conclavist]] claimant to the [[papacy]]. In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six [[laity|laypeople]], including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the [[Catholic Church]] had [[Apostasy|apostatized]] from the Catholic faith since [[Vatican II]], and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958.<ref name="Melton 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |title=Catholic Church (Pope Michael I) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement |date=1994 |location=Detroit  |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |isbn=978-0-8103-8818-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000melt_l0j4/page/n15/mode/2up |page=1}}</ref> In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an [[Independent Catholic]] bishop.
+'''David Allen Bawden''' (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),<ref name="obituary">{{cite web |title=Obituary for Father David A. Bawden |url=https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.davidsonfuneral.com |publisher=Davidson Funeral Home |language=en |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803014513/https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |url-status=live }}</ref> who took the name '''Pope Michael I''', was an American [[Conclavism|conclavist]] claimant to the [[papacy]]. Bawden believed that the [[Catholic Church]] had [[Apostasy|apostatized]] from the Catholic faith since [[Vatican II]], and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958. In 1990 he was elected pope by a group of six [[laity|laypeople]], including himself and his parents. In 2011, he was [[ordained]] a priest and consecrated a [[bishop]] by an [[Independent Catholic]] bishop.
 == Early life and education ==
@@ Line 45: / Line 46: @@
 Bawden was born in 1959 in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, to Clara ({{nee}} Barton) and Kennett<!--not Kenneth--> Bawden.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="Seba 1990">{{cite news |last1=Seba |first1=Erwin |title='Pope' explains theological conflicts |work=Kansas State Collegian |volume=96 |number=165 |date=July 23, 1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up 1], [https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n95/mode/2up 5]}}</ref><ref name="Henning 2009">{{cite news |last1=Henning |first1=Sarah |title=The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church |url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2009/oct/17/gospel-pope-michael-kansan-stakes-own-claim-cathol/ |access-date=August 3, 2022 |work=Lawrence Journal-World |date=October 17, 2009 |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215010914/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2009/oct/17/gospel-pope-michael-kansan-stakes-own-claim-cathol/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended elementary school and high school in Oklahoma City.<ref name="Seba 1990"/> He had one brother.<ref name="Henning 2009"/>
-Bawden's parents were [[traditionalist Catholics]] who rejected [[Vatican II]].<ref name="Brisendine">{{cite news|last=Brisendine|first=Steve|title=Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073114/http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=April 24, 2012|newspaper=[[The Topeka Capital-Journal]]|date=May 30, 2005}}</ref> In the mid-1970s, he and his family became followers of the [[Society of St. Pius X]] (SSPX).<ref name="oral history">{{cite AV media |last1=Bawden |first1=David |last2=Asadi |first2=Torang |title=Pope Michael Oral History |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/12673 |language=en |date=September 2, 2010 |publisher=Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907203110/http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/12673 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawden entered [[International Seminary of Saint Pius X|the SSPX seminary]] in [[Écône]], [[Switzerland]], in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in [[Armada, Michigan]]. He was dismissed in 1978.<ref name="Brisendine"/><ref name="oral history"/> His family subsequently moved to [[St. Marys, Kansas]], where the SSPX ran [[Saint Mary's Academy and College]]. Bawden worked for the school and his brother attended it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crumbo |first1=Christine |title=Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/635782994/ |work=[[Miami Herald]] |agency=Knight-Ridder News Service |date=August 17, 1990 |language=en |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803204216/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/635782994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1981 Bawden broke with the SSPX.<ref name="Melton 1994"/> Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.<ref name="Fruhling 1990"/>
+Bawden's parents were [[traditionalist Catholics]] who rejected [[Vatican II]].<ref name="Brisendine">{{cite news|last=Brisendine|first=Steve|title=Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073114/http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=April 24, 2012|newspaper=[[The Topeka Capital-Journal]]|date=May 30, 2005}}</ref> In the mid-1970s, he and his family became followers of the [[Society of St. Pius X]] (SSPX).<ref name="Melton 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |title=Catholic Church (Pope Michael I) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement |date=1994 |location=Detroit  |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |isbn=978-0-8103-8818-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000melt_l0j4/page/n15/mode/2up |page=1}}</ref><ref name="oral history">{{cite AV media |last1=Bawden |first1=David |last2=Asadi |first2=Torang |title=Pope Michael Oral History |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/12673 |language=en |date=September 2, 2010 |publisher=Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907203110/http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/12673 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawden entered [[International Seminary of Saint Pius X|the SSPX seminary]] in [[Écône]], [[Switzerland]], in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in [[Armada, Michigan]]. He was dismissed in 1978.<ref name="Brisendine"/><ref name="oral history"/> His family subsequently moved to [[St. Marys, Kansas]], where the SSPX ran [[Saint Mary's Academy and College]]. Bawden worked for the school and his brother attended it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crumbo |first1=Christine |title=Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/635782994/ |work=[[Miami Herald]] |agency=Knight-Ridder News Service |date=August 17, 1990 |language=en |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803204216/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/635782994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1981 Bawden broke with the SSPX.<ref name="Melton 1994"/> Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.<ref name="Fruhling 1990"/>
 == Claim to the papacy ==
 {{See also|Conclavism}}
-Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] on October 9, 1958, were [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernists]], heretics, and [[apostates]], and that their elections were [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|invalid]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite book|title=What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America|first=Thomas|last=Frank|author-link=Thomas Frank|chapter=Antipopes among us|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217 217–224]|publisher=Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-7339-3|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217}}</ref> He considered them to have incurred ''[[latae sententiae]]'' (automatic) [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunication]] for violating not only [[Pope Pius X]]'s laws on modernism but also the [[divine law]]s.<ref name="Frank" />
+Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] on October 9, 1958, were [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernists]], heretics, and [[apostates]], and that their elections were [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|invalid]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite book|title=What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America|first=Thomas|last=Frank|author-link=Thomas Frank|chapter=Antipopes among us|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217 217–224]|publisher=Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-7339-3|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217}}</ref> On July 16, 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other laypeople held a [[papal conclave]] at the Bawden family's thrift store in [[Belvue, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/><ref name="Henning 2009"/> Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.<ref>{{cite news |title=Group elects area man pope |url=https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up |work=Kansas State Collegian |agency=Associated Press |volume=96 |number=164 |date=July 19, 1990 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin |author-link=Robin Fox |title=The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind|year=2011|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMm30y9a1G0C&pg=PA104|isbn=9780674059016}}</ref> He styled himself "Michael I" after [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael the Archangel]].<ref name="Fruhling 1990">{{cite news |last1=Fruhling |first1=Larry |title=Papal pretender twits the real one |url= |work=The Des Moines Register |date=November 4, 1990 |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7878844/pope-michael/ 1A], [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/132253416/ 9A]}}</ref> Bawden had invited hundreds of [[Independent Catholic]] bishops and [[sedevacantists]] to the election, but none attended.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php|url-status=live|access-date=March 24, 2021|website=Vatican in Exile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110029/https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php |archive-date=January 16, 2021 }}</ref> As Bawden was not [[ordained]] until 2011, he was unable to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or confect the [[sacraments]] as a priest.<ref name="Brisendine"/>
-On July 16, 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other former adherents of the SSPX held a [[papal conclave]] at the Bawden family's thrift store in [[Belvue, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/><ref name="Allen 2004">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John L. |author-link=John L. Allen Jr. |title=Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election |date=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Image/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-50453-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/conclavepolitics0000alle/page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–3}}</ref> Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.<ref>{{cite news |title=Group elects area man pope |url=https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up |work=Kansas State Collegian |agency=Associated Press |volume=96 |number=164 |date=July 19, 1990 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin |author-link=Robin Fox |title=The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind|year=2011|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMm30y9a1G0C&pg=PA104|isbn=9780674059016}}</ref> He styled himself "Michael I" after [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael the Archangel]].<ref name="Fruhling 1990">{{cite news |last1=Fruhling |first1=Larry |title=Papal pretender twits the real one |url= |work=The Des Moines Register |date=November 4, 1990 |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7878844/pope-michael/ 1A], [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/132253416/ 9A]}}</ref> Bawden had invited hundreds of [[Independent Catholic]] bishops and [[sedevacantists]] to the election, but none attended.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php|url-status=live|access-date=March 24, 2021|website=Vatican in Exile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110029/https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php |archive-date=January 16, 2021 }}</ref> As Bawden was not [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|ordained]] until 2011, he was unable to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or confect the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] as a priest.<ref name="Allen 2004"/>
 ==Later years and death==
-After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.<ref name="Allen 2004"/> In 1993 they relocated to [[Delia, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/> His father died in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Bawden, Kennett |url=http://genealogy.rossvillelibrary.org/showmedia.php?mediaID=250 |website=Rossville Kansas Genealogy |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203742/http://genealogy.rossvillelibrary.org/showmedia.php?mediaID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawden established a presence on the internet as an [[antipope|alternative claimant to the papacy]];<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Last |first1=Jonathan V. |author-link=Jonathan V. Last |title=God on the Internet |magazine=[[First Things]] |date=December 2005 |issue=158 |pages=34–40 |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/12/god-on-the-internet |issn=1047-5141 |language=en |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803123943/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/12/god-on-the-internet |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary">{{Cite AV media |title=Pope Michael |people=Fairholm, Adam (director) |type=Documentary |date=2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222131154/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live |language=en |access-date=March 24, 2021 }}</ref> He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.<ref name="oral history"/> In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, ''Pope Michael''.<ref>{{citation|work=[[First Things]]|publisher=Institute on Religion and Public Life|title=We have a Pope, but not that one|last=Mills|first=David|author-link=David Mills (editor)|date=February 28, 2012|url=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/02/we-have-a-pope-but-not-that-one/|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-date=August 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203742/https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/02/we-have-a-pope-but-not-that-one/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Leven |first1=Benjamin |title=Die vielen Körper des Papstes: "Die zwei Päpste" und "The New Pope" |url=https://www.herder.de/hk/hefte/archiv/2020/2-2020/die-vielen-koerper-des-papstes-die-zwei-paepste-und-the-new-pope/ |magazine=Herder Korrespondenz |volume=74 |issue=2 |date=February 2020 |pages=25–28 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203743/https://www.herder.de/hk/hefte/archiv/2020/2-2020/die-vielen-koerper-des-papstes-die-zwei-paepste-und-the-new-pope/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.<ref name="Henning 2009"/> In 1993, they relocated to [[Delia, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/> His father died in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Bawden, Kennett |url=http://genealogy.rossvillelibrary.org/showmedia.php?mediaID=250 |website=Rossville Kansas Genealogy |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203742/http://genealogy.rossvillelibrary.org/showmedia.php?mediaID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawden established a presence on the internet as an alternative claimant to the papacy;<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Last |first1=Jonathan V. |author-link=Jonathan V. Last |title=God on the Internet |magazine=[[First Things]] |date=December 2005 |issue=158 |pages=34–40 |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/12/god-on-the-internet |issn=1047-5141 |language=en |access-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803123943/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/12/god-on-the-internet |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary">{{Cite AV media |title=Pope Michael |people=Fairholm, Adam (director) |type=Documentary |date=2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222131154/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |url-status=live |language=en |access-date=March 24, 2021 }}</ref> He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.<ref name="oral history"/> In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, ''Pope Michael''.<ref>{{citation|work=[[First Things]]|publisher=Institute on Religion and Public Life|title=We have a Pope, but not that one|last=Mills|first=David|author-link=David Mills (editor)|date=February 28, 2012|url=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/02/we-have-a-pope-but-not-that-one/|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-date=August 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203742/https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/02/we-have-a-pope-but-not-that-one/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an [[Independent Catholic]] ''[[episcopus vagans]]'', Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the [[Carlos Duarte Costa|Duarte-Costa]] and [[Old Catholic]] episcopal lineages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jarvis|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|title=God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB|year=2018|publisher=Apocryphile Press|page=169|isbn=9781947826908}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Phil |title=Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile |url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2012/01/13/kansas-pope-leads-flock-exile/16445661007/ |access-date=August 3, 2022 |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |date=January 13, 2012 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203743/https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2012/01/13/kansas-pope-leads-flock-exile/16445661007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawden said that he was able to [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|validly]] confect Catholic sacraments, offer the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops, since he believed that the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages were recognized as valid by the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bawden |first1=David |title=Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael |url=http://pope-michael.com/pope-michael/summary-of-the-position/validity-of-the-ordination-and-consecration-of-pope-michael/ |website=Pope-Michael.com |date=November 2, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327225441/http://pope-michael.com/pope-michael/summary-of-the-position/validity-of-the-ordination-and-consecration-of-pope-michael/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an [[Independent Catholic]] ''[[episcopus vagans]]'', Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the [[Carlos Duarte Costa|Duarte-Costa]] and [[Old Catholic]] [[Episcopal lineage|episcopal lineages]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jarvis|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|title=God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB|year=2018|publisher=Apocryphile Press|page=169|isbn=9781947826908}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Phil |title=Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile |url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2012/01/13/kansas-pope-leads-flock-exile/16445661007/ |access-date=August 3, 2022 |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |date=January 13, 2012 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805203743/https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2012/01/13/kansas-pope-leads-flock-exile/16445661007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawden said that he was able to [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|validly]] celebrate Catholic sacraments, offer the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops, since he believed that the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages were recognized as valid by the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bawden |first1=David |title=Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael |url=http://pope-michael.com/pope-michael/summary-of-the-position/validity-of-the-ordination-and-consecration-of-pope-michael/ |website=Pope-Michael.com |date=November 2, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327225441/http://pope-michael.com/pope-michael/summary-of-the-position/validity-of-the-ordination-and-consecration-of-pope-michael/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Rogelio Martinez, a Filipino archbishop in the [[Catholic Charismatic Church]], united himself with Bawden in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martinez |first1=Rogelio |title=My Vocation Story |work=Olive Tree |publisher=Vatican in Exile |date=May 2022 |volume=VII |issue=2 |url=https://www.vaticaninexile.com/may_2022_olive_tree.php |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> In a 2022 interview released posthumously, Bawden said that his church had grown to more than 100 members.<ref>{{Cite AV media |first= |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Interview with Pope Michael |url=https://pontifacts.podbean.com/e/interview-with-pope-michael-posthumous-release/ |website=Pontifacts Podcast}}</ref>
+In a 2022 interview released posthumously, Bawden said that his church had grown to more than 100 members.<ref>{{Cite AV media |first= |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Interview with Pope Michael |url=https://pontifacts.podbean.com/e/interview-with-pope-michael-posthumous-release/ |website=Pontifacts Podcast}}</ref>
 On July 10, 2022, his church's Twitter account posted that Bawden had to have emergency surgery and was in a coma.<ref name="sick">{{Cite tweet |author=#Vatican in Exile |user=Francis5Domini3 |number=1546136634772652035 |title=Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma.}} </ref> Bawden died on August 2, 2022, in Kansas City, Missouri.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="died">{{Cite tweet |author=#Vatican in Exile |user=Francis5Domini3 |number=1554621541937291264 |title=Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP}}</ref>
+On July 29, 2023, some of his followers elected [[Rogelio Del Rosario Martinez|Rogelio Martinez]], a bishop from the [[Philippines]], as his successor. He took the name '''Michael II'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=Habemus Papam!: Michael II |url=https://magnuslundberg.net/2023/08/10/habemus-papam-michael-ii/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Magnus Lundberg |language=en}}</ref>
 == References ==
 {{reflist}}
+== Further reading ==
+* [https://wrldrels.org/2023/02/04/pope-michael "Pope Michael", article by Magnus Lundberg for the World Religions and Spirituality Project]
+* {{YouTube|id=b96WxyxPfOY|title="''Pope Michael'' Full Documentary"}}
+* [https://pontifacts.podbean.com/e/interview-with-pope-michael-posthumous-release/ Pope Michael Interview with Pontifacts Podcast]
 ==External links==
 * [https://www.vaticaninexile.com/index.php Official website]
-Media appearances:
-* {{YouTube|id=b96WxyxPfOY|title="''Pope Michael'' Full Documentary"}}
-* [https://pontifacts.podbean.com/e/interview-with-pope-michael-posthumous-release/ Pope Michael Interview with Pontifacts Podcast]
-{{Antipopes}}
 {{SSPX}}
+{{Western Schism}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Bawden, David}}
 [[Category:1959 births]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 83: @@
 [[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
 [[Category:People from Jackson County, Kansas]]
-[[Category:Antipopes]]
 [[Category:People expelled from the Society of St. Pius X]]
 [[Category:American traditionalist Catholics]]

v t e Society of Saint Pius X
History	Modernism Second Vatican Council (Coetus Internationalis Patrum) Novus Ordo Mass (Ottaviani Intervention) Traditionalist Catholicism Traditional Latin Mass International Seminary of Saint Pius X Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet Écône consecrations Ecclesia Dei (Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei) Summorum Pontificum
People	Marcel Lefebvre Bernard Tissier de Mallerais Alfonso de Galarreta Bernard Fellay Richard Williamson Davide Pagliarani Franz Schmidberger Niklaus Pfluger François Ducaud-Bourget Basil Kovpak Robert Brucciani Paul Morgan Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers Josef Bisig Anthony Cekada Licínio Rangel Fernando Arêas Rifan Donald Sanborn Florian Abrahamowicz Paul Aulagnier David Bawden Daniel Dolan Juan María Fernández y Krohn Clarence Kelly Philippe Laguérie
General	The Angelus Superior General of the Society of Saint Pius X Dialogue between the Holy See and the Society of Saint Pius X Canonical situation of the Society of Saint Pius X Controversies surrounding the Society of Saint Pius X Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre St. Marys, Kansas
SSPX-affiliated religious orders	Sisters of the Society of Saint Pius X Fraternity of the Transfiguration Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat Abbey of Saint-Joseph de Clairval (until 1988) Servants of the Holy Family (until 1989) Priestly Union of Saint Jean-Marie Vianney (until 2002) Transalpine Redemptorists (until 2008)
Derivatives	Society of Saint Pius V (1983) Istituto Mater Boni Consilii (1985) Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (1988) Institute of the Good Shepherd (2006) Priestly Union Marcel Lefebvre (2014)
Related	Council of Trent Quo primum Syllabus of Errors Pope Pius X 1917 Code of Canon Law François Charrière Michael Davies Antônio de Castro Mayer Salvador Lazo John Bosco Manat Chuabsamai Vitus Huonder Carlo Maria Viganò Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney Alleanza Cattolica (until 1981)
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