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{{Short description|Indian dynasty in what is now Rajasthan}} |
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{{For|Guhilas of Saurashtra, Gujarat|Gohil dynasty|Gohil (disambiguation){{!}}Gohil}} |
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|India Rajasthan |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}} |
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{{Infobox family |
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|caption = Location of Ahar, Nagda, Chittor and Sisodia in present-day Rajasthan |
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| name = Guhila dynasty |
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|nodiv = 1 |
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| seat = {{plainlist| |
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|mini = 1 |
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*[[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]] |
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|places = |
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*[[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]] |
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{{location map~ |India Rajasthan |lat=24.587778|N |long=73.719444|E |label=Ahar|position=bottom }} |
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* [[Chittor]]}} |
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{{location map~ |India Rajasthan |lat=25.165124|N |long=76.265291|E |label=Nagda|position=top }} |
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| country = [[Kingdom of Mewar]] |
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{{location map~ |India Rajasthan |lat=24.888744|N |long=74.626922|E |label=Chittor|position=bottom }} |
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| founder = [[Guhila|Rawal Guhil]] |
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{{location map~ |India Rajasthan |lat=25.005169|N |long=73.740431|E |label=Sisoda|position=top }} |
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| founded = 566 |
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| deposition = 1303 (main branch)<br>1948 (cadet branch) |
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| final_ruler = [[Ratnasimha]] (main branch)<br>[[Bhupal Singh]] (cadet branch) |
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| current_head = ''None (extinct)''<br>[[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] (cadet branch) |
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| cadet branches = [[House of Sisodia]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Guhilas of Medapata''' colloquially known as '''Guhilas of Mewar''' were a Rajput dynasty that ruled the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] (Medapata, modern [[Mewar]]) region in present-day [[Rajasthan]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|pages=116|quote="The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan."|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=David Ludden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|page=89|quote= By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...|language=en}}</ref> The Guhila kings initially ruled as [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] feudatories between the end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=51}} Their capitals included Nagahrada ([[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]]) and Aghata ([[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]). For this reason, they are also known as the Nagda-Ahar branch of the [[Gahlot|Guhilas]]. |
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The '''Guhilas of Medapata''', also known as the '''Guhilas of Mewar''', were an Indian [[Rajput]] dyansty who ruled the Medapata ([[Mewar]]) region in present-day [[Rajasthan]]. The early kings of the dynasty ruled as [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] vassals between 8th and 10th centuries. Their capitals included Nagahrada ([[Nagda (Rajasthan)|Nagda]]) and Aghata ([[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]). For this reason, they are also known as the Nagda-Ahar branch of the [[Gahlot|Guhilas]]. |
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The Guhilas assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Pratiharas in the 10th century under [[Rawal Bharttripatta II]] and [[Rawal Allata]]. During the 10th-13th centuries, they were involved in military conflicts with several of their neighbours, including the [[Kingdom of Malwa]], the [[Kingdom of Sambhar]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Chaulukya]]s, and the [[Kingdom of Gujarat]]. In the late 11th century, the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] interfered in the Guhila throne possibly deposing a ruler and placing some other ruler of the branch.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=59-61}} |
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After the decline of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Guhilas ruled as sovereigns. In the 13th century, the dynasty divided into two branches: one branch ruled from Chitrakuta (modern [[Chittorgarh]]) with the title ''[[Rawal]]'', while another branch ruled from [[Sisodia|Sesoda]] with the title ''[[Rana (title)|Rana]]''. |
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In the mid-12th century, the dynasty divided into two branches. The senior branch (whose rulers are called ''Rawal'' in the later medieval literature) ruled from Chitrakuta (modern [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh]]), and ended with [[Ratnasimha]]'s defeat against the Delhi Sultanate at the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|1303 Siege of Chittorgarh]]. The junior branch rose from the village of Sisoda with the title ''[[Rana (title)|Rana]]'' and established the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] dynasty. |
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== Origin == |
== Origin == |
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The history of the Guhilas has been obscured by bardic legends. |
The history of the Guhilas has been obscured by bardic legends. In the 7th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day [[Rajasthan]] in Nagda-Ahar, Kishkindha (Kalyanpur) and Dhavagarta (Dhor). None of these dynasties claimed any prestigious origin in their 7th century records.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=64}} The Guhilas of Dhavagarta explicitly mentioned the Mori (later Mauryas) kings as their overlords, and the early kings of the other two dynasties also bore the titles indicating their subordinate status.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=65}} |
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By the 10th century, the Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar were the only among the three dynasties to have survived. By this time, their political status had increased, and the Guhila kings had assumed high royal titles such as ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''. During this period, the dynasty started claiming a prestigious origin, stating that its founder [[Guhila|Guhadatta (Guhila)]] was a [[kshatriya]] who was bought up in a Nagda [[Brahmin]] household and had migrated from Anandapura (present-day [[Vadnagar]] in Gujarat).{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=66}} The 977 CE Atpur inscription of Shaktikumara lists 20 Guhila kings in an unbroken line of succession, starting with Guhadatta and ending with Shaktikumara.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|pp=298-299}} |
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[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|The Guhila dynasty ruled from [[Chittor Fort]], which fell to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]], marking the end of the dynasty.]] |
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The Atpur inscription does not mention [[Bappa Rawal]], whom the bardic legends and other post-13th century records name as the dynasty's founder. Historians identify Bappa Rawal with either Kalabhoja or Khummana mentioned in the Atpur inscription. [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that he achieved a highly significant military success, because of which he gained reputation as the founder of the dynasty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}} The 1460 CE Kumbhalgarh inscription identifies Bappa Rawal as Shiladitya, and mentions Guhadatta as his son. This appears to be erroneous.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=39}} |
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By the 13th century, having consolidated their rule over the Medapata ([[Mewar]]) region<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Bappa Rawal |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/famous/Bappa-Rawal.php |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=68}} Their post-13th century records and the subsequent bardic legends name the dynasty's founder as [[Bappa Rawal]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Bappa Rawal |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/famous/Bappa-Rawal.php |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> who is not mentioned in the Atpur inscription.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}} These accounts state that Bappa Rawal consolidated his rule with the blessings of the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] sage Haritarashi.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=68}} Different historians identify Bappa Rawal with different kings mentioned in the Atpur inscription, including Kalabhoja, Shiladitya, and Khummana. [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that Bappa achieved a highly significant military success, because of which he gained reputation as the dynasty's founder.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}} |
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According to 1274 CE Chittor inscription and 1285 CE [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshwar]] ([[Mount Abu|Abu]]) inscription of Vedasharma, Bappa Rawal "changed his priestly splendour for regal lustre". Based on this, scholars such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] theorized that the Guhilas were originally |
According to the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshwar]] ([[Mount Abu|Abu]]) inscription of Vedasharma, Bappa Rawal "changed his priestly splendour for regal lustre". Based on this, scholars such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] theorized that the Guhilas were originally Brahmins. [[G. H. Ojha]], however, believed that the statement in Vedasharma's inscription is a misinterpretation of the earlier Atpur inscription. The Atpur inscription describes Guhadatta as a "Mahideva", which according to historian R. V. Somani, can be translated as either "king" or "Brahmin".{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=31-32}} |
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The 1274 CE Chittor inscription compares the Guhila ruler Bharttripatta with Rama, describing both of them as "Brahma-Kshatras". Based on the identification of Rama with [[Parashurama]], scholars such as [[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the progenitor of the dynasty had a Brahmin parent and a Kshatriya parent. However, |
The 1274 CE Chittor inscription compares the Guhila ruler Bharttripatta with Rama, describing both of them as "Brahma-Kshatras". Based on the identification of Rama with [[Parashurama]], scholars such as [[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the progenitor of the dynasty had a Brahmin parent and a [[Kshatriya]] parent. However, Somani dismisses this theory, arguing that [[Rama]] here refers to [[Ramachandra]], from whose [[Solar dynasty]] (or [[Suryavansh]]) the later Guhilas claimed descent.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=32}} |
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The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated |
The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated genealogy, claiming that the dynasty's founder Guhaditya was a son of Shiladitya, the [[Maitraka]] ruler of [[Vallabhi]]. This claim is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=34}} |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[R. C. Majumdar]] places Guhadatta in 5th century CE, assuming a 20-year reign for each generation.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977| |
[[File:Bappa_Rawal.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Bappa Rawal]] at [[Mewar]] (r.728 CE–763 CE).|left|257x257px]][[R. C. Majumdar]] places Guhadatta in the 5th century CE, assuming a 20-year reign for each generation.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|pp=298-299}} R. V Somani places him somewhere before the first quarter of the 6th century.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=34}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2005-01-01 |title=NANDINI SINHA KAPUR: State Formation in Rajasthan: Mewar during the Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. 308pp. Delhi: Manohar, 2002. |url=https://www.academia.edu/14797579 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient}}</ref> |
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According to the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription, Guhadatta was succeeded by Bhoja, who commissioned the construction of a tank at [[Eklingji]]. The 1285 CE Achaleshwar inscription describes him as a devotee of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=36}} Bhoja was succeeded by Mahendra and |
According to the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription, Guhadatta was succeeded by Bhoja, who commissioned the construction of a tank at [[Eklingji]]. The 1285 CE Achaleshwar inscription describes him as a devotee of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=36}} Bhoja was succeeded by Mahendra and Nagaditya. The bardic legends state that Nagaditya was killed in a battle with the [[Bhils]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=36}} |
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Nagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at [[Zawar|Jawar]] were excavated during his reign, which greatly increased the economic prosperity of the kingdom. The 16th century Buddhist writer [[Taranatha]] mentions a reputed artist named Shringadhara, who was patronized by the king Shila of Maru country. Somani identifies this king as the Guhila king Shiladitya, although some other have identified him as [[Harshavardhana]] or the Maitraka king Shiladitya.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=37-38}} |
Nagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at [[Zawar|Jawar]] were excavated during his reign, which greatly increased the economic prosperity of the kingdom. The 16th century Buddhist writer [[Taranatha]] mentions a reputed artist named Shringadhara, who was patronized by the king Shila of Maru country. Somani identifies this king as the Guhila king Shiladitya, although some other historians have identified him as [[Harshavardhana]] or the Maitraka king Shiladitya.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=37-38}} |
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Shiladitya was succeeded by Aparajita, who is attested by the 661 CE Kunda inscription. This epigraph records the construction of a Vishnu temple by Yashomati, the wife of Aparajita's commander Varaha. According to the bardic chronicles, Aparajita was also killed in a battle with the Bhils. His son Mahendra succeeded him.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=39}} |
Shiladitya was succeeded by Aparajita, who is attested by the 661 CE Kunda inscription. This epigraph records the construction of a Vishnu temple by Yashomati, the wife of Aparajita's commander Varaha. According to the bardic chronicles, Aparajita was also killed in a battle with the Bhils. His son Mahendra succeeded him.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=39}} |
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Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja, who has been identified as [[Bappa Rawal]] by several historians including [[G. H. Ojha]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=40}} Kalabhoja (Bappa Rawal) known for his magestic victory against Arabs during initial Arab invasion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Bappa Rawal |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/famous/Bappa-Rawal.php |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> Bappa Rawal defeated Arabs in the banks of River Indus and pushed them out of Present day Baluchistan. Bappa Rawal them marched towards Gahzni and defeated the local ruler Salim<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proud |first=Rajput |date=2018-11-25 |title=The History of Bappa Rawal - Founder Of The Mewar Dynasty |url=https://www.rajputproud.com/the-history-of-bappa-rawal-founder-of-the-mewar-dynasty/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Rajput Proud |language=en-US}}</ref> and returned to Chitor. |
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Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja, who has been identified as [[Bappa Rawal]] by several historians including [[G. H. Ojha]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=40}} |
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The Guhilas originally acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]]. In 10th century, |
The Guhilas originally acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]]. In the 10th century, [[Rawal Bharttripatta II|Bharttripatta II]] became an independent ruler, and assumed the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'', as attested by a 943 CE inscription. His successor [[Rawal Allata|Allata]] (reigned c. 950s CE) killed one Devapala, who according to Majumdar, might have been the Gurjara-Pratihara king Devapala.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}}[[File:Sahasra_Bahu_temples,_Nagda,_Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] in [[Nagda, Rajasthan]], 10th century CE.]] |
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[[File:Nagda(Rajasthan)Relief1.jpg|thumb|[[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] relief in [[Nagda, Rajasthan]], 10th century CE.|left]] |
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=== Guhilas of |
=== Guhilas of Ahar === |
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Towards the end of the 10th century, [[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]] became the second capital of the Guhilas.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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In the later half of the 10th century, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] defeated the elephant forces of the Guhilas, and plundered their capital Ahar. The defeated Guhila ruler (either Naravahana or his son Shaktikumara) took shelter with Dhavala, the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] ruler of Hastikundi. As a result of this victory, the Paramaras gained control of the eastern part of Mewar, including [[Chittorgarh]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=94}} |
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Towards the end of the 10th century, [[Ahar, Rajasthan|Aghata]] became the second capital of the Guhilas.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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Shaktikumara's son Ambaprasada was defeated and killed by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Vakpatiraja II|Vakpati II]]. Among his successors, Vijayasimha (r.c. 1108–1116) was a son-in-law of the Paramara king [[Udayaditya]] and a father-in-law of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gayakarna]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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In the later half of the 10th century, the [[Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] defeated the elephant forces of the Guhilas, and plundered their capital Aghata. The defeated Guhila ruler (either Naravahana or his son Shaktikumara) took shelter with Dhavala, the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] ruler of Hastikundi. As a result of this victory, the Paramaras gained control of the eastern part of Mewar, including [[Chittorgarh]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=94}} |
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Shaktikumara's son Ambaprasada was defeated and killed by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Vakpatiraja II|Vakpati II]]. Among his successors, Vijayasimha (r.c. 1108-1116) was a son-in-law of the Paramara king [[Udayaditya]] and a father-in-law of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gayakarna]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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=== Rawal branch === |
=== Rawal branch === |
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According to the 15th century text ''[[Eklingji|Eklinga]]-Mahatmaya'', the family split into two branches during the reign of Ranasimha alias Karna: the Rawal (senior) branch of Chittor, and the Rana (junior) branch of |
According to the 15th century text ''[[Eklingji|Eklinga]]-Mahatmaya'', the family split into two branches during the reign of [[Ranasimha]] alias Karna: the Rawal (senior) branch of Chittor, and the Rana (junior) branch of Sisoda.{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=311}} The later [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] Rajput dynasty of Sesoda thus descended from the Guhilas of Mewar.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298}} |
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Kshemasimha succeeded his father [[Ranasimha]] alias Karna. By 1151, Chittor was under the control of the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} Kshemasimha's son [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] appears to have achieved military success against Kumarapala's successor [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]. However, he was defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara]] chief of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. The 1231 CE Abu ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription states that Prahladana defended the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] king (that is, Ajayapala) after [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] had broken the king's power on the battlefield.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=128}}[[File:10th century Sas Bahu Hindu temple, art carving, Nagda near Udaipur Rajasthan 2015.jpg|thumb|Roof carvings, [[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] in [[Nagda, Rajasthan]], 10th century CE.|255x255px]]Shortly later, the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] king [[Kirtipala]], who was also a Chaulukya feudatory, ousted [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] from Mewar. Kirtipala probably launched this invasion during 1171-1179 CE, with the approval of his Chaulukya overlord. By 1182,{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha's]] younger brother Kumarasimha regained the control of his ancestral kingdom by appeasing the Chaulukya king [[Bhima II]].{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=5}} After losing his ancestral realm, Samantasimha established new branch of the Guhilas in the area of Vagad. However, he was displaced from Vagad by [[Bhima II]] in 1185 CE or thereabouts. He was aided by [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Sambhar-Ajmer]] ruler [[Prithviraja III]] with whom he fought against the [[Ghurid|Ghurid conqueror]] [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in [[Second Battle of Tarain]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|chapter=RAJASTHAN|editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House|page=803|quote=COMPRISING the districts of Dungarpur and Banswara was known as Vagad in old days. It was occupied chiefly by Bhils and to a small extent by Rajputs of the Chauhan and Pramara clans. Samant Singh of Mewar was forced by circumstances to migrate to Vagad and to set up a separate principality with its capital at Baroda in the last halť of the twelfth century. But his rüle was short-lived. After a reign of about ten years, he was overpowered by Bhim Deva II, who established his sway about the year 1185 and posted his chief, Vijayapal, over Vagad. The fugitive prince, according to local traditions, repaired to the court of Prithviraja and died a martyr's death at the famous feld of Tarain|url=https://books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|page=350|quote=In the final quarter of the twelfth century AD (as noted already), Mewar's Guhila chief, Samantasimha, sought refuge in the Vagar area, following his defeat at the hands of Kirtipal of Jalore and the Chalukyas of Gujarat, along with the loss of his capital city. Samantasimha established a principality centred around his new small capital of Baroda sometime around c. 1171 or so. This probably proved short-lived. Ojha holds, on the basis of the Virpur Inscription, that having been forced to quit his estates, Samantasimha subsequently found a place at the court of Prithviraj Chauhan III, and finally met a hero's death at the battle of Tarain|language=en}}</ref> |
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Kshemasimha succeeded his father Ranasimha alias Karna. By 1151, Chittor was under the control of the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} Kshemasimha's son Samantasimha appears to have achieved military success against Kumarapala's successor [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]. However, he was defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara]] chief of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. The 1231 CE Abu ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription states that Prahladana defended the [[Gurjara]] king (that is, Ajayapala) after Samantasimha had broken the king's power on the battlefield.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=128}} |
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Kumarasimha was succeeded by Mathanasimha, Padmasimha and [[Jaitrasimha]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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Shortly later, the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] king [[Kirtipala]], who was also a Chaulukya feudatory, ousted Samantasimha from Mewar. Kirtipala probably launched this invasion during 1171-1179 CE, with the approval of his Chaulukya overlord. By 1182,{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} Samantasimha's younger brother Kumarasimha regained the control of his ancestral kingdom by appeasing the Chaulukya king.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=5}} This Chaulukya king was probably Ajayapala or his successor [[Mularaja II]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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====[[Jaitrasimha]] ==== |
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Kumarasimha was succeeded by Mathanasimha, Padmasimha and Jaitrasimha.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} |
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{{Main|Jaitrasimha}} |
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During the reign of [[Jaitrasimha]] (r. c. 1213–1252), the Guhilas achieved a high political status.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} He fought with multiple rulers like [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s at [[Naddula]]{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} which was possible held by [[Ghurid dynasty]] who captured it from Chauhans,{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} Tribhuvana-Ranaka (identified with the Chaulukya king [[Tribhuvanapala]]) at Kottadaka,{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=168}} [[Iltutmish]] invaded Mewar, and destroyed Nagada. His relatives also possibly fought with Panchalagudika Jaitramalla.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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The Guhila records also credit him with military success against the king of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]. The rulers of Shakambhari had already ended by this time, therefore, this may be a reference to the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamanas of Ranthambore]]. [[Jaitrasimha]] is also said to have defeated the Sindhuka army, whose identity is uncertain.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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==== Jaitrasimha ==== |
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==== Decline ==== |
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During the reign of Jaitrasimha (r. c. 1213-1252), the Guhilas achieved a high political status. Early in his reign, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Iltutmish]] invaded Mewar, and destroyed Nagahrada. Jaitrasimha (alias Jayatala) suffered heavy losses, but the invaders retreated when the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chief Viradhavala (a Chaulukya feudatory) marched northwards to check their advance.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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[[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasimha's]] son [[Tejasimha]] ascended the throne sometime before 1260. The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from Tejasimha's reign, and refers to ''"Chitrakuta-maha-durga''" (the great fort of Chittor).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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Tejasimha's son [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasimha]] succeeded him sometime during 1267–1273. He defeated Krishnaraja, a ruler of the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara branch]] of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. He lost control of Abu soon, when Krishnaraja's son Pratapasimha, supported by the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Sarangadeva, conquered it during 1285–1287. Sometime before 1285, Samarasimha helped Sarangadeva repulse a [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]] (Turkic) invasion of Gujarat (possibly a [[Delhi Sultanate]] army during [[Balban]]'s reign).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} His Chirwa inscription states that he "like unto the [[varaha|primaeval boar]] [...] in a moment lifted the deeply sunk [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] land out of the Turushka sea".{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=133}} Towards the end of the 13th century, when [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s army [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|invaded Gujarat]], Samarasimha saved his kingdom by paying a [[tribute]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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The [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvara]] inscription suggests that Jaitrasimha destroyed [[Naddula]] and defeated the [[Turushka]]s (Turkic people).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} According to historian R. B. Singh, this suggests that the Turkic [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invaders had captured Naddula from the Chahamanas, and Jaitrasimha defeated their local governor. Later, the [[Chahamanas of Javalipura|Jalor Chahamana]] king [[Udayasimha]] (a relative of Jayatasimha), gained control of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} However, D. C. Ganguly believes that Jaitrasimha may have plundered Naddula ''after'' Udayasimha's conquest of Jalore.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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The Rawal branch ended when [[Ratnasimha]] was defeated by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]].{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|p=313}} The Rana branch survived in form of the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] dynasty which continued to rule Mewar till [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] from British control.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} |
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Jaitrasimha also seems to have invaded the [[Chaulukya]] territory. During an attempt to capture Kottadaka (modern Kotada), his general Bala was killed by Tribhuvana-Ranaka (identified with the Chaulukya king [[Tribhuvanapala]]).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=168}} |
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According to one record, Ksehma's son Madana fought with the Panchalagudika Jaitramalla at Utthunaka (modern [[Arthuna]]), on behalf of Jesala. Based on identification of Jesala with Jaitrasimha, historian D. C. Ganguly believes that Jaitrasimha's general Madana fought with Jaitramalla, who was probably a chief of the Vagada branch of the Guhilas.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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The Guhila records also credit Jaitrasimha with military success against the king of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]. The Chahamana dynasty of Shakambhari had already ended by this time, therefore, this may be a reference to his victory over their descendants, the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamanas of Ranthambore]]. Jaitrasimha is also said to have defeated the Sindhuka army, whose identity is uncertain.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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==== Invasions from Delhi ==== |
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Jaitrasimha's son Tejasimha ascended the throne sometime before 1260. The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from Tejasimha's reign, and refers to "Chitrakuta-''maha-durga''" (the great fort of Chittor).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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Tejasimha's son Samarasimha succeeded him sometime during 1267-1273. He defeated Krishnaraja, a ruler of the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara branch]] of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. He lost control of Abu soon, when Krishnaraja's son Pratapasimha, supported by the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Sarangadeva, conquered it during 1285-1287. Sometime before 1285, Tejasimha helped Sarangadeva repulse a [[Turushka]] invasion of Gujarat (possibly a [[Delhi Sultanate]] army during [[Balban]]'s reign). Towards the end of the 13th century, when [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s army [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|invaded Gujarat]], he saved his kingdom by paying a [[tribute]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} |
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The Rawal branch ended when Ratnasimha was [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|defeated by Alauddin Khilji]].{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=313}} The Rana branch survived in form of the [[Sisodia]] dynasty. |
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== Genealogy == |
== Genealogy == |
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| Line 84: | Line 85: | ||
Different sources offer different lists of the Guhila kings. The earliest extant inscription that provides a genealogy of the dynasty is the 971 CE inscription of Naravahana. However, it is badly damaged, and only three names can be read: Guhila, Bappa and Naravahana.{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|p=15}} |
Different sources offer different lists of the Guhila kings. The earliest extant inscription that provides a genealogy of the dynasty is the 971 CE inscription of Naravahana. However, it is badly damaged, and only three names can be read: Guhila, Bappa and Naravahana.{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|p=15}} |
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The following inscriptions are the major |
The following inscriptions are the major sources of the dynasty's genealogy:{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|pp=119-121}}{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|pp=14-15}} |
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* Atpur (Ahar) inscription, 977 [[Common Era|CE]] (1034 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) of Śaktikumāra |
* Atpur ([[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]) inscription, 977 [[Common Era|CE]] (1034 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) of Śaktikumāra |
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* [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] inscription, 1274 CE (1331 VS) of Samarasiṃha |
* [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] inscription, 1274 CE (1331 VS) of [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasiṃha]] |
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* [[Mount Abu|Abu]] ([[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvar]]) inscription, 1285 CE (1342 VS) of Samarasiṃha |
* [[Mount Abu|Abu]] ([[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvar]]) inscription, 1285 CE (1342 VS) of Samarasiṃha |
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* Sadadi (Ranpur) inscription, 1439 CE (1496 VS) of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna]] of Rana (Sisodia) branch |
* [[Sadri|Sadadi]] (Ranpur) inscription, 1439 CE (1496 VS) of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna]] of Rana (Sisodia) branch |
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* [[Kumbhalgarh]] inscription, 1460 CE (1517 VS) of Kumbhakarna of Rana (Sisodia) branch |
* [[Kumbhalgarh]] inscription, 1460 CE (1517 VS) of Kumbhakarna of Rana (Sisodia) branch |
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=== Early kings === |
=== Early kings === |
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The following table lists the early kings of the dynasty, as |
The following table lists the early kings of the dynasty, as given in the various inscriptions.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|pp=119-121}}{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|pp=14-15}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
! # !! Name ([[IAST]]) !! Atpur{{br}}inscription !! Chittor{{br}}inscription !! Abu{{br}}inscription !! Sadadi{{br}}inscription !! Kumbhal-garh{{br}}inscription !! |
! # !! Name ([[IAST]]) !! Atpur{{br}}inscription !! Chittor{{br}}inscription !! Abu{{br}}inscription !! Sadadi{{br}}inscription !! Kumbhal-garh{{br}}inscription !! Date of own inscriptions !! Notes |
||
|- |
|- |
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| 1 || Bappa |
| 1 || Bappa|| || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Bappaka in Abu inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 2 || Guhila || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Guhadatta |
| 2 || Guhila || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Guhadatta in Atpur inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 3 || Bhoja || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| |
| 3 || Bhoja || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 4 || Mahendra (I) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| |
| 4 || Mahendra (I) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 5 || Nāga || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| |
| 5 || Nāga || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 6 || Śila || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |
| 6 || Śila || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ? || 646 CE (703 VS)|| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 7 || Aparājita || ✓ || || || || ✓ || 661 CE (718 VS)|| |
| 7 || Aparājita || ✓ || || || || ✓ || 661 CE (718 VS)|| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 8 || Mahendra (II) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| |
| 8 || Mahendra (II) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 9 || Kālabhoja || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| |
| 9 || [[Bappa Rawal|Kālabhoja]] || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 10 || Khommāṇa (I) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| Called Sh[Kh]ummāṇa in Kumbhalgarh inscription |
| 10 || Khommāṇa (I) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| Called Sh[Kh]ummāṇa in Kumbhalgarh inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 11 || Mattaṭa || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ |||| Called Manttaṭa in Chittor inscription |
| 11 || Mattaṭa || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ |||| Called Manttaṭa in Chittor inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 12 || Bhartṛipaṭṭa (I) || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Bhartṛibhaṭa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one |
| 12 || Bhartṛipaṭṭa (I) || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Bhartṛibhaṭa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one |
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|- |
|- |
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| 13 || Siṃha || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Athasiṃha Chittor inscription |
| 13 || Siṃha || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Athasiṃha Chittor inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 14 || Khommāṇa (II) || ✓ || || || || |||| Son of Siṃha |
| 14 || Khommāṇa (II) || ✓ || || || || |||| Son of Siṃha |
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|- |
|- |
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| 15 || Mahāyaka || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Mahāyika in Abu inscription, Son of Khommāṇa |
| 15 || Mahāyaka || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Mahāyika in Abu inscription, Son of Khommāṇa |
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|- |
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| 16 || Khommāṇa (III) || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Khumāṇa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one, Son of Mahāyaka |
| 16 || Khommāṇa (III) || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Khumāṇa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one, Son of Mahāyaka |
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|- |
|- |
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| 17 || Bhartṛipaṭṭa (II) || ✓ || || || || || 942 CE (999 VS), 943 CE (1000 VS)|| Son of Khommāṇa (III), Married Mahālakṣmī of [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] family |
| 17 || [[Rawal Bharttripatta II|Bhartṛipaṭṭa]] (II) || ✓ || || || || || 942 CE (999 VS), 943 CE (1000 VS)|| Son of Khommāṇa (III), Married Mahālakṣmī of [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] family |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 18 || |
| 18 || [[Rawal Allata|Allaṭa]]|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 951 CE (1008 VS), 953 CE (1010 VS)|| Son of [[Rawal Bharttripatta II|Bhartṛipaṭṭa]] (II), Married Huna princess Hariyādevī |
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|- |
|- |
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| 19 || Naravāhana || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 971 CE (1028 VS)|| Son of Allaṭa, Married a daughter of Jejaya of Chahamana family |
| 19 || Naravāhana || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 971 CE (1028 VS)|| Son of [[Rawal Allata|Allaṭa]], Married a daughter of Jejaya of Chahamana family. Held religious debates in court between [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Jainism|Jains]] and [[Shaivism|Shaivite Hindus]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=55}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| 20 || Śalivāhana || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| Son of Naravāhana |
| 20 || Śalivāhana || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| Son of Naravāhana |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 21 || Śaktikumāra || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 977 CE (1034 VS)|| Son of Śalivāhana |
| 21 || Śaktikumāra || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 977 CE (1034 VS)|| Son of Śalivāhana |
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|- |
|- |
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| 22 || Āmraprasāda || || ✓ || || || ✓ |||| Called Ambāprasāda in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Śaktikumāra |
| 22 || Āmraprasāda || || ✓ || || || ✓ ||993 CE (1050 VS)|| Called Ambāprasāda in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Śaktikumāra. Slain by Chauhan Vakpatiraja II in Battle. |
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|- |
|- |
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| 23 || Śuchivarman || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |
| 23 || Śuchivarman || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ? |||| The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Anantavarman (a son of Śaktikumāra) instead |
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|- |
|- |
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| 24 || Naravarman || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ |||| Son of Śaktikumāra |
| 24 || Naravarman || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ |||| Son of Śaktikumāra |
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|- |
|- |
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| 25 || Kīrtivarman || || || ✓ || ✓ || |
| 25 || Kīrtivarman || || || ✓ || ✓ || ? |||| The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Yaśovarman (a son of Śaktikumāra) instead |
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|- |
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| 26 || Yogarāja || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| According to Kumbhalgarh inscription, his descendants did not rule |
| 26 || Yogarāja || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| According to Kumbhalgarh inscription, his descendants did not rule. Possibly deposed by [[Bhoja]] of Paramars.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=59-60}} |
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|- |
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| 27 || Vairaṭa || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| |
| 27 || Vairaṭa || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||||Descendant of Junior branch from [[Rawal Allata|Allata]]. Possibly placed on throne by [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=59}} |
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|- |
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| 28 || Vaṃśapāla || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Haṃsapāla in Kumbhalgarh inscription |
| 28 || Vaṃśapāla || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Haṃsapāla in Kumbhalgarh inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 29 || Vairisiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Vaṃśapāla |
| 29 || Vairisiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Vaṃśapāla |
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|- |
|- |
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| 30 || Vijayasiṃha || || || ✓ || || || 1164 VS, 1173 VS|| Son of Vairaṭa. Married Śyāmaladevī (daughter of [[Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]]) |
| 30 || Vijayasiṃha || || || ✓ || || || 1164 VS, 1173 VS|| Son of Vairaṭa. Married Śyāmaladevī (daughter of [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]]) forming a matrimonial alliance with the traditional enemy of the house; His daughter Alhaṇadevi married the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gayakarna]]. The Kumbhalgarh inscription mentions an unnamed ''narendra'' (prince), who is identified with him.{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=310-314}} |
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|- |
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| 31 || Vairisiṃha (II) || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Vijayasiṃha. Called |
| 31 || Vairisiṃha (II) || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Vijayasiṃha. Called Virasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 32 || Arisiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || |||| |
| 32 || Arisiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || |||| |
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|- |
|- |
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| 33 || Choḍa || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Choḍasiṃha in Sadadi inscription |
| 33 || Choḍa || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Choḍasiṃha in Sadadi inscription |
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|- |
|- |
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| 34 || Vikramasiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Choḍa (Abu insc.) or Elder brother of Choḍa (Kumbhalgarh insc.) |
| 34 || Vikramasiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Choḍa (Abu insc.) or Elder brother of Choḍa (Kumbhalgarh insc.) |
||
|- |
|- |
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| 35 || Raṇasiṃha |
| 35 || [[Ranasimha|Raṇasiṃha]]|| || || || ✓ || ✓ || 1223 VS|| Son of Vikramasiṃha. Called Karṇasiṃha in ''Ekalinga Purana.'' Rana Branch descends through his son Rahapa. |
||
|} |
|} |
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=== Rawal branch === |
=== Post-split Rawal branch === |
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After Raṇasiṃha, the dynasty split into the Rawal branch and the Rana branch. The following is a list of the rulers of the Rawal branch. Except Ratnasiṃha, all these rulers are mentioned in Abu, Sadadi, and Kumbhalgarh inscriptions. Ratnasiṃha is mentioned only in the Kumbhalgarh inscription.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|p=121}}{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=312-313}} |
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The rulers of the Rawal branch include:{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|p=119-121}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
! # !! Name ([[IAST]]) |
! # !! Name ([[IAST]]) !! Date of own inscriptions !! Notes |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 36 || Kṣemasiṃha |
| 36 || Kṣemasiṃha || 1228 VS, 1236 VS, 1256 VS, 1258 VS || Son of Raṇasiṃha; his elder brother Mahanasiṃha apparently died before their father Raṇasiṃha |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 37 || |
| 37 || [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Sāmantasiṃha]] || || Son of Kṣemasiṃha |
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|- |
|- |
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| 38 || Kumārasiṃha |
| 38 || Kumārasiṃha || || Younger brother of Sāmantasiṃha |
||
|- |
|- |
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| 39 || Mathanasiṃha |
| 39 || Mathanasiṃha || || Called Mahanasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Kumārasiṃha |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 40 || Padmasiṃha || |
| 40 || Padmasiṃha || || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| 41 || Jaitrasiṃha |
| 41 || [[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasiṃha]]|| 1270 VS, 1279 VS, 1284 VS || Called ''Raula'' Jayasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription. Son of Padmasiṃha. His younger son Sīlhaḍa seems to have ruled [[Vagad|Vāgaḍa]]. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 42 || Tejasiṃha |
| 42 || [[Tejasimha|Tejasiṃha]]|| 1317 VS, 1322 VS, 1324 VS || Son of Jaitrasiṃha. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as ''Rāula''. Married Jayatalladevī |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 43 || |
| 43 || [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasiṃha]]|| 1330 VS, 1331 VS, 1335 VS, 1342 VS, 1344 VS, 1345 VS, 1356 VS, 1358 VS || Son of Tejasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as ''Rāula''. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 44 || |
| 44 || [[Ratnasimha|Ratnasiṃha]] || 1359 VS || Son of Samarasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula in Dariba inscription. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as ''Rāula''. |
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|- |
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| 45 || || || Hammīra || Hammīra || || |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
The 1439 Sadadi inscription of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna]] lists the following five rulers as [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasiṃha's]] successors: Bhuvanasiṃha, Jayasiṃha, Lakṣmasiṃha, Ajayasiṃha, and Arisiṃha. These names are followed by that of [[Hammir Singh|Hammīra]] and other his [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] successors. These names are also mentioned in the text ''Ekalinga Māhātmya'' (also called ''Ekalinga Purāṇa''). However, these rulers actually belonged to the Rana branch of the family.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|p=121}} |
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=== Rana branch === |
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The 1460 Kumbhalgarh inscription of Kumbhakarna states that after Ratnasiṃha departed from the battlefield (during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|1303 Siege of Chittor]]), Lakshmasiṃha of the Rana branch died fighting to defend the fort.{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|p=313}} |
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Rahapa, a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 [[Eklingji]] inscription, Rahapa's successors were:{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=91}} |
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=== Rana branch === |
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<mapframe text="Guhila headquarters at various times" width="300" height="248" zoom="5" longitude="75.124512" latitude="25.681137" align="right"> |
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{ |
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"type": "FeatureCollection", |
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"features": [ |
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{ |
|||
"type": "Feature", |
|||
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]" }, |
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.719444, 24.587778] } |
|||
}, |
|||
{ |
|||
"type": "Feature", |
|||
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]]" }, |
|||
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.265291, 25.165124] } |
|||
}, |
|||
{ |
|||
"type": "Feature", |
|||
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Chittor]]" }, |
|||
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.626922, 24.888744] } |
|||
}, |
|||
{ |
|||
"type": "Feature", |
|||
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sisoda" }, |
|||
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.740431, 25.005169] } |
|||
} |
|||
] |
|||
} |
|||
</mapframe> |
|||
Rahapa, a son of [[Ranasimha]] alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 [[Eklingji]] inscription, Rahapa's successors were:{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=91}} |
|||
* Narapati |
* Narapati |
||
| Line 213: | Line 242: | ||
* Arisimha (Arasi) |
* Arisimha (Arasi) |
||
* [[Hammir Singh|Hammira]] (Hammir Singh) |
* [[Hammir Singh|Hammira]] (Hammir Singh) |
||
Hammir Singh re-established the family's rule over Mewar under the title of [[Sisodias of Mewar|Rana]]. |
|||
For Sisodia successors of Hammir Singh, see [[Template:Mewari Rana|Ranas of Mewar]]. |
For Sisodia successors of Hammir Singh, see [[Template:Mewari Rana|Ranas of Mewar]]. |
||
| Line 221: | Line 252: | ||
=== Bibliography === |
=== Bibliography === |
||
{{refbegin}} |
|||
* {{cite book |author=Akshaya Keerty Vyas |chapter=First and Third Slabs of Kumbhalgarh Inscription V.S. 1517 |editor=N. P. Chakravarti |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXIV |year=1937 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/56526 |ref=harv }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author=Akshaya Keerty Vyas |chapter=First and Third Slabs of Kumbhalgarh Inscription V.S. 1517 |editor=N. P. Chakravarti |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXIV |year=1937 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/56526 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author=Anil Chandra Banerjee |title=Medieval studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOa1AAAAIAAJ |year=1958 |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. |oclc=4469888 |ref=harv }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Anil Chandra Banerjee |title=Medieval studies |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12693 |year=1958 |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. |oclc=4469888 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Struggle for Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=26241249 |
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Struggle for Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=26241249 }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Kalyan Kumar Ganguli |title=Cultural History Of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXstAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |oclc=461886025 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author=N. P. Chakravarti |author-link=N. P. Chakravarti |chapter=Appendix: Rajaprasasti Inscription of Udaipur (Continued from Vol. XXIX, Part V) |editor1=N. Lakshminarayan Rao |editor2=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXX |year=1987 |orig-year=1958 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XBDAAAAYAAJ |
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author=N. P. Chakravarti |author-link=N. P. Chakravarti |chapter=Appendix: Rajaprasasti Inscription of Udaipur (Continued from Vol. XXIX, Part V) |editor1=N. Lakshminarayan Rao |editor2=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXX |year=1987 |orig-year=1958 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XBDAAAAYAAJ }} |
|||
* {{cite journal |author=Nandini Sinha |title=A Study of the Origin Myths Situating the Guhilas in the History of Mewar (A.D. Seventh to Thirteenth Centuries) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=1991 |pages=63–71 |jstor=44142569 }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |ref=harv }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }} |
||
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 }} |
|||
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }} |
|||
{{refend}} |
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[[Category:Guhila dynasty| ]] |
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[[Category:Dynasties of India]] |
[[Category:Dynasties of India]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]] |
||
[[Category:Rajput |
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]] |
||
Latest revision as of 04:50, 6 December 2024
| Guhila dynasty | |
|---|---|
| Country | Kingdom of Mewar |
| Founded | 566 |
| Founder | Rawal Guhil |
| Current head | None (extinct) Vishvaraj Singh Mewar (cadet branch) |
| Final ruler | Ratnasimha (main branch) Bhupal Singh (cadet branch) |
| Seat | |
| Deposition | 1303 (main branch) 1948 (cadet branch) |
| Cadet branches | House of Sisodia |
The Guhilas of Medapata colloquially known as Guhilas of Mewar were a Rajput dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Mewar (Medapata, modern Mewar) region in present-day Rajasthan state of India.[1][2] The Guhila kings initially ruled as Gurjara-Pratihara feudatories between the end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the Rashtrakutas.[3] Their capitals included Nagahrada (Nagda) and Aghata (Ahar). For this reason, they are also known as the Nagda-Ahar branch of the Guhilas.
The Guhilas assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Pratiharas in the 10th century under Rawal Bharttripatta II and Rawal Allata. During the 10th-13th centuries, they were involved in military conflicts with several of their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Malwa, the Kingdom of Sambhar, the Delhi Sultanate, the Chaulukyas, and the Kingdom of Gujarat. In the late 11th century, the Paramara king Bhoja interfered in the Guhila throne possibly deposing a ruler and placing some other ruler of the branch.[4]
In the mid-12th century, the dynasty divided into two branches. The senior branch (whose rulers are called Rawal in the later medieval literature) ruled from Chitrakuta (modern Chittorgarh), and ended with Ratnasimha's defeat against the Delhi Sultanate at the 1303 Siege of Chittorgarh. The junior branch rose from the village of Sisoda with the title Rana and established the Sisodia Rajput dynasty.
Origin
[edit]The history of the Guhilas has been obscured by bardic legends. In the 7th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan in Nagda-Ahar, Kishkindha (Kalyanpur) and Dhavagarta (Dhor). None of these dynasties claimed any prestigious origin in their 7th century records.[5] The Guhilas of Dhavagarta explicitly mentioned the Mori (later Mauryas) kings as their overlords, and the early kings of the other two dynasties also bore the titles indicating their subordinate status.[6]
By the 10th century, the Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar were the only among the three dynasties to have survived. By this time, their political status had increased, and the Guhila kings had assumed high royal titles such as Maharajadhiraja. During this period, the dynasty started claiming a prestigious origin, stating that its founder Guhadatta (Guhila) was a kshatriya who was bought up in a Nagda Brahmin household and had migrated from Anandapura (present-day Vadnagar in Gujarat).[7] The 977 CE Atpur inscription of Shaktikumara lists 20 Guhila kings in an unbroken line of succession, starting with Guhadatta and ending with Shaktikumara.[8]
By the 13th century, having consolidated their rule over the Medapata (Mewar) region[9][10] Their post-13th century records and the subsequent bardic legends name the dynasty's founder as Bappa Rawal,[11] who is not mentioned in the Atpur inscription.[12] These accounts state that Bappa Rawal consolidated his rule with the blessings of the Pashupata sage Haritarashi.[10] Different historians identify Bappa Rawal with different kings mentioned in the Atpur inscription, including Kalabhoja, Shiladitya, and Khummana. R. C. Majumdar theorizes that Bappa achieved a highly significant military success, because of which he gained reputation as the dynasty's founder.[12]
According to the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Achaleshwar (Abu) inscription of Vedasharma, Bappa Rawal "changed his priestly splendour for regal lustre". Based on this, scholars such as D. R. Bhandarkar theorized that the Guhilas were originally Brahmins. G. H. Ojha, however, believed that the statement in Vedasharma's inscription is a misinterpretation of the earlier Atpur inscription. The Atpur inscription describes Guhadatta as a "Mahideva", which according to historian R. V. Somani, can be translated as either "king" or "Brahmin".[13]
The 1274 CE Chittor inscription compares the Guhila ruler Bharttripatta with Rama, describing both of them as "Brahma-Kshatras". Based on the identification of Rama with Parashurama, scholars such as D. C. Sircar theorized that the progenitor of the dynasty had a Brahmin parent and a Kshatriya parent. However, Somani dismisses this theory, arguing that Rama here refers to Ramachandra, from whose Solar dynasty (or Suryavansh) the later Guhilas claimed descent.[14]
The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated genealogy, claiming that the dynasty's founder Guhaditya was a son of Shiladitya, the Maitraka ruler of Vallabhi. This claim is not supported by historical evidence.[15]
History
[edit]
R. C. Majumdar places Guhadatta in the 5th century CE, assuming a 20-year reign for each generation.[8] R. V Somani places him somewhere before the first quarter of the 6th century.[15][16]
According to the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription, Guhadatta was succeeded by Bhoja, who commissioned the construction of a tank at Eklingji. The 1285 CE Achaleshwar inscription describes him as a devotee of Vishnu.[17] Bhoja was succeeded by Mahendra and Nagaditya. The bardic legends state that Nagaditya was killed in a battle with the Bhils.[17]
Nagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at Jawar were excavated during his reign, which greatly increased the economic prosperity of the kingdom. The 16th century Buddhist writer Taranatha mentions a reputed artist named Shringadhara, who was patronized by the king Shila of Maru country. Somani identifies this king as the Guhila king Shiladitya, although some other historians have identified him as Harshavardhana or the Maitraka king Shiladitya.[18]
Shiladitya was succeeded by Aparajita, who is attested by the 661 CE Kunda inscription. This epigraph records the construction of a Vishnu temple by Yashomati, the wife of Aparajita's commander Varaha. According to the bardic chronicles, Aparajita was also killed in a battle with the Bhils. His son Mahendra succeeded him.[19]
Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja, who has been identified as Bappa Rawal by several historians including G. H. Ojha.[20] Kalabhoja (Bappa Rawal) known for his magestic victory against Arabs during initial Arab invasion of India.[21] Bappa Rawal defeated Arabs in the banks of River Indus and pushed them out of Present day Baluchistan. Bappa Rawal them marched towards Gahzni and defeated the local ruler Salim[22] and returned to Chitor.
The Guhilas originally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. In the 10th century, Bharttripatta II became an independent ruler, and assumed the title Maharajadhiraja, as attested by a 943 CE inscription. His successor Allata (reigned c. 950s CE) killed one Devapala, who according to Majumdar, might have been the Gurjara-Pratihara king Devapala.[12]
Relief1.jpg)
Guhilas of Ahar
[edit]Towards the end of the 10th century, Ahar became the second capital of the Guhilas.[23]
In the later half of the 10th century, the Paramara king Munja defeated the elephant forces of the Guhilas, and plundered their capital Ahar. The defeated Guhila ruler (either Naravahana or his son Shaktikumara) took shelter with Dhavala, the Rashtrakuta ruler of Hastikundi. As a result of this victory, the Paramaras gained control of the eastern part of Mewar, including Chittorgarh.[24]
Shaktikumara's son Ambaprasada was defeated and killed by the Chahamana king Vakpati II. Among his successors, Vijayasimha (r.c. 1108–1116) was a son-in-law of the Paramara king Udayaditya and a father-in-law of the Kalachuri king Gayakarna.[23]
Rawal branch
[edit]According to the 15th century text Eklinga-Mahatmaya, the family split into two branches during the reign of Ranasimha alias Karna: the Rawal (senior) branch of Chittor, and the Rana (junior) branch of Sisoda.[25] The later Sisodia Rajput dynasty of Sesoda thus descended from the Guhilas of Mewar.[26]
Kshemasimha succeeded his father Ranasimha alias Karna. By 1151, Chittor was under the control of the Chaulukya king Kumarapala.[23] Kshemasimha's son Samantasimha appears to have achieved military success against Kumarapala's successor Ajayapala. However, he was defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the Paramara chief of Abu. The 1231 CE Abu prashasti inscription states that Prahladana defended the Gurjara king (that is, Ajayapala) after Samantasimha had broken the king's power on the battlefield.[27]
Shortly later, the Naddula Chahamana king Kirtipala, who was also a Chaulukya feudatory, ousted Samantasimha from Mewar. Kirtipala probably launched this invasion during 1171-1179 CE, with the approval of his Chaulukya overlord. By 1182,[23] Samantasimha's younger brother Kumarasimha regained the control of his ancestral kingdom by appeasing the Chaulukya king Bhima II.[28] After losing his ancestral realm, Samantasimha established new branch of the Guhilas in the area of Vagad. However, he was displaced from Vagad by Bhima II in 1185 CE or thereabouts. He was aided by Sambhar-Ajmer ruler Prithviraja III with whom he fought against the Ghurid conqueror Muhammad of Ghor in Second Battle of Tarain.[29][30]
Kumarasimha was succeeded by Mathanasimha, Padmasimha and Jaitrasimha.[23]
During the reign of Jaitrasimha (r. c. 1213–1252), the Guhilas achieved a high political status.[31] He fought with multiple rulers like Turushkas at Naddula[32] which was possible held by Ghurid dynasty who captured it from Chauhans,[32] Tribhuvana-Ranaka (identified with the Chaulukya king Tribhuvanapala) at Kottadaka,[33] Iltutmish invaded Mewar, and destroyed Nagada. His relatives also possibly fought with Panchalagudika Jaitramalla.[31]
The Guhila records also credit him with military success against the king of Shakambhari. The rulers of Shakambhari had already ended by this time, therefore, this may be a reference to the Chahamanas of Ranthambore. Jaitrasimha is also said to have defeated the Sindhuka army, whose identity is uncertain.[31]
Decline
[edit]Jaitrasimha's son Tejasimha ascended the throne sometime before 1260. The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from Tejasimha's reign, and refers to "Chitrakuta-maha-durga" (the great fort of Chittor).[31]
Tejasimha's son Samarasimha succeeded him sometime during 1267–1273. He defeated Krishnaraja, a ruler of the Paramara branch of Abu. He lost control of Abu soon, when Krishnaraja's son Pratapasimha, supported by the Vaghela king Sarangadeva, conquered it during 1285–1287. Sometime before 1285, Samarasimha helped Sarangadeva repulse a Turushka (Turkic) invasion of Gujarat (possibly a Delhi Sultanate army during Balban's reign).[31] His Chirwa inscription states that he "like unto the primaeval boar [...] in a moment lifted the deeply sunk Gurjara land out of the Turushka sea".[34] Towards the end of the 13th century, when Alauddin Khalji's army invaded Gujarat, Samarasimha saved his kingdom by paying a tribute.[31]
The Rawal branch ended when Ratnasimha was defeated by Alauddin Khalji in the Siege of Chittorgarh (1303).[35] The Rana branch survived in form of the Sisodia dynasty which continued to rule Mewar till Independence of India from British control.[citation needed]
Genealogy
[edit]Different sources offer different lists of the Guhila kings. The earliest extant inscription that provides a genealogy of the dynasty is the 971 CE inscription of Naravahana. However, it is badly damaged, and only three names can be read: Guhila, Bappa and Naravahana.[36]
The following inscriptions are the major sources of the dynasty's genealogy:[37][38]
- Atpur (Ahar) inscription, 977 CE (1034 VS) of Śaktikumāra
- Chittor inscription, 1274 CE (1331 VS) of Samarasiṃha
- Abu (Achaleshvar) inscription, 1285 CE (1342 VS) of Samarasiṃha
- Sadadi (Ranpur) inscription, 1439 CE (1496 VS) of Kumbhakarna of Rana (Sisodia) branch
- Kumbhalgarh inscription, 1460 CE (1517 VS) of Kumbhakarna of Rana (Sisodia) branch
Early kings
[edit]The following table lists the early kings of the dynasty, as given in the various inscriptions.[37][38]
| # | Name (IAST) | Atpur inscription |
Chittor inscription |
Abu inscription |
Sadadi inscription |
Kumbhal-garh inscription |
Date of own inscriptions | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bappa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Bappaka in Abu inscription | ||
| 2 | Guhila | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Guhadatta in Atpur inscription | |
| 3 | Bhoja | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 4 | Mahendra (I) | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 5 | Nāga | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 6 | Śila | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ? | 646 CE (703 VS) | |
| 7 | Aparājita | ✓ | ✓ | 661 CE (718 VS) | ||||
| 8 | Mahendra (II) | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 9 | Kālabhoja | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 10 | Khommāṇa (I) | ✓ | ✓ | Called Sh[Kh]ummāṇa in Kumbhalgarh inscription | ||||
| 11 | Mattaṭa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Manttaṭa in Chittor inscription | |||
| 12 | Bhartṛipaṭṭa (I) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Bhartṛibhaṭa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one | |
| 13 | Siṃha | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Athasiṃha Chittor inscription | ||
| 14 | Khommāṇa (II) | ✓ | Son of Siṃha | |||||
| 15 | Mahāyaka | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Mahāyika in Abu inscription, Son of Khommāṇa | ||
| 16 | Khommāṇa (III) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Khumāṇa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one, Son of Mahāyaka | ||
| 17 | Bhartṛipaṭṭa (II) | ✓ | 942 CE (999 VS), 943 CE (1000 VS) | Son of Khommāṇa (III), Married Mahālakṣmī of Rashtrakuta family | ||||
| 18 | Allaṭa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 951 CE (1008 VS), 953 CE (1010 VS) | Son of Bhartṛipaṭṭa (II), Married Huna princess Hariyādevī |
| 19 | Naravāhana | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 971 CE (1028 VS) | Son of Allaṭa, Married a daughter of Jejaya of Chahamana family. Held religious debates in court between Buddhists, Jains and Shaivite Hindus.[39] |
| 20 | Śalivāhana | ✓ | ✓ | Son of Naravāhana | ||||
| 21 | Śaktikumāra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 977 CE (1034 VS) | Son of Śalivāhana |
| 22 | Āmraprasāda | ✓ | ✓ | 993 CE (1050 VS) | Called Ambāprasāda in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Śaktikumāra. Slain by Chauhan Vakpatiraja II in Battle. | |||
| 23 | Śuchivarman | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ? | The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Anantavarman (a son of Śaktikumāra) instead | ||
| 24 | Naravarman | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Son of Śaktikumāra | |||
| 25 | Kīrtivarman | ✓ | ✓ | ? | The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Yaśovarman (a son of Śaktikumāra) instead | |||
| 26 | Yogarāja | ✓ | ✓ | According to Kumbhalgarh inscription, his descendants did not rule. Possibly deposed by Bhoja of Paramars.[40] | ||||
| 27 | Vairaṭa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Descendant of Junior branch from Allata. Possibly placed on throne by Bhoja.[41] | |||
| 28 | Vaṃśapāla | ✓ | ✓ | Called Haṃsapāla in Kumbhalgarh inscription | ||||
| 29 | Vairisiṃha | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Son of Vaṃśapāla | |||
| 30 | Vijayasiṃha | ✓ | 1164 VS, 1173 VS | Son of Vairaṭa. Married Śyāmaladevī (daughter of Paramara king Udayaditya) forming a matrimonial alliance with the traditional enemy of the house; His daughter Alhaṇadevi married the Kalachuri king Gayakarna. The Kumbhalgarh inscription mentions an unnamed narendra (prince), who is identified with him.[42] | ||||
| 31 | Vairisiṃha (II) | ✓ | ✓ | Son of Vijayasiṃha. Called Virasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription | ||||
| 32 | Arisiṃha | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 33 | Choḍa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Called Choḍasiṃha in Sadadi inscription | |||
| 34 | Vikramasiṃha | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Son of Choḍa (Abu insc.) or Elder brother of Choḍa (Kumbhalgarh insc.) | |||
| 35 | Raṇasiṃha | ✓ | ✓ | 1223 VS | Son of Vikramasiṃha. Called Karṇasiṃha in Ekalinga Purana. Rana Branch descends through his son Rahapa. |
Post-split Rawal branch
[edit]After Raṇasiṃha, the dynasty split into the Rawal branch and the Rana branch. The following is a list of the rulers of the Rawal branch. Except Ratnasiṃha, all these rulers are mentioned in Abu, Sadadi, and Kumbhalgarh inscriptions. Ratnasiṃha is mentioned only in the Kumbhalgarh inscription.[43][44]
| # | Name (IAST) | Date of own inscriptions | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36 | Kṣemasiṃha | 1228 VS, 1236 VS, 1256 VS, 1258 VS | Son of Raṇasiṃha; his elder brother Mahanasiṃha apparently died before their father Raṇasiṃha |
| 37 | Sāmantasiṃha | Son of Kṣemasiṃha | |
| 38 | Kumārasiṃha | Younger brother of Sāmantasiṃha | |
| 39 | Mathanasiṃha | Called Mahanasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Kumārasiṃha | |
| 40 | Padmasiṃha | ||
| 41 | Jaitrasiṃha | 1270 VS, 1279 VS, 1284 VS | Called Raula Jayasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription. Son of Padmasiṃha. His younger son Sīlhaḍa seems to have ruled Vāgaḍa. |
| 42 | Tejasiṃha | 1317 VS, 1322 VS, 1324 VS | Son of Jaitrasiṃha. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as Rāula. Married Jayatalladevī |
| 43 | Samarasiṃha | 1330 VS, 1331 VS, 1335 VS, 1342 VS, 1344 VS, 1345 VS, 1356 VS, 1358 VS | Son of Tejasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as Rāula. |
| 44 | Ratnasiṃha | 1359 VS | Son of Samarasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula in Dariba inscription. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as Rāula. |
The 1439 Sadadi inscription of Kumbhakarna lists the following five rulers as Samarasiṃha's successors: Bhuvanasiṃha, Jayasiṃha, Lakṣmasiṃha, Ajayasiṃha, and Arisiṃha. These names are followed by that of Hammīra and other his Sisodia successors. These names are also mentioned in the text Ekalinga Māhātmya (also called Ekalinga Purāṇa). However, these rulers actually belonged to the Rana branch of the family.[43]
The 1460 Kumbhalgarh inscription of Kumbhakarna states that after Ratnasiṃha departed from the battlefield (during the 1303 Siege of Chittor), Lakshmasiṃha of the Rana branch died fighting to defend the fort.[35]
Rana branch
[edit]
Guhila headquarters at various times
Rahapa, a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:[45]
- Narapati
- Dinakara
- Jasakarna
- Nagapala
- Karnapala
- Bhuvanasimha
- Bhimasimha
- Jayasimha
- Lakhanasimha
- Arisimha (Arasi)
- Hammira (Hammir Singh)
Hammir Singh re-established the family's rule over Mewar under the title of Rana.
For Sisodia successors of Hammir Singh, see Ranas of Mewar.
References
[edit]- ^ Brajadulal Chattopadhyay (2006). Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues. Anthem. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-84331-132-4.
The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
- ^ David Ludden (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Simon and Schuster. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6.
By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 51.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 59–61.
- ^ Nandini Sinha 1991, p. 64.
- ^ Nandini Sinha 1991, p. 65.
- ^ Nandini Sinha 1991, p. 66.
- ^ a b R. C. Majumdar 1977, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Rathore, Abhinay. "Bappa Rawal". Rajput Provinces of India. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ a b Nandini Sinha 1991, p. 68.
- ^ Rathore, Abhinay. "Bappa Rawal". Rajput Provinces of India. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ a b c R. C. Majumdar 1977, p. 299.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 32.
- ^ a b Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 34.
- ^ Ali, Daud (1 January 2005). "NANDINI SINHA KAPUR: State Formation in Rajasthan: Mewar during the Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. 308pp. Delhi: Manohar, 2002". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.
- ^ a b Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 36.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 39.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 40.
- ^ Rathore, Abhinay. "Bappa Rawal". Rajput Provinces of India. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ Proud, Rajput (25 November 2018). "The History of Bappa Rawal - Founder Of The Mewar Dynasty". Rajput Proud. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d e D. C. Ganguly 1957, p. 89.
- ^ Krishna Narain Seth 1978, p. 94.
- ^ Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937, pp. 311.
- ^ R. C. Majumdar 1977, p. 298.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 128.
- ^ Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979, p. 5.
- ^ Gopinath Sharma (1992). "RAJASTHAN". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 803.
COMPRISING the districts of Dungarpur and Banswara was known as Vagad in old days. It was occupied chiefly by Bhils and to a small extent by Rajputs of the Chauhan and Pramara clans. Samant Singh of Mewar was forced by circumstances to migrate to Vagad and to set up a separate principality with its capital at Baroda in the last halť of the twelfth century. But his rüle was short-lived. After a reign of about ten years, he was overpowered by Bhim Deva II, who established his sway about the year 1185 and posted his chief, Vijayapal, over Vagad. The fugitive prince, according to local traditions, repaired to the court of Prithviraja and died a martyr's death at the famous feld of Tarain
- ^ Rima Hooja (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 350. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
In the final quarter of the twelfth century AD (as noted already), Mewar's Guhila chief, Samantasimha, sought refuge in the Vagar area, following his defeat at the hands of Kirtipal of Jalore and the Chalukyas of Gujarat, along with the loss of his capital city. Samantasimha established a principality centred around his new small capital of Baroda sometime around c. 1171 or so. This probably proved short-lived. Ojha holds, on the basis of the Virpur Inscription, that having been forced to quit his estates, Samantasimha subsequently found a place at the court of Prithviraj Chauhan III, and finally met a hero's death at the battle of Tarain
- ^ a b c d e f D. C. Ganguly 1957, p. 90.
- ^ a b R. B. Singh 1964, p. 264.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 168.
- ^ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 133.
- ^ a b Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937, p. 313.
- ^ Anil Chandra Banerjee 1958, p. 15.
- ^ a b N. P. Chakravarti 1987, pp. 119–121.
- ^ a b Anil Chandra Banerjee 1958, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 55.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 59.
- ^ Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937, pp. 310–314.
- ^ a b N. P. Chakravarti 1987, p. 121.
- ^ Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937, pp. 312–313.
- ^ D. C. Ganguly 1957, p. 91.
Bibliography
[edit]- Akshaya Keerty Vyas (1937). "First and Third Slabs of Kumbhalgarh Inscription V.S. 1517". In N. P. Chakravarti (ed.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XXIV. Archaeological Survey of India.[permanent dead link]
- Anil Chandra Banerjee (1958). Medieval studies. A. Mukherjee & Co. OCLC 4469888.
- Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979). The Chahamanas of Jalor. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan. OCLC 12737199.
- Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 4413150.
- D. C. Ganguly (1957). "Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries". In R. C. Majumdar (ed.). The Struggle for Empire. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 26241249.
- Kalyan Kumar Ganguli (1983). Cultural History Of Rajasthan. Sundeep Prakashan. OCLC 461886025.
- Krishna Narain Seth (1978). The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa. Progress.
- N. P. Chakravarti (1987) [1958]. "Appendix: Rajaprasasti Inscription of Udaipur (Continued from Vol. XXIX, Part V)". In N. Lakshminarayan Rao; D. C. Sircar (eds.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XXX. Archaeological Survey of India.
- Nandini Sinha (1991). "A Study of the Origin Myths Situating the Guhilas in the History of Mewar (A.D. Seventh to Thirteenth Centuries)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 52. Indian History Congress: 63–71. JSTOR 44142569.
- Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- R. B. Singh (1964). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728.
- R. C. Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120804364.
- Ram Vallabh Somani (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari. OCLC 2929852.