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Coordinates: 42°49′S 173°16′E / 42.81°S 173.26°E / -42.81; 173.26
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{{Short description|Earthquake in New Zealand}}
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{{Use New Zealand English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
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{{Use New Zealand English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox earthquake
|title= 1901 Cheviot earthquake
|map2= {{Location map| New Zealand
|position=none
|lat =-42.81
|long =173.26
|width=250
|float=center
|mark=Bullseye1.svg
|marksize=40
|caption=
|relief=yes
}}
|timestamp= 1901-11-15 20:15
|local-date= {{start-date|16 November 1901}}
|local-time=07:47 NZT
|anss-url=n/a
|isc-event=16957744
|magnitude=6.9
|depth=33 km
|countries affected= [[South Island]], New Zealand
|casualties=1 death
}}
The '''1901 Cheviot earthquake''' occurred at 07:47 NZT on 16 November 1901 (20:15 15 November [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])<ref name="Utsu">{{Cite web |url=https://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/utsuweq_bak_eng.html |title=Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2013) |publisher=IISEE |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref> with an estimated magnitude of 6.9, centred near the township of [[Cheviot, New Zealand|Cheviot]] in the [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] region of New Zealand.


== Damage and casualties ==
Sources:<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bishop |first=D. G. |date=1974-09-30 |title=The Dunedin earthquake, 9 April, 1974: Part 2: local effects |url=https://bulletin.nzsee.org.nz/index.php/bnzsee/article/view/1231 |journal=Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.5459/bnzsee.7.3.123-129 |issn=2324-1543}}</ref>
[[File:McTaggart's butcher shop after earthquake, Cheviot.jpg|thumb|left|McTaggart's butcher shop in Cheviot after the earthquake]]
A baby was killed when a sod hut collapsed.<ref>{{citation|title=This Week in History|url=http://data.gns.cri.nz/hazardwatch/2004_11_01_historyarch.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819070148/http://data.gns.cri.nz/hazardwatch/2004_11_01_historyarch.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2010|publisher=GNS Science}}</ref> Other casualties in the Canterbury region are not known.


The top of [[ChristChurch Cathedral]]'s spire fell, as had occurred in the [[1888 North Canterbury earthquake]]. Its stone structure was subsequently replaced with a more resilient design.
== Geologic setting ==
Eastern Otago is considered "tectontically stable", meaning that the area does not experience many earthquakes, with most earthquakes being felt there originating in [[Fiordland]], which is "highly active". Near Dunedin is the [[Akatore Fault]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=R. D. |last2=Kean |first2=R. J. |date=1974-09-30 |title=The Dunedin earthquake, 9 April 1974: Part 1: seismological studies |url=https://bulletin.nzsee.org.nz/index.php/bnzsee/article/view/1230 |journal=Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=115–122 |doi=10.5459/bnzsee.7.3.115-122 |issn=2324-1543}}</ref> and the [[Green Island Fault]].


Observations of sand blows ([[sand volcano]]) and lateral spreading, consistent with [[soil liquefaction]] phenomena in the township of [[Kaiapoi]] were reported in local newspapers in a two to three block area at the eastern end of Charles and Sewell Streets on the north bank of the Kaiapoi River, in addition to similar effects observed on the opposing river bank, and the road to Belfast.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Berrill, J.B.|author2=Mulqueen, P.C.|author3=Ooi E.T.C.|title=Liquefaction at Kaiapoi in the 1901 Cheviot, New Zealand, Earthquake.|journal=Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering|year=1994|volume=27|issue=3 |pages=178–189|doi=10.5459/bnzsee.27.3.178-189 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Earthquake ==
Dunedin was hit by an earthquake at about 7.49pm on 9 April 1974.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Paul |date=14 July 2016 |title=Could Dunedin be hit by a large, local earthquake? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/81763237/could-dunedin-be-hit-by-a-large-local-earthquake |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Another earthquake struck the city a few seconds later, which was longer and stronger.<ref name=":1" /> It was magnitude 4.9 (there is scientific debate about whether it was 4.9 or 5.0<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Paul |date=26 September 2020 |title=The day the earth moved |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/day-earth-moved |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref>)<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=18 September 2010 |title=The last good shake |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/last-good-shake |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Magnitude 4.9, Tue Apr 9 1974 7:49 PM |url=https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/1555709 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[GeoNet]] |language=en}}</ref> and measured VIII (''Severe'') or VII (''Very strong'') on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]] (sources vary),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Littlewood |first=Matthew |date=8 April 2024 |title=Information event to commemorate earthquake |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/information-event-commemorate-earthquake |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> and had an epicentre that was offshore, about 5 kilometres south of the suburb of [[St Clair, New Zealand|St Clair]],<ref name=":1" /> and had a depth of 12 or 20 kilometres.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Dunedin Earthquake, 9 April 1974 Part 1 |url=https://bulletin.nzsee.org.nz/index.php/bnzsee/article/view/1230/1194 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> This one caused power outages and chimneys to fall down,<ref name=":1" /> and an overloaded telephone system. It was also reported to have caused broken windows and cracks in "a number" of buildings.<ref name=":2" /> There were aftershocks at 8.20pm and 9.50pm, which a magnitude 3.7.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> It took about 45 minutes for power to be restored to [[Corstorphine, New Zealand|Corstorphine]].<ref name=":2" /> Seismologists are not entirely sure which fault the earthquake was located on.<ref name=":3" /> It is believed to have been on the [[Green Island Fault]], as it is the closest to the epicentre.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> A peak ground acceleration of 0.27g was measured in St Clair.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />


== Gallery ==
The Earthquake and War Damage Commission received about 3,000 damage claims,<ref name=":1" /> and paid out about $3.5 million (in 2024 terms),<ref name=":0" /> which is "extraordinarily large" for an earthquake of this magnitude,<ref name=":5" /> and was the highest since the [[1968 Inangahua earthquake]].<ref name=":8" /> The claims were mainly about falling chimneys and masonry,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 2005 |title=Seismic Risk in the Otago Region |url=https://www.orc.govt.nz/media/2907/seismic-risk-in-the-otago-region-with-maps.pdf |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Otago Regional Council]] |pages=21-22}}</ref> with chimney damage being "consistent and widespread" in the "southern suburbs of the alluvium between Otago Peninsula and St Clair" according to Adams and Keans, and occurred throughout the rest of the city but in lower numbers.<ref name=":4" /> Claims also included plumbing damage interior plaster being cracked.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Bricks fell out of [[Knox Church, Dunedin|Knox Church]].<ref name=":3" /> Damage was mostly minor.<ref name=":2" />
<gallery>
File:1901 Cheviot earthquake 173644.jpg|Damage to a house
File:1901 Cheviot earthquake 133894.jpg|Interior damage
File:1901 Cheviot earthquake 173655.jpg|Building damage
File:Road from Cheviot to Port Robinson.jpg|Cracks in the road to [[Port Robinson (New Zealand)|Port Robinson]]
</gallery>


==See also==
On the 50th anniversary of the earthquake an event was held, which included a short film about the earthquake, which was made by a student of Otago University.<ref name=":0" />
*[[List of earthquakes in 1901]]
*[[List of earthquakes in New Zealand]]


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==References==
As of 1990, it is the strongest earthquake to hit Dunedin since it was founded in the 1840s.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />
{{Commons category}}
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{{Reflist}}


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== External links ==
False alarms from automatic warning systems caused all of Dunedin's available fire appliances to be dispatched.<ref name=":3" />
*{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OW19011127.2.114.3?end_date=01-12-1930&query=Cheviot&start_date=01-01-1900&type=ILLUSTRATION |title= School interior after earthquake (photo)|work=[[Otago Witness]]|date=27 November 1901 }}
*{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OW19011127.2.114.7?end_date=01-12-1930&query=Cheviot&start_date=01-01-1900&type=ILLUSTRATION |title= McTaggart's shop (photo of front) |work=[[Otago Witness]]|date=27 November 1901 }}
*{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OW19011127.2.114.1?end_date=01-12-1930&query=Cheviot&start_date=01-01-1900&type=ILLUSTRATION |title= McTaggart's shop (photo of back) |work=[[Otago Witness]]|date=27 November 1901 }}
*{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TO19011130.2.11.1?end_date=01-12-1930&page=2&query=Cheviot&start_date=01-01-1900&type=ILLUSTRATION |title= Cartoon: Who are you? |work=Observer |date=30 November 1901 }}
*{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TO19011130.2.2.1?end_date=01-12-1930&page=3&query=Cheviot&start_date=01-01-1900&type=ILLUSTRATION |title= Cartoon: Hon Hall-Jones contemplating the ruins |work=Observer |date=30 November 1901 }}
*{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TO19011123.2.7.1?end_date=01-12-1930&page=4&query=Cheviot&start_date=01-01-1900&type=ILLUSTRATION |title= Cartoon: Another injustice to Auckland by Dick Seddon! |work=Observer |date=23 November 1901 }}


{{Earthquakes in New Zealand}}
Described as "sharp" and having a "strong vertical motion".<ref name=":5" />
{{Christchurch earthquakes}}

{{Earthquakes in 1901}}
== Side note: 1957 earthquake (delete this later) ==
After the earthquake on 2 December 1957, the ''[[Otago Daily Times]]'' reported that "a rumour quickly spread that a Russian satellite had landed on St Clair beach. After receiving many telephone calls, a group of reporters hastened to investigate, but only a blank stretch of sand and the rolling ocean greeted them."<ref name=":3" />

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== References ==
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{{Reflist}}


{{Coord|42.81|S|173.26|E|display=title}}
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== External links ==


[[:Category:Hurunui District]]
* [https://data.gns.cri.nz/rgmad/tiles/51201-52620/52615/openlayers.html Map of damage in shops] by GNS Science
[[:Category:Earthquakes in New Zealand|1901 Cheviot earthquake]]
[[:Category:1901 in New Zealand|Cheviot Earthquake, 1901]]
[[:Category:1901 earthquakes|Cheviot Earthquake, 1901]]
[[:Category:History of the Canterbury Region]]
[[:Category:November 1901 events]]

Latest revision as of 06:29, 6 December 2024

1901 Cheviot earthquake
Panamitsu/sandbox is located in New Zealand
Panamitsu/sandbox
UTC time1901-11-15 20:15
ISC event16957744
USGS-ANSSn/a
Local date16 November 1901 (1901-11-16)
Local time07:47 NZT
Magnitude6.9
Depth33 km
Areas affectedSouth Island, New Zealand
Casualties1 death

The 1901 Cheviot earthquake occurred at 07:47 NZT on 16 November 1901 (20:15 15 November UTC)[1] with an estimated magnitude of 6.9, centred near the township of Cheviot in the Canterbury region of New Zealand.

Damage and casualties

[edit]
McTaggart's butcher shop in Cheviot after the earthquake

A baby was killed when a sod hut collapsed.[2] Other casualties in the Canterbury region are not known.

The top of ChristChurch Cathedral's spire fell, as had occurred in the 1888 North Canterbury earthquake. Its stone structure was subsequently replaced with a more resilient design.

Observations of sand blows (sand volcano) and lateral spreading, consistent with soil liquefaction phenomena in the township of Kaiapoi were reported in local newspapers in a two to three block area at the eastern end of Charles and Sewell Streets on the north bank of the Kaiapoi River, in addition to similar effects observed on the opposing river bank, and the road to Belfast.[3]

[edit]
  • Damage to a house
    Damage to a house
  • Interior damage
    Interior damage
  • Building damage
    Building damage
  • Cracks in the road to Port Robinson
    Cracks in the road to Port Robinson

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panamitsu/sandbox.
  1. ^ "Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2013)". IISEE. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  2. ^ This Week in History, GNS Science, archived from the original on 19 August 2010
  3. ^ Berrill, J.B.; Mulqueen, P.C.; Ooi E.T.C. (1994). "Liquefaction at Kaiapoi in the 1901 Cheviot, New Zealand, Earthquake". Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering. 27 (3): 178–189. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.27.3.178-189.
[edit]

42°49′S 173°16′E / 42.81°S 173.26°E / -42.81; 173.26

Category:Hurunui District 1901 Cheviot earthquake Cheviot Earthquake, 1901 Cheviot Earthquake, 1901 Category:History of the Canterbury Region Category:November 1901 events

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