Sindhis: Difference between revisions

Sindhis
سنڌي‎; सिन्धी;
Total population
	c. 41 million
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan	39,252,262
India	c. 2.9 million
Saudi Arabia	180,980 (2020)
United Arab Emirates	94,620
United States	50,000
United Kingdom	25,000
Malaysia	30,000 (2021)
Afghanistan	21,000
Hong Kong	20,000
Philippines	20,000 (1997)
Bangladesh	15,000[citation needed]
Oman	14,700 (2020)
Canada	12,065
Singapore	11,860
Indonesia	~10,000
Spain	10,000
Languages
	Sindhi
Religion
	Majority:; Islam; Minority: ; Hinduism (incl. Nanakpanthi);
Related ethnic groups
	Other Sindhic-speaking groups;

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This article contains Sindhi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Sindhi script.

Sindhis (/ˈsɪndiːz/; سنڌي‎ (Perso-Arabic), सिन्धी (Devanagari); romanized: sindhī; pronounced [sɪndʱiː])^[18] are an Indo-Aryan^[18] ethnolinguistic group, originating from and native to Sindh region of Pakistan, who share a common Sindhi culture, history and language. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of Balochistan, the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region of Gujarat.^[19]^[20]

Having been isolated throughout history, unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its uniqueness.^[21]^[22] After the partition of British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly independent Dominion of India and other parts of the world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling in countries such as England^[23] and the United States.

Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim, with smaller minorities of Christians, Sikhs, and Hindus. The latter are concentrated mostly in the eastern Sindh. Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu with smaller Muslim, Christian, Sikh, and Jain minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.^[24]^[25]

Etymology

The name Sindhi is derived from the Sanskrit Sindhu, which translates as "river" or "sea body"; the Greeks used the term "Indos"^[26] to refer to the Indus River and the surrounding region, which is where Sindhi is spoken.^{[citation needed]}

The historical spelling "Sind" (from the Perso-Arabic سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the Sindh Assembly, and is now spelt "Sindh." Hence, the term "Sindhi" was also introduced to replace "Sindi".^{[citation needed]}

In the Balochi language, the traditional terms for Sindhis are Jadgal and Jamote. They are derived from the prefix Jatt referring to the tribe by that name, and the suffix gal meaning "speech". Thus, it signifies someone who speaks the language of the Jatts, i.e. a Jatt. The term Jatt historically encompassed Sindhis and Punjabis, and was frequently used by the British for Sindhis in their census records.^[27]^[28]

Geographic distribution

Sindh has been an ethnic historical region isolated from the rest of India; unlike its neighbors Sindh did not experience violent invasions.^[29] Boundaries of various Kingdoms and rulers in Sindh were defined on ethnic lines. Throughout history the geographical definition for Sindh referred to the south of Indus and its neighboring regions.^[30]

Pakistan

Besides Sindh the historical homeland of Sindhis are regions like Kacchi Plain, the Lasbela and Makran regions in Balochistan,^[31] the Bahawalpur region^[32] of Punjab,^[33] the Kutch region of Gujarat^[34]^[35] and Jaisalmer and Barmer regions of Rajasthan, India.^[36] There are many Sindhi-Hindus who migrated to India after partition in 1947.^[37]^[38]

Sindhis in Pakistan have their own province, Sindh, It also has the largest population of Hindus in Pakistan, with 93% of Pakistani Hindus residing in Sindh.^[39]^[40]

India

Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition,^[41] but due to fear of persecution on the basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India,^[42] they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time^[43]^[44] in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to claim, they chose to live in states that had similarity with Sindhi culture.^[45] Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities,^[46]^[47] especially through business and trade.^[48]^[49]^[50] Sindhis have distinguished themselves in India,^[51] from famous actors such as Ranveer Singh and Jimmi Harkishin to veteran politicians such as L. K. Advani, all of whom had families that came from Sindh.

In India as per 2011 census,^[52] Sindhis have an estimated population of 2,770,000. Unlike Sindhis in Pakistan, Indian Sindhis are scattered throughout India in states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Population break up by states (Census of India 2011)
State	Population (100 Thousands)	% of Total
Gujarat	11.84	42.7%
Maharashtra	7.24	26.1%
Rajasthan	3.87	13.9%
Madhya Pradesh	2.45	8.8%
Chhattisgarh	0.93	3.4%
Delhi	0.31	1.1%
Uttar Pradesh	0.29	1.0%
Assam	0.20	0.7%
Karnataka	0.17	0.6%
Andhra Pradesh	0.11	0.4%

Diaspora

Today many Sindhis live outside Pakistan and India, particularly in Afghanistan, where there are an estimated 25,000 of them, largely engaged in merchant trade.^[53] In addition, during the crackdown on separatist groups by Pervez Musharraf an estimated 400-500 Sindhi separatists, along with Balochis, fled to Afghanistan.^[54]

Another group of Sindhis migrated to the island of Ceylon, which is the now modern day country of Sri Lanka, roughly two centuries ago to engage in business and trade.^[55]^[56]^[57] They came via migration from Hyderabad city of Sindh.^[58] However, after partition this trend increased as Sindhi Hindus left their home province.^[59] Today they are mainly concentrated around Colombo.^[60]

Rich Sindhi communities can also be found in both Hong Kong^[61] and Singapore.^[62]

History

Sindh was the site of one of the Cradle of civilizations, the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation that flourished from about 3000 BCE. The Indo-Aryan tribes of Sindh gave rise to the Iron Age vedic civilization, which lasted until 500 BCE. During this era, the Vedas were composed.

In 518 BCE, the Achaemenid empire conquered Indus valley and established Hindush satrapy in Sindh. Following Alexander the Great's invasion, Sindh became part of the Mauryan Empire. After its decline, Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians ruled in Sindh.

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to come under Islamic rule. Parts of the modern-day province were intermittently subject to raids by the Rashidun army during the early Muslim conquests, but the region did not come under Muslim rule until the Arab invasion of Sind occurred under the Umayyad Caliphate, headed by Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE. Afterwards, Sindh was ruled by a series of dynasties including the Habbaris, Soomras, Sammas, Arghuns and Tarkhans.

The Mughal empire conquered Sindh in 1591 and organized it as Subah of Thatta, the first-level imperial division. Sindh again became independent under the Kalhora dynasty. The British conquered Sindh in 1843 after their victory in the Battle of Hyderabad over the Talpur dynasty. Sindh became a separate province in 1936, and after independence became part of Pakistan.

Prehistoric period

Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants of ancient cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro. Built around 2500 BCE., it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilisation or Harappan culture, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewer systems.^[63] It was one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe.

Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.^[64] The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.^[65]

The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy.^[b] Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,^[67] and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence.^[68] A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.

Historical period

For several centuries in the first millennium BCE and in the first five centuries of the first millennium CE, the western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian,^[69] Greek^[70] and Kushan rule,^[71] first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BCE) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks^[72] and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans,^[73] before the Islamic conquest between the 7th and 10th centuries CE Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BCE to 489 CE.^[74]

Medieval period

Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam^[75] after 720 CE. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and Buddhist. After 632 CE., it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh.

After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond Persia. An initial expedition in the region, launched because of the Sindhi pirate attacks on Arabs in 711–12, failed.^[76]^[77]

In 712, when Mohammed Bin Qasim invaded Sindh with 8000 cavalry while also receiving reinforcements, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf instructed him not to spare anyone in Debal. According to the Chach Nama, after the Arabs scaled Debal's walls, the besieged denizens opened the gates and pleaded for mercy but Qasim stated he had no orders to spare anyone. The historian al-Baladhuri stated that after conquest of Debal, Qasim kept slaughtering its inhabitants for three days. The custodians of the Buddhist stupa were killed and the temple was destroyed; 700 women taking shelter there were enslaved. Qasim gave a quarter of the city to Muslims and built a mosque there.^[78]

At Ror, 6000 fighting men were massacred with their families enslaved. The massacre at Brahamanabad has various accounts of 6,000 to 26,000 inhabitants slaughtered.^[79]

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh.^[80]^[81] Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty, consolidating their rule until the mid-18th century, when the Persian sacking of the Mughal throne in Delhi allowed them to grab the rest of Sindh. It is during this the era that the famous Sindhi Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai composed his classic Sindhi text Shah Jo Risalo^[82]^[83]^[84]

The Talpur dynasty (Sindhi: ٽالپردور‎‎) succeeded the Kalhoras in 1783 and four branches of the dynasty were established.^[85] One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch,^[86] and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.^[87]^[88]

They ruled from 1783 until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo.^[89] The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur,^[86] whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.

Baloch migrations in the region between 14th and 18th centuries^{[clarification needed]} and many Baloch dynasties saw a high Iranic mixture into Sindhis.^[90]^[91]^[92]

Modern period

British rule

The British East India Company conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin),^[93] which was later turned into a pun known as "Forgive me for I have Sindh".

The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to exploit Sindh's economic potential.^[94]^[95]

The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. The distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.^[94]^[96]

Post-colonial era

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. This was in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part because Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution,^[97] rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.^[98]^[99]

Demographics

Ethnicity and religion

The two main tribes of Sindh are the Soomro—descendants of the Soomra dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 C.E.—and the Samma—descendants of the Samma dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 CE. These tribes belong to the same bloodline.

Among other Sindhi Sammat and Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhuttos, Kambohs, Bhattis, Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chhachhar, Chachar, Dhareja, Rathores, Dakhan, Langah, Junejo, Mahars, etc. One of the oldest Sindhi tribes is the Charan.^[100] The Sindhi-Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sandhai Muslims of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the Sindhi Jats, who are found mainly in the Indus delta region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity and language.^[101]

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas.

Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta.^[102] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders)—Qadria and Naqshbandia—were introduced in Sindh.^[103] Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.^[104]

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindus overall, which accounts 8.7% of the population, roughly around 4.2 million people,^[105] and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2017 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),^[106] and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.^[107] Although Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.^[108] Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.^[109] Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.^[110]

Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.^[111]

Sindhi Hindus

Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest.^[112] The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism was declining in the region.^[113] While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after the Arab conquest, mainly due to conversion of almost all of the Buddhist population of Sindh to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive as a significant minority through Muslim rule until before the partition of India. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind": Buddhism in this region was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.^[112]

According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8.7% of the total population of Sindh province, roughly around 4.2 million people.^[114]^[115]^[105]^[116] Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. Hyderabad is currently the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there.^[114] The ratio of Hindus in Sindh was higher before the Partition of India in 1947.^[117]

Prior to the Partition of India, around 73% of the population of Sindh was Muslim with almost 26% of the remaining being Hindu.^[118]^[119]

Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the Partition of India in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. The cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population.^[120] According to the 1941 Census of India, Hindus formed around 74% of the population of Hyderabad, 70% of Sukkur, 65% of Shikarpur and about half of Karachi.^[121] By the 1951 Census of Pakistan, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.^[122]

Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. Thari (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.

Religion in Sindh according to 2017 census

Islam (90.34%)

Hinduism (8.73%)

Christianity (0.85%)

Ahmaddiya (0.05%)

Grand mausoleum of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, built by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro in 1762

Sindhi Muslims

The connection between Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649 CE and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the Battle of the Camel alongside Sindhi Jats.^[123] He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:^[124]

Arabic:
ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة
ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم
وأن أشرف من اودي الزمان به
أهل العفاف و أهل الجود والكريم ^[125]
"Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are true of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".^[126]

During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.^[127] Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day Quetta) in the year 658.^[128] Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi^[129] in 660 C.E., near Damascus.

In 712 C.E., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the "Arabian gateway" into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam).

Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to Iraq where the people thought highly of their learning", in particular in hadith,^[130] with the likes of poet Abu al- 'Ata Sindhi (d. 159) or hadith and fiqh scholar Abu Mashar Sindhi (d. 160), among many others. Sindhi scholars also translated scientific texts from Sanskrit into Arabic, for instance, the Zij al-Sindhind in astronomy.^[131]

The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a minority being Shia Ithna 'ashariyah. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines which dot the landscape of Sindh.

Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles.^[132] Some of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.

Tribes

Major tribes in Sindh include Soomros,^[133] Sammas,^[134]^[135] Kalhoras,^[136] Bhuttos^[137] and Rajper,^[135] all of these tribes have significant influence in Sindh.

Hindu Sindhi castes
(1911 Census of British India)^[138]

Lohana (53.9%)

Dhed (10.3%)

Bhil (6.9%)

Kohli (5.5%)

Rajput (2.7%)

Brahmin (2.5%)

Others (18.3%)

Religion	Caste	Surnames^[139]^[140]
Muslim	Rajput/ Jats/ Sammat	Soomros, Samo, Kalhora, Bhutto, Rajper, Kambohs, Bhati, Bhanbhros, Detho, Mahendros, Buriro, Unar, Dahri, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, Kaka, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Dakhan, Langah, Mahar, Chhachhar, Chachar, Halo, Dhareja, Jadeja, Juneja, Panhwar, Rathores, Memon, Khatri, Mahesar, Thaheem, Palh, Warya, Abro, Thebo, Siyal, Khaskheli, Palijo, Kehar, Solangi, Joyo, Burfat, Ruk, Palari, Palijo, Jokhio, Jakhro, Noonari, Narejo, Samejo, Korejo, Shaikh, Naich, Sahu/Soho, Jat, Mirjat, Khuhro, Bhangar, Roonjha, Rajar, Dahri, Mangi, Tunio, Gaho, Ghanghro, Chhutto, Hingoro, Hingorjo, Dayo, Halaypotro, Phulpotro, Pahore, Shoro, Arisar, Rahu, Rahujo, Katpar, Pechuho, Bhayo, Odho, Otho, Larak, Mangrio, Bhurt, Bughio, Chang, Chand, Chanar, Hakro, Khokhar.
Hindu/Muslim	Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana	Aishani, Agahni, Aneja, Anandani, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, Bajaj, Bhagwani, Bhaglani, Bhojwani, Bhagnani, Balani, Baharwani, Biyani, Bodhani, Channa, Chothani, Dalwani, Damani, Devnani, Dhingria, Dolani, Dudeja, Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gulrajani, Hiranandani, Hotwani, Harwani, Jagwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khanchandani, Khushalani, Lakhani, Lanjwani, Laungani, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, Lulia, Lokwani, Manghnani, Mamtani, Mirani, Mirpuri, Mirwani, Mohinani, Mulchandani, Nihalani, Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, Qaimkhani, Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani, Soneji, Setia, Sewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, Wassan, Vangani, Varlani, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
Hindu/Muslim	Sindhi Amil Lohana	Advani, Ahuja, Ajwani, Bathija, Bhambhani, Bhavnani, Bijlani, Chhablani, Chhabria, Chugani, Dadlani, Daryani, Dudani, Essarani, Gabrani, Gidwani, Hingorani, Idnani, Issrani, Jagtiani, Jhangiani, Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Khubchandani, Kriplani, Lalwani, Mahtani, Makhija, Malkani, Manghirmalani, Manglani, Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani, Motwani, Mukhija, Panjwani, Punwani, Ramchandani, Raisinghani, Ramsinghani, Rijhsanghani, Sadarangani, Shahani, Shahukarani, Shivdasani, Sipahimalani (shortened to Sippy), Sitlani, Sarabhai, Singhania, Takthani, Thadani, Vaswani, Wadhwani Uttamsinghani.
Muslim /Hindu	Artisan Castes	Kumbhar, Machhi, Mallah, Kori, Jogi, Drakhan, Mochi Labano/Chahwan, Patoli, Maganhar, Chaki.

Emigration

The Sindhi diaspora is significant. Emigration from the Sindh became mainstream after the 19th century with the British conquest of Sindh. A number of Sindhi traders emigrated to the Canary Islands^[141] and Gibraltar in this period.^[142]

After the Partition of India, many Sindhi Hindus emigrated to Europe, especially to the United Kingdom,^[143] North America, and Middle Eastern states such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.^{[citation needed]} Some settled in Hong Kong.^[144]^[145]

Genetics

Sindhi Genetics

Sindhis exhibit high frequencies of allele-B cell, which shows similarities with those of Middle-East^[146]^[147]^[148] having 87% Caucasoid admixture.^[149]

Culture

Sindhi culture has its roots in the Indus Valley civilization.^[92]^[150] Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region and the natural resources it had available. The Indus or Sindhu River that passes through the land, and the Arabian Sea (that defines its borders) also supported the seafaring traditions among the local people.

The local climate also reflects why the Sindhis have the language,^[151] folklore, traditions, customs and lifestyle that are so different from the neighbouring regions. The Sindhi culture is also strongly practiced^[152] by the Sindhi diaspora.

The roots of Sindhi culture go back to the distant past. Archaeological research during 19th and 20th centuries showed the roots of social life, religion and culture of the people of the Sindh:^[153] their agricultural practices, traditional arts and crafts, customs and tradition and other parts of social life, going back to a mature Indus Valley Civilization of the third millennium BC.^[154] Recent researches have traced the Indus valley civilization to even earlier ancestry.^[155]

Language

Sindhi^[156] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official institutional status and has plans to being promoted further.^[157] It is also spoken by a further 4.8 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language, without any state-level official status. Despite that there have been online methods for teaching Sindhi.^[158]

The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used. At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to extend and increase the status of Sindhi as the national language^[159]^[160]^[161]

Sindhi is believed to be originated from an older Indo-Aryan dialect spoken in Indus valley,^[162] Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 CE.

A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.

During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ‎) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

جهہ‎	ڄ‎	ج‎	پ‎	ث‎	ٺ‎	ٽ‎	ٿ‎	ت‎	ڀ‎	ٻ‎	ب‎	ا‎
ɟʱ	ʄ	ɟ	p	s	ʈʰ	ʈ	tʰ	t	bʱ	ɓ	b	ɑː ʔ ∅
ڙ‎	ر‎	ذ‎	ڍ‎	ڊ‎	ڏ‎	ڌ‎	د‎	خ‎	ح‎	ڇ‎	چ‎	ڃ‎
ɽ	r	z	ɖʱ	ɖ	ɗ	dʱ	d	x	h	cʰ	c	ɲ
ڪ‎	ق‎	ڦ‎	ف‎	غ‎	ع‎	ظ‎	ط‎	ض‎	ص‎	ش‎	س‎	ز‎
k	q	pʰ	f	ɣ	ɑː oː eː ʔ ∅	z	t	z	s	ʂ	s	z
ي‎	ء‎	ه‎	و‎	ڻ‎	ن‎	م‎	ل‎	ڱ‎	گهہ‎	ڳ‎	گ‎	ک‎
j iː	ʔ ∅	h	ʋ ʊ oː ɔː uː	ɳ	n	m	l	ŋ	ɡʱ	ɠ	ɡ	kʰ

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.^[163] Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.^[164]

In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan,^[165] especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Hub, Kachhi, Sibi, Usta Muhammad, Jafarabad, Jhal Magsi, Nasirabad and Sohbatpur.

In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and Madhya Pradesh (244,000).^[166]^[c]

Traditional dress

The traditional Sindhi clothing varies from tribe to tribe but most common are Ghagra Choli, Salwar Cholo and Ghagho, Abho or Jubo (different types of frocks) with Sindhi embroideries and mirror work for women and long wide veil is important. Traditional dress for men is the Sindhi version of Shalwar Qameez or Kurta and above kameez or kurta a traditional embroidered or printed koti/gidi/sadri and Ajrak or Lungi (shawls) with either Sindhi Patko or Sindhi topi.^[167] Ajrak^[168] is added to dress for allure.

Literature

Sindhi literature is very rich,^[169] and is one of the world's oldest literatures. The earliest reference to Sindhi literature is contained in the writings of Arab historians. It is established that Sindhi was the first eastern language into which the Quran was translated,^[170]^[171]^[172] in the 8th or 9th century. There is evidence of Sindhi poets reciting their verses before the Muslim Caliphs in Baghdad. It is also recorded that treatises were written in Sindhi on astronomy, medicine and history during the 8th and 9th centuries.^[173]

Sindhi literature is the composition of oral and written scripts and texts in the Sindhi language in the form of prose: (romantic tales, and epic stories) and poetry: (Ghazal, Wai and Nazm). The Sindhi language is considered to be one of the oldest languages^[174] of Ancient India, due to the influence of the language of Indus Valley inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.

According to the historians, Nabi Bux Baloch, Rasool Bux Palijo, and GM Syed, Sindhi had a great influence on the Hindi language in pre-Islamic times. Nevertheless, after the advent of Islam in eighth century, Arabic language and Persian language influenced the inhabitants of the area and were the official language of the territory through different periods.^{[citation needed]}

Music

Music from Sindh is sung and is generally of five genres that originated in Sindh. The first one is the "Baits". The Baits style is vocal music in Sanhoon (low voice) or Graham (high voice).

Second is "Waee" instrumental music, which is performed in a variety of ways using a string instrument. Waee is also known as Kafi.

Other genres are Lada/Sehra/Geech, Dhammal, Doheera etc.^[175] The Sindhi folk musical instruments are Algozo, Tamburo, Chung, Yaktaro, Dholak, Khartal/Chapri/Dando, Sarangi, Surando, Benjo, Bansri, Borindo, Murli/Been, Gharo/Dilo, Tabla, Khamach/khamachi, Narr, Kanjhyun/Talyoon, Duhl Sharnai and Muto, Nagaro, Danburo, Ravanahatha etc.^[176]^[177]

Dance

Dances of Sindh include the famous Ho Jamalo and Dhammal.^[178] Common dances include Jhumar/Jhumir (different from the Jhumar dance of South Punjab), Kafelo, and Jhamelo. However, none of these have survived as much as Ho Jamalo.^[179] In marriages and on other occasions, a special type of song is produced; these are known as Ladas/Sehra/Geech and are sung to celebrate the occasion of marriage, birth and on other special days. They are mostly performed by women.^[178]

Some popular dances include:

Jamalo: The notable Sindhi dance which is celebrated by Sindhis across the world.
Jhumar/Jhumir: Performed on weddings and on special occasions.
Dhamaal: is a mystical dance performed by Dervish.
Chej,^[180] Although Chej has seen decline in Sindh it remains popular among Sindhi Hindus and the diaspora.
Bhagat: is a dance performed by professionals to entertain visiting people.
Doka/Dandio: Dance performed using sticks.
Charuri: Performed in thar.
Muhana Dance: A dance performed by fishermen and fisherwomen of Sindh.
Rasudo: Dance of nangarparker.

Folk tales

A Sindhi Ajrak, which is a traditional and ancient shawl of Sindh

Sindhi folklore folk traditions have developed in Sindh over a number of centuries.^[181]^[182] Sindh abounds with folklore, in all forms, and colours from such obvious manifestations as the traditional Watayo Faqir tales, The legend of Moriro, the epic tale of Dodo Chanesar, to the heroic character of Marui, which distinguishes it among the contemporary folklores of the region. The love story of Sassui, who pines for her lover Punhu, is known and sung in every Sindhi settlement. Examples of the folklore of Sindh include the stories of Umar Marui and Suhuni Mehar.

Sindhi folk singers and women play a vital role in transmitting Sindhi folklore. They sang the folktales of Sindh in songs with passion in every village of Sindh.

Sindhi folklore has been compiled in a series of forty volumes under Sindhi Adabi Board's project of folklore and literature. This valuable project was accomplished by noted Sindhi scholar Nabi Bux Khan Baloch. Folk tales such as Dodo Chanesar,^[183] Sassi Punnu,^[182] Moomal Rano,^[182]^[184] and Umar Marvi^[182] are examples of Sindhi folk tales.

The most famous Sindhi folk tales are known as the Seven Heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Some notable tales include:

Festivals

Sindhis are very festive and like to organize festivals to commemorate their culture and heritage. Most Sindhi celebrate Sindhi Culture day, which is celebrated regardless of religion to express their love for their culture.^[185]^[186] It is observed with great zeal.^[187]^[188]

Muslims

Sindhi Muslims celebrate Islamic festivals such as Eid-ul-Adha and Eid al-Fitr, which are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm but they are in no way related to Sindhi culture .^[189] A festival known as Jashn-e-Larkana is also celebrated by Sindhi Muslims.^[189]

Hindus

Compared to their Muslim counterparts, Hindu festivals are numerous and largely dependent on respective caste. Many Hindus have festivals based on a certain deity; common festivals include Cheti Chand (Sindhi new-year) Teejri, Thadri, Utraan.^[190]^[191]

Cuisine

Sindhi cuisine has been influenced by Central Asian, Iranian, and Mughal food traditions.^[192] It is mostly a non-vegetarian cuisine,^[192] with even Sindhi Hindus widely accepting of meat consumption.^[193] The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread (mani/roti) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry with curd, papad or pickle. Freshwater fish and a wide variety of vegetables are usually used in Sindhi cuisine.^[194]

Restaurants specializing in Sindhi cuisine are rare, although it is found at truck stops in rural areas of Sindh province, and in a few restaurants in urban Sindh.^[195]

The arrival of Islam within India influenced the local cuisine to a great degree. Since Muslims are forbidden to eat pork or consume alcohol and the Halal dietary guidelines are strictly observed, Muslim Sindhis focus on ingredients such as beef, lamb, chicken, fish, vegetables and traditional fruit and dairy. Hindu Sindhi cuisine is almost identical with the difference that beef is omitted. The influence of Central Asian, South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine in Sindhi food is ubiquitous. Sindhi cuisine was also found in India, where many Sindhi Hindus migrated following the Partition of India in 1947. Before Independence, the State of Sindh was under the Bombay Presidency.

Culture Day

Sindhi Cultural Day (Sindhi: سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو) is a popular Sindhi cultural festival. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday.^[196]^[197]^[198] It is widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world.^[199]^[200] Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.^[201]

On this holiday people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. They engage in literary (poetic) gatherings, mach katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies.^[202] On the occasion people wearing Ajrak and Sindhi Topi, traditional block printed shawls, attend musical programs and rallies in many cities. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak. People across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. Even the children and women dress up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous Sindhi singers sing Sindhi songs. The musical performances of the artists inspire the participants to dance to Sindhi tunes and the national song ‘Jeay Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean’.

All political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh Culture Department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize a variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programs, drama and theatric performances, tableaus and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity.^[203] Sindhi culture, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.^[204]

Poetry

Prominent in Sindhi culture, poetry continues an oral tradition dating back a thousand years, based on folk tales. Sindhi is one of the major oldest languages of the Indus Valley, having a particular literary colour both in poetry and prose. Sindhi poetry is very rich in thought as well as containing a variety of genres like other developed languages.

The poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast is very famous throughout Sindh. Since the 1940s, Sindhi poetry has incorporated broader influences, including the sonnet and blank verse. Soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947, these forms were reinforced by Triolet, Haiku, Renga and Tanka. At present, these forms continue to co-exist, albeit in a varying degree, with Azad Nazm having an edge over them all.

Notable people

Notes

^ Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number. Includes 1 million Kutchi speakers.^[3]^[4]^[5]
^ These covered carnelian products, seal carving, work in copper, bronze, lead, and tin.^[66]
^ This is the number of people who identified their language as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.

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^ Kumar, Priya; Kothari, Rita (2016). "Sindh, 1947 and Beyond". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 39 (4): 776–777. doi:10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752. S2CID 151354587.
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^ "Can Sufism save Sindh?". DAWN.COM. 2 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
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^ ^a ^b MacLean, Derryl L. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. pp. 12–14, 77–78. ISBN 978-90-040-8551-0.
^ Shu Hikosaka, G. John Samuel, Can̲ārttanam Pārttacārati (ed.), Buddhist themes in modern Indian literature, Inst. of Asian Studies, 1992, p. 268
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^ Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janet ul Sindh; 3rd edition, 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board, Jamshoro; page no: 2.
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^ Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
^ Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, Brill, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
^ Mazheruddin Siddiqui, "Muslim culture in Pakistan and India" in Kenneth W. Morgan, Islam, the Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1987, p. 299
^ Ahmed Abdulla, The historical background of Pakistan and its people, Tanzeem Publishers, 1973, p. 109
^ Ansari, Sarah FD. Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947. No. 50. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
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^ Panhwar, M. H. (2003). Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh (1011–1351 AD) (PDF). Karachi: Soomra National Council. p. 74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
^ ^a ^b Lari, Suhail Zaheer (1993). A History of Sindh (PDF). p. 42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via Sani Panhwar Publishers. The Sammas were once, the owners of the land throughout Sindh, and formed the majority of the population of Sindh
^ "History of Sindh". Government of Sindh. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
^ Taseer, Salman (3 September 1979). Bhutto a Political Biography (PDF). Sindh. ISBN 9780903729482. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via Sani Panhwar Publishers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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^ Peck, James (2004). Hindus on a rock. United Kingdom: Oxford Brookes University. The Sindhis of Gibraltar derive their traditions from being part of the global Sindhi sect that originates from the Sindh region of Pakistan. Theologically associated with Hinduism and Sikhism, Sindhis held many important jobs before and during British colonial rule of the Sindh region especially as merchants trading across the British Empire.
^ David, Maya Khemlani (2001). The Sindhi Hindus of London. Malaysia: University of Malaya.
^ Ritu Hemnani (15 August 2019). "They made a life in Hong Kong: Hindus on India's partition". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ "Homepage of Sindhi Association of Hongkong & China". sindhishongkong.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ Papiha, Surinder Singh; Deka, Ranjan; Chakraborty, Ranajit (26 July – 1 August 1998). Genomic Diversity: Applications in Human Population Genetics. Symposium on Molecular Anthropology in the Twenty-First Century, Held During the 14th International Congress of the Association of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Williamsburg, Virginia: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-306-46295-5. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023. The other two northern populations (Kalasha and Hazara) and the four southern populations (Baloch, Brahui, Makrani and the Sindhis) exhibited high frequency of Allele-B. Similar high frequencies have been found in European, Middle Eastern and North African populations.
^ Yasmin, Memona; Rakha, Allah; Noreen, Saadia; Salahuddin, Zeenat (1 May 2017). "Mitochondrial control region diversity in Sindhi ethnic group of Pakistan". Legal Medicine. 26: 11–13. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.02.001. ISSN 1344-6223. PMID 28549541. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
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^ Bilgrami, Noor Jehan (2000). Ajrak: Cloth from Soil of Sindh. University of Nebraska, United States of America: Textile Society of America. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
^ Meena, R. P. Art, Culture and Heritage of India: for Civil Services Examination. New Era Publication. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Sindhi literature is very rich and oldest literature in the world's literatures
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^ Doctor, Roma (2012). Folklore: Sindhi Folklore, An Introductory Survey. Taylor Francis. p. 223. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1985.9716351. The folklore of Sindh, like all other folklore, is the result of an interaction of cultural, geographical and religious factors. An analytical diachronic study shows Sindhi folklore to have evolved as a result of three specific factors: (1) The impact of region or geographical location of people. (2) Religion, i.e. the interaction of Hindu and Muslim ideologies on the religious and philosophical plane. (3) The opposition Oral Register vs Written Register and the subsequent inner opposition Narrative vs Incantatory/Recitatory within the Oral Register.
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Bibliography

Rahman, Tariq (1999), Language Politics and Power in Pakistan: The Case of Sindh and Sindhi (PDF), Sani Panhwar Publishers
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External links

Virtual Home of Global Sindhi Community Everything about Sindhis

SabSindhi-All About Sindhis, Music, Books, Magazines, People, Dictionary, Calendar, Keyboard
Sindhi Sangat: promoting & preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language.
Sindhi Jagat: All India Sindhi Consolidating Centre. Archived 22 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Sindhi Surnames Origin – Trace your roots Archived 29 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
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Sindhi Association of North America
Sindhi Association of Europe Archived 12 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Sindhi songs lyrics

[6] Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number. Includes 1 million Kutchi speakers.^[3]^[4]^[5]

[68] These covered carnelian products, seal carving, work in copper, bronze, lead, and tin.^[66]

[169] This is the number of people who identified their language as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.

[1] "Pakistan". 17 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

[2] "Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result". 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

[eth2-3] Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2024). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (27 ed.).

[4] "Now, class 6th & 8th students of U.P. Govt schools to learn about Sindhi deities, personalities". 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.

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[170] Manian, Ranjini (9 February 2011). Doing Business in India For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-05163-4. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, and Sindhi. As far as dress is concerned, women in the north wear Sari and Shalwar Kameez, Chudidar-Kurta, and Lehenga-Kurta Men wear Pyjama-Kurta and Dhoti-Kurta

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[173] Rahman, Tariq (1999). The Teaching of Sindhi and Sindhi Ethnicity. p. 1. Sindhi is one of the most ancient languages of India. Indeed, the first language Muslims (Arabs) came in contact with when they entered India in large numbers was Sindhi. Thus several Arab writers mention that Sindhi was the language of people in al-Mansura, the capital of Sind. Indeed, the Rajah of Alra called Mahraj, whose kingdom was situated between Kashmir and Punjab, requested Amir Abdullah bin Umar, the ruler of al-Mansura, to send him someone to translate the Quran into his language around 882. The language is called 'Hindi' by Arab historians (in this case the author of Ajaib ul Hind) who often failed to distinguish between the different languages of India and put them all under the generic name of 'Hindi'. However, Syed Salman Nadwi, who calls this the first translation of the Quran into any Indian language suggests that this language might be Sindhi.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Ethnic group native to Sindh, Pakistan}}
+{{Short description|Ethnic group native to Sindh}}
 {{About|the ethnic group|their language|Sindhi language|their native homeland|Sindh|other uses|Sindhi (disambiguation)}}
 {{Redirect-distinguish|Sindhi people|Sindi people|Sinti people}}
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 {{Infobox ethnic group
-| group            = Sindhi
+| group            = Sindhis
 | native_name      = {{hlist|{{Naskh|سنڌي}}|सिन्धी}}
 | native_name_lang = sd
 | image            =
 | image_caption    =
-| population       = {{circa|45 million}}
+| population       = {{circa|41 million}}
 | total_source     =
-| region1          = {{flag|Pakistan}}
+| region1          = [[Pakistan]]
 | pop1             = 39,252,262<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ | title=Pakistan | date=17 August 2022 | access-date=11 August 2022 | archive-date=22 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322084620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375 | title=Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result | date=19 May 2021 | access-date=25 December 2022 | archive-date=17 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017131612/https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-| region2          = {{flag|India}}
+| region2          = [[India]]
-| pop2             = [[Sindhis in India|3,000,000]]{{efn|Includes those who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and includes the 1 million Kutchi Speakers too. Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.<ref name="eth2">{{cite book |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |date=2024 |edition=27 |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/snd/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html | title=Now, class 6th & 8th students of U.P. Govt schools to learn about Sindhi deities, personalities | date=23 May 2023 | access-date=3 August 2023 | archive-date=18 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718114204/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@NischayKalra/how-many-sindhis-live-in-india-part-2-5d5bc74ad425 | title=How many Sindhis live in India? Part 2 | date=29 December 2019 | access-date=3 August 2023 | archive-date=3 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803083639/https://medium.com/@NischayKalra/how-many-sindhis-live-in-india-part-2-5d5bc74ad425 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
+| pop2             = {{circa|2.9 million}}{{efn|Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number. Includes 1 million Kutchi speakers.<ref name="eth2">{{cite book |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |date=2024 |edition=27 |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/snd/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html | title=Now, class 6th & 8th students of U.P. Govt schools to learn about Sindhi deities, personalities | date=23 May 2023 | access-date=3 August 2023 | archive-date=18 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718114204/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
+| region3          = [[Saudi Arabia]]
-| region3          = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
 | pop3             = 180,980 (2020)
 | ref3             = <ref name="eTH">{{cite web |title=Sindhi {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/snd/ |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>
-| region4          = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
+| region4          = [[United Arab Emirates]]
 | pop4             = 94,620
 | ref4             = <ref>http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101336/http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |date=21 April 2021 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2022}}</ref>
-| region5          = {{flag|United States}}
+| region5          = United States
 | pop5             = 50,000<ref name="SJ">{{cite journal |last1=Haller |first1=Dieter |title=Let it flow: Economy, spirituality and gender in the Sindhi network |journal=Anthropological Theory |date=June 2005 |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=155 |doi=10.1177/1463499605050868 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499605050868 |publisher=Sage Publications |language=en |issn=1463-4996}}</ref>
 | ref5             = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&hidePreview=true | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180419/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&hidePreview=true | archive-date=26 November 2020 | title=Explore Census Data }}</ref>
-| region6          = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
+| region6          = United Kingdom
 | pop6             = 25,000
 | ref6             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/17/country/GB/|title=United Kingdom|work=Ethnologue|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
-| region7          = {{flag|Malaysia}}
+| region7          = [[Malaysia]]
 | pop7             = 30,000 (2021)<ref name="eth2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Maya Khemlani |title=Language shift Amongst The Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |date=1999 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=61 |doi=10.1017/S0257543400001012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>|
-| region11         = {{flag|Philippines}}
+| region11         = [[Philippines]]
 | pop11            = 20,000 (1997)<ref name="eth2" />
-| region10         = {{flag|Hong Kong}}
+| region10         = [[Hong Kong]]
 | pop10            = 20,000
 | ref10            = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sindhi Association Hong Kong|url=https://sindhishongkong.com/|access-date=2023-01-15|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115112420/https://sindhishongkong.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| region9          = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
+| region9          = [[Afghanistan]]
 | pop9             = 21,000
 | ref9             = <ref name="eTH" />
-| region12         = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
+| region12         = [[Bangladesh]]
 | pop12            = 15,000{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
 | ref12            =
-| region13         = {{flag|Oman}}
+| region13         = [[Oman]]
 | pop13            = 14,700 (2020)<ref name="eth2" />
-| region14         = {{flag|Canada}}
+| region14         = Canada
 | pop14            = 12,065
 | ref14            = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=3 | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] | date=8 February 2017 | access-date=11 August 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181643/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=3 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-| region15         = {{flag|Singapore}}<ref name="encyclopedia_sindhis">{{cite web |title=Sindhis |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
+| region15         = [[Singapore]]<ref name="encyclopedia_sindhis">{{cite web |title=Sindhis |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
 | pop15            = 11,860
 | ref15            = <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC|title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia|first1=K.|last1=Kesavapany|first2=A.|last2=Mani|first3=P.|last3=Ramasamy|date=2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812307996|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183254/https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| region16         = {{flag|Indonesia}}
+| region16         = [[Indonesia]]
 | pop16            = ~10,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fealy |first1=Greg |last2=Ricci |first2=Ronit |title=Contentious belonging: the place of minorities in Indonesia |date=2019 |publisher=ISEAS publishing |isbn=9789814843492 |page=215}}</ref>
-| region17         = {{flag|Spain}}
+| region17         = Spain
 | pop17            = 10,000<ref name="SJ" />
-| region18         = {{flag|Kenya}}
+| languages        = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
-| pop18            = 3,300 (2020)<ref name="eth2" />
-| region19         = {{flag|Australia}}
-| pop19            = 2,640 (2021)<ref name="eTH" /><ref>{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&languages=sindhi&topic=cultural-diversity|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.sbs.com.au|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130172527/https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&languages=sindhi&topic=cultural-diversity|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| region20         = {{flag|Belize}}
-| pop20            = 1,200 (2011)<ref name="eTH" />
-| region21         = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
-| pop21            = 1,000{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
-| region22         = {{flag|Saint Martin}}
-| pop22            = 1,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falzon |first1=Mark-Anthony |title=Cosmopolitan connections: the Sindhi diaspora, 1860 - 2000 |date=2004 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004140080 |page=246}}</ref>
-| region23         = {{flag|Gibraltar}}
-| pop23            = 500<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinducommunity.gi/about|title=About &#124; The Hindu Community of Gibraltar|website=Hindu Community Gib|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113152536/https://www.hinducommunity.gi/about|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| languages        = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />{{small|{{Hlist|[[Hindi-Urdu]]{{efn|As a [[second language]] in Pakistan and India}}|[[English language|English]]{{efn|Amongst [[Sindhi diaspora]] in the [[Western world]]}}}}}}
 | rels             = '''Majority''':<br />[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] Islam<br />
 '''Minority''': <br /> {{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (incl. [[Nanakpanthi]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |url-status=live }}</ref>
 }}
-| related_groups   = [[Indo-Iranian peoples]] (specifically [[Punjabis]], [[Gujaratis]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]])
+| related_groups   = {{Hlist|Other [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic-speaking]] groups|}}
 }}
-'''Sindhis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|iː|z}}; {{lang-sd|rtl=no|{{naskh|سنڌي}} <small>([[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]])</small>, सिन्धी <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>| pron={{IPA|[[Help:IPA|sˈɪndhiː]]}}|translit=sindhī}}; {{IPA-sd|sɪndʱiː|pron}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Butt |first=Rakhio |date=1998 |title=Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics |publisher=Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+language |isbn=9789694050508 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183243/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+language |url-status=live }}</ref> are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]<ref name=":0" /> [[ethno-linguistic group|ethnolinguistic group]], originating from and native to the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]], who share a common [[Sindhi culture]], [[History of Sindh|history]] and [[Sindhi language|language]]. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of [[Balochistan]], the [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur region]] of [[Punjab]] and the [[Kutch|Kutch region]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siraj |first=Amjad |url=https://library.sindhila.org/kitab?number=50&view=1364 |title=Sindhi Language |quote=Cultural and territorial proximity has a major influence on the similarities of languages. There was a time when Sindh was a sovereign country and was a lot bigger than its present geographical boundaries. It included parts of present day Punjab and Bahawalpur, Lasbela (Balochistan), Kachh (India) and some southern parts of present day Balochistan. That is why Sindhi has very deep relations with languages of these regions. In fact one can say that the dialects and sub- dialects of this region ie Punjabi, Multani, Seraiki, Kachhi etc are greatly influenced by Sindhi and in a way can be considered akin to it. In addition to the local languages, Sindhi is also closely related to languages of the neighbouring regions. In the pre-historic and even the historic period, for a long time India was a common social and political entity, and in this period the court languages, indigenous as well as foreign, must have influenced the regional languages. |publisher=[[Sindhi Language Authority]] |isbn=978-969-625-082-1 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135933/https://library.sindhila.org/kitab?number=50&view=1364 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faiz |first=Asma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh |title=In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2021 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-78738-632-7 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183306/https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Sindhis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|iː|z}}; {{lang|sd|rtl=no|{{naskh|سنڌي}} <small>([[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]])</small>, सिन्धी <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>}}; {{small|[[Romanisation of Sindhi|romanized]]:}} ''sindhī''; {{IPA-sd|sɪndʱiː|pron}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Butt |first=Rakhio |date=1998 |title=Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics |publisher=Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+language |isbn=9789694050508 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183243/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+language |url-status=live }}</ref> are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]<ref name=":0" /> [[ethno-linguistic group|ethnolinguistic group]], originating from and native to [[Sindh]] region of Pakistan, who share a common [[Sindhi culture]], [[History of Sindh|history]] and [[Sindhi language|language]]. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of [[Balochistan]], the [[Bahawalpur Division|Bahawalpur region]] of [[Punjab]] and the [[Kutch|Kutch region]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siraj |first=Amjad |url=https://library.sindhila.org/kitab?number=50&view=1364 |title=Sindhi Language |quote=Cultural and territorial proximity has a major influence on the similarities of languages. There was a time when Sindh was a sovereign country and was a lot bigger than its present geographical boundaries. It included parts of present-day Punjab and Bahawalpur, Lasbela (Balochistan), Kachh (India) and some southern parts of present day Balochistan. That is why Sindhi has very deep relations with languages of these regions. In fact one can say that the dialects and sub- dialects of this region ie Punjabi, Multani, Seraiki, Kachhi etc are greatly influenced by Sindhi and in a way can be considered akin to it. In addition to the local languages, Sindhi is also closely related to languages of the neighbouring regions. In the pre-historic and even the historic period, for a long time India was a common social and political entity, and in this period the court languages, indigenous as well as foreign, must have influenced the regional languages. |publisher=[[Sindhi Language Authority]] |isbn=978-969-625-082-1 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135933/https://library.sindhila.org/kitab?number=50&view=1364 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faiz |first=Asma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh |title=In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2021 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-78738-632-7 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183306/https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Having been isolated throughout history, unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its uniqueness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture |website=www.wwf.org.pk |url=https://www.wwf.org.pk/foreverindus/ie_people_culture.php |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104064752/https://www.wwf.org.pk/foreverindus/ie_people_culture.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |title=Archaeology, Art and Religion in Sindh |quote=Sindh’s rich cultural and religious diversity makes it unique in Pakistan. In past few decades, there has been a growing interest in the archaeology of Sindh by both local and international scholars. |publisher=Culture Department, Government of Sindh |year=2018 |location=Sindh |pages=17}}</ref> After the [[partition of India|partition of British India]] in 1947, many [[Sindhi Hindus]] and [[Sindhis in India#Sindhi Sikhs|Sindhi Sikhs]] migrated to the newly independent [[Dominion of India]] and other parts of the world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling in countries such as [[British Sindhis|England]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindh diaspora: India and the United Kingdom |url=https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=UK Research and Innovation |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183358/https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 }}</ref> and the [[Sindhi Americans|United States]]. Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly [[Muslim]] with a smaller [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikh]] and [[Hinduism in Sindh Province|Hindu minority]] that are [[Population|concentrated]] mostly in the [[Tharparkar|eastern Sindh]], whereas [[Indian Sindhis]] are predominantly [[Hindu]] with smaller Sikh and [[Jain]] minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=David |first1=Maya Khemlani |last2=Abbasi |first2=Muhammad Hassan Abbasi |last3=Ali |first3=Hina Muhammad |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357477372 |title=Young Sindhi Muslims in Cultural Maintenance in the Face of Language Shift |quote=Despite a shift away from habitual use of Sindhi language, they have maintained their cultural values and norms. |date=January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excerpt: For Some Sindhi Diaspora Members, Navigating Multiple Identities Is Not a Problem |url=https://thewire.in/books/sindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The Wire |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182059/https://thewire.in/books/sindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sindhis}}
+Having been isolated throughout history, unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its uniqueness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture |website=www.wwf.org.pk |url=https://www.wwf.org.pk/foreverindus/ie_people_culture.php |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104064752/https://www.wwf.org.pk/foreverindus/ie_people_culture.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |title=Archaeology, Art and Religion in Sindh |quote=Sindh's rich cultural and religious diversity makes it unique in Pakistan. In past few decades, there has been a growing interest in the archaeology of Sindh by both local and international scholars. |publisher=Culture Department, Government of Sindh |year=2018 |location=Sindh |pages=17}}</ref> After the [[partition of India|partition of British India]] in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and [[Sindhis in India#Sindhi Sikhs|Sindhi Sikhs]] migrated to the newly independent [[Dominion of India]] and other parts of the world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling in countries such as [[British Sindhis|England]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindh diaspora: India and the United Kingdom |url=https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=UK Research and Innovation |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183358/https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 }}</ref> and the [[Sindhi Americans|United States]].
+Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly [[Muslim]], with smaller minorities of [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christian]]s, [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikh]]s, and [[Hinduism in Sindh Province|Hindu]]s.  The latter are [[Population|concentrated]] mostly in the [[Tharparkar|eastern Sindh]].  [[Indian Sindhis]] are predominantly Hindu with smaller Muslim, Christian, Sikh, and [[Jain]] minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=David |first1=Maya Khemlani |last2=Abbasi |first2=Muhammad Hassan Abbasi |last3=Ali |first3=Hina Muhammad |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357477372 |title=Young Sindhi Muslims in Cultural Maintenance in the Face of Language Shift |quote=Despite a shift away from habitual use of Sindhi language, they have maintained their cultural values and norms. |date=January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excerpt: For Some Sindhi Diaspora Members, Navigating Multiple Identities Is Not a Problem |url=https://thewire.in/books/sindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The Wire |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182059/https://thewire.in/books/sindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sindhis}}
 == Etymology ==
@@ Line 91: / Line 81: @@
 === Pakistan ===
+Besides Sindh the historical homeland of Sindhis are regions like [[Kacchi Plain]], the [[Las Bela (princely state)|Lasbela]] and [[Makran]] regions in [[Balochistan]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&q=jadgal |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799-1856 |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13780-6 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] region<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Hussain Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nV71AwAAQBAJ&q=sindhis+of+bahawalpur |title=Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity |date=2004-08-01 |publisher=Research and Publication Centre, National College of Arts, Lahore |isbn=978-969-8623-09-8 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ibbetson |first1=Sir Denzil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&q=sindhi |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Maclagan |date=1990 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Kutch district|Kutch region]] of [[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=DADUZEN |first=Dayal N. Harjani aka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&q=sindhi+in+kutch |title=Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-289-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faiz |first=Asma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ |title=In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2021-12-09 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-78738-632-7 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] and [[Barmer district|Barmer]] regions of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Neuman |first1=Daniel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b30HAQAAMAAJ |title=Bards, Ballads and Boundaries: An Ethnographic Atlas of Music Traditions in West Rajasthan |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Shubha |last3=Kothari |first3=Komal |date=2005 |publisher=Seagull |isbn=978-1-905422-07-4 |language=en}}</ref> There are many [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi-Hindus]] who migrated to India after partition in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhavnani |first=Nandita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJQ5swEACAAJ |title=The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India |date=2014 |publisher=Tranquebar Press |isbn=978-93-84030-33-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&q=sindhis+of+rajasthan |title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860-2000 |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-14008-0 |language=en}}</ref>
-{{See also|Sind Province (1936–1955)|Pakistan Resolution in Sindh assembly|Bombay Presidency|Sindhudesh|Insurgency in Sindh}}
-[[File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|left|thumb|Northern portion of Bombay province.{{Legend|#FF6A43|Sindh (then under [[Bombay Presidency]])}}{{Legend|#DBBA00|[[Khairpur State]]}}]]After the [[British conquest of Sindh|British conquest]], Sindh was integrated into the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay province]] and the [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]] state remained a [[British Empire|British]] [[Suzerainty|suzerain]]. Sindhis had almost no representation in the government of Bombay State, to the point that only after 1890 was Sindh represented for the first time with only four members representing Sindh. This token representation did not satisfy Sindhis and soon a movement began for a separate [[province]] that resulted in the formation of [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind province]] in 1936.
-This was also supported by [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], which considered it necessary for the creation of Pakistan in future. Sindhis had contributed massively<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-24 |title=Sindh's role in Pakistan movement |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/871700/sindh-s-role-in-pakistan-movement |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183314/https://www.dawn.com/news/871700/sindh-s-role-in-pakistan-movement |url-status=live }}</ref> to the [[Pakistan Movement|Pakistan movement]], especially by passing a [[Pakistan Resolution in Sindh assembly|Muslim state resolution in the Sindh assembly]] on 10 October 1938 under the condition for a self-government<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riffat |first1=Fatima |last2=Chawla |first2=Muhammad Iqbal |last3=Tariq |first3=Adnan |date=2016-06-30 |title=A History of Sindh from a Regional Perspective: Sindh and Making of Pakistan |url=https://www.prdb.pk/front/a-history-of-sindh-from-a-regional-perspective-sindh-and-ma-3572 |language=en}}{{dead link|date=March 2023}}</ref> under leaderships of [[G. M. Syed|GM Syed]] and [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]. Sindh thus became the first province of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] to openly support a [[Two-nation theory|Muslim state in India]] and later Pakistan and its creation. The movement faced fierce political resistance from [[Sindhi nationalism|Sindhi nationalists]] such as [[Allah Bux Soomro]] and the [[Indian National Congress]], which were against Sindh joining Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2018-08-06 |title=Allah Bux Soomro: The Sindhi Premier Who Fought The British & The Two-Nation Theory! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/155030/allah-bux-soomro-sindh-freedom-struggle-independence/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=The Better India |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322083616/https://www.thebetterindia.com/155030/allah-bux-soomro-sindh-freedom-struggle-independence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-After the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|breakup of Pakistan]] in 1971, G. M. Syed and other nationalists inspired by [[Bengali nationalism]] launched the [[Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz|Jeay Sindh]] Movement,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |date=2015-09-10 |title=Making of the Sindhi identity: From Shah Latif to GM Syed to Bhutto |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1205900 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913082743/https://www.dawn.com/news/1205900 |url-status=live }}</ref> which aimed for autonomy initially but later on raised separatist demands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Farhan Hanif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b0epgzkrz8C&pg=PA88 |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |date=2012-05-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33696-6 |language=en |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316155437/https://books.google.com/books?id=0b0epgzkrz8C&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref> This movement reached its peak following the [[Assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassination]] of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2007, starting from 2008 and lasting until 2012 and the death of [[Bashir Khan Qureshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voices |first=Pingback: Looking Back at 2012 in South Asia-Part II · Global |date=2012-04-07 |title=Pakistan: Immediate Reactions on the Death of Sindhi Nationalist Leader |url=https://globalvoices.org/2012/04/07/pakistan-immediate-reactions-on-the-death-of-sindhi-nationalist-leader/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Global Voices |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508100106/https://globalvoices.org/2012/04/07/pakistan-immediate-reactions-on-the-death-of-sindhi-nationalist-leader/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In Pakistan as per 2017 census,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasnain |first=Khalid |date=2021-05-19 |title=Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228030951/https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sindhis are the third largest ethnic group, after [[Punjabis]] and [[Pashtuns]] and followed by [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]]. Sindhis account for 14% of Pakistan's population with an estimated 34,250,000 people. [[Sufism]] has been an important aspect in the spiritual life of [[Muslims|Muslim]] Sindhis; as a result Sufism has become a marker of identity in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levesque |first=Julien |title="Sindhis are Sufi by Nature": Sufism as a Marker of Identity in Sindh |publisher=HAL Open Science |year=2016 |isbn=9781138910683 |pages=212–227 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harjani |first=Dayal N. |title=Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sufism+has+been+an+important+aspect+in+the+spiritual+life+of+Sindhis.&pg=PT330 |date=2018-07-19 |quote=Sindhi folklore, literature, poetry, music came to be influenced by Sufi ideologies to a great extent and therefore Sindhi psyche has been ingrained with piousness and the veneration of saints and visits to Dargahs |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-289-7 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213180059/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sufism+has+been+an+important+aspect+in+the+spiritual+life+of+Sindhis.&pg=PT330 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Sindhis in Pakistan have their own province, Sindh, It also has the largest population of [[Hindus]] in Pakistan, with 93% of Pakistani Hindus residing in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=Hindus under the official Muslims of Pakistan |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/642130/hindus-under-the-official-muslims-of-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101154155/https://dailytimes.com.pk/642130/hindus-under-the-official-muslims-of-pakistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajkumar |date=2019-11-11 |title=Religious profile of today's Pakistani Sindh Province |website=South Asia Journal |url=http://southasiajournal.net/religious-profile-of-todays-pakistani-sindh-province/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101154149/http://southasiajournal.net/religious-profile-of-todays-pakistani-sindh-province/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 105: / Line 88: @@
 {{See also|Sindhis in India}}
 [[File:Sindhi Population Distribution in Indian Subcontinent.png|thumb|Concentration of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] speakers in Sindh and India]]
-Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006-12-30 |title=RSS and Sindhi Hindus |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/52/discussion/rss-and-sindhi-hindus.html |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=52 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123721/https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/52/discussion/rss-and-sindhi-hindus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but due to fear of persecution on the basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-04 |title=Who orchestrated the exodus of Sindhi Hindus after Partition? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123163428/https://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition |url-status=live }}</ref> they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=Shortchanged by Partition, why Sindhis hold Karachi especially dear |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/karachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/karachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesan |first=Nikita Puri and Ranjita |date=2019-03-08 |title=India's Sindhi community is flourishing but the going isn't always easy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to claim, they chose to live in [[States and union territories of India|states]] that had similarity with Sindhi culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Scattered Sindhi society |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/scattered-sindhi-society.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123710/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/scattered-sindhi-society.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=Most billionaires in India today once resided in Pakistan's Sindh |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172647/https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After Partition, Sindhis Turned Displacement Into Determination and Enterprise |url=https://thewire.in/politics/after-partition-displacement-of-sindhis-turned-into-determination-and-enterprise |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Wire |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://thewire.in/politics/after-partition-displacement-of-sindhis-turned-into-determination-and-enterprise |url-status=live }}</ref> especially through business and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogra |first=Palak |date=29 January 2023 |title=Why Are Gujaratis, Marwaris, Sindhis So Good At Making Money? |url=https://edtimes.in/why-are-gujaratis-marwaris-sindhis-so-good-at-making-money/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=edtimes.in |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103447/https://edtimes.in/why-are-gujaratis-marwaris-sindhis-so-good-at-making-money/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='The Sindhis — Selling Anything, Anywhere' is story of the quintessential Sindhi businessman |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-sindhis-%E2%80%94-selling-anything-anywhere-is-story-of-the-quintessential-sindhi-businessman-428441 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202104949/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-sindhis-%E2%80%94-selling-anything-anywhere-is-story-of-the-quintessential-sindhi-businessman-428441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-06 |title=How Sindhis do Business, An Excerpt from 'Paiso' |url=https://penguin.co.in/how-sindhis-do-business-an-excerpt-from-paiso/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103452/https://penguin.co.in/how-sindhis-do-business-an-excerpt-from-paiso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sindhis have disinguished themselves in India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-04-01 |title=Bhagwat lauds contribution of Sindhis to the nation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bhagwat-lauds-contribution-of-sindhis-to-the-nation-1503168237.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405133149/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bhagwat-lauds-contribution-of-sindhis-to-the-nation-1503168237.html |url-status=live }}</ref> from famous actors such as [[Ranveer Singh]] and  [[Jimmi Harkishin]]  to veteran politicians such as [[L. K. Advani]], all of whom had families that came from Sindh.
+Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006-12-30 |title=RSS and Sindhi Hindus |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/52/discussion/rss-and-sindhi-hindus.html |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=52 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123721/https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/52/discussion/rss-and-sindhi-hindus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but due to fear of persecution on the basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-04 |title=Who orchestrated the exodus of Sindhi Hindus after Partition? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123163428/https://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition |url-status=live }}</ref> they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=Shortchanged by Partition, why Sindhis hold Karachi especially dear |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/karachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/karachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesan |first=Nikita Puri and Ranjita |date=2019-03-08 |title=India's Sindhi community is flourishing but the going isn't always easy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to claim, they chose to live in [[States and union territories of India|states]] that had similarity with Sindhi culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Scattered Sindhi society |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/scattered-sindhi-society.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123710/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/scattered-sindhi-society.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=Most billionaires in India today once resided in Pakistan's Sindh |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172647/https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After Partition, Sindhis Turned Displacement Into Determination and Enterprise |url=https://thewire.in/politics/after-partition-displacement-of-sindhis-turned-into-determination-and-enterprise |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Wire |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://thewire.in/politics/after-partition-displacement-of-sindhis-turned-into-determination-and-enterprise |url-status=live }}</ref> especially through business and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogra |first=Palak |date=29 January 2023 |title=Why Are Gujaratis, Marwaris, Sindhis So Good At Making Money? |url=https://edtimes.in/why-are-gujaratis-marwaris-sindhis-so-good-at-making-money/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=edtimes.in |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103447/https://edtimes.in/why-are-gujaratis-marwaris-sindhis-so-good-at-making-money/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='The Sindhis — Selling Anything, Anywhere' is story of the quintessential Sindhi businessman |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-sindhis-%E2%80%94-selling-anything-anywhere-is-story-of-the-quintessential-sindhi-businessman-428441 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202104949/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-sindhis-%E2%80%94-selling-anything-anywhere-is-story-of-the-quintessential-sindhi-businessman-428441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-06 |title=How Sindhis do Business, An Excerpt from 'Paiso' |url=https://penguin.co.in/how-sindhis-do-business-an-excerpt-from-paiso/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103452/https://penguin.co.in/how-sindhis-do-business-an-excerpt-from-paiso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sindhis have distinguished themselves in India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-04-01 |title=Bhagwat lauds contribution of Sindhis to the nation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bhagwat-lauds-contribution-of-sindhis-to-the-nation-1503168237.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405133149/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bhagwat-lauds-contribution-of-sindhis-to-the-nation-1503168237.html |url-status=live }}</ref> from famous actors such as [[Ranveer Singh]] and  [[Jimmi Harkishin]]  to veteran politicians such as [[L. K. Advani]], all of whom had families that came from Sindh.
 In India as per 2011 census,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Census of India |url=https://www.census2011.com.in |access-date=25 December 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sindhis have an estimated population of 2,770,000. Unlike Sindhis in Pakistan, Indian Sindhis are scattered throughout India in states such as [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]].
@@ Line 245: / Line 228: @@
 Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to [[Ahmad Hassan Dani]]. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. The cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population.<ref>Proceedings of the First Congress of Pakistan History & Culture held at the University of Islamabad, April 1973, Volume 1, University of Islamabad Press, 1975</ref> According to the [[1941 Census of India]], Hindus formed around 74% of the population of [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], 70% of [[Sukkur]], 65% of [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] and about half of [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1941/Census%20of%20India%201941.pdf|title=INDIA – Part I – Tables|work=[[1941 Census of India|Census of India 1941]]|page=90|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815164109/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1941/Census%20of%20India%201941.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the [[1951 Census of Pakistan]], all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf|title=Population According to Religion|work=[[1951 Census of Pakistan|Census of Pakistan, 1951]]|page=8,22|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309190410/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. [[Dhatki language|Thari]] (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.{{Pie chart|value1=90.34|color1=Green|label1=Islam|value2=8.73|color2=Red|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value3=0.85|color3=Blue|label3=[[Christianity]]|value4=0.05|color4=Black|label4=[[Ahmaddiya]]|caption=Religion in Sindh according to [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 census]]}}[[File:Tomb of Bhittai.jpeg|left|thumb|Grand mausoleum of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]], built by [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] on 1762]]
+Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. [[Dhatki language|Thari]] (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.{{Pie chart|value1=90.34|color1=Green|label1=Islam|value2=8.73|color2=Red|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value3=0.85|color3=Blue|label3=[[Christianity]]|value4=0.05|color4=Black|label4=[[Ahmaddiya]]|caption=Religion in Sindh according to [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 census]]}}[[File:Tomb of Bhittai.jpeg|left|thumb|Grand mausoleum of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]], built by [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] in 1762]]
 ===Sindhi Muslims===
@@ Line 251: / Line 234: @@
 The connection between Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad]], who traveled across Sind to [[Makran]] in the year 649 CE and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported [[Ali]], and died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindhi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala – An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145–50, (April 1955).</ref> He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:<ref>Derryl N. Maclean," '''Religion and Society in Arab Sind'''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref>
-{{Blockquote|text={{lang-ar|
+{{Blockquote|text={{langx|ar|
 ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة
@@ Line 288: / Line 271: @@
 | rowspan="2" |[[Hindus|Hindu]]/Muslim
 |Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana
-|Aishani, Agahni, Aneja, Anandani, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, [[Bajaj (surname)|Bajaj]], Bhagwani, Bhaglani, Bhojwani, [[Bhagnani]], [[Balani (surname)|Balani]], Baharwani, [[Biyani]], Bodhani, [[Channa]], Chothani, Dalwani, [[Damani (name)|Damani]], Devnani, [[Dhingra|Dhingria]], Dolani, Dudeja, Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gulrajani, [[Hiranandani]], Hotwani, Harwani, Jagwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khanchandani, Khushalani, [[Lakhani tribe|Lakhani]], [[Lanjwani]], Longan, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, [[Lulia]], Lokwani, Manghnani, Mamtani, [[Mirani (clan)|Mirani]], Mirpuri, [[Mirwani]], Mohinani, Mulchandani, [[Nihalani]], Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, [[Qaimkhani]], Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani, Soneji, [[Setia]], Sewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, [[Wassan]], [[Vangani]], Varlani, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
+|Aishani, Agahni, Aneja, Anandani, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, [[Bajaj (surname)|Bajaj]], Bhagwani, Bhaglani, Bhojwani, [[Bhagnani]], [[Balani (surname)|Balani]], Baharwani, [[Biyani]], Bodhani, [[Channa]], Chothani, Dalwani, [[Damani (name)|Damani]], Devnani, [[Dhingra|Dhingria]], Dolani, Dudeja, Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gulrajani, [[Hiranandani]], Hotwani, Harwani, Jagwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khanchandani, Khushalani, [[Lakhani tribe|Lakhani]], [[Lanjwani]], Laungani, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, [[Lulia]], Lokwani, Manghnani, Mamtani, [[Mirani (clan)|Mirani]], Mirpuri, [[Mirwani]], Mohinani, Mulchandani, [[Nihalani]], Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, [[Qaimkhani]], Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani, Soneji, [[Setia]], Sewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, [[Wassan]], [[Vangani]], Varlani, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
 |-
 |Sindhi Amil Lohana
@@ Line 320: / Line 303: @@
 {{See also|Sindhi language|Sindhi Language Bill, 1972}}
 [[File:Dodo Chanesar Khudabadi script.png|left|thumb|Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in ''Hatvanki Sindhi'' or [[Khudabadi script]]]]
-Sindhi<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|official institutional status]] and has plans to being promoted further.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Sindh CM launches website aimed at digitising rare Sindhi language books |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Gulf News |date=18 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103446/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled language]], without any state-level official status. Despite that there have been online methods for teaching Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's first Sindhi OTT App launch - SINDHIPLEX |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103448/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Sindhi<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|official institutional status]] and has plans to being promoted further.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Sindh CM launches website aimed at digitising rare Sindhi language books |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Gulf News |date=18 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103446/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also spoken by a further 4.8 million people in India, where it is a [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled language]], without any state-level official status. Despite that there have been online methods for teaching Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's first Sindhi OTT App launch - SINDHIPLEX |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103448/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The main writing system is the [[Perso-Arabic]] script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and [[Devanagari]] are used.
@@ Line 531: / Line 514: @@
 ===Culture Day===
 [[File:Sindhri Mango.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhri]], famous [[mango]] variety from Pakistan and among the Best [[Taste]]d Mangoes of the World]]
-'''Sindhi Cultural Day''' ({{lang-sd|سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو}}) is a popular [[List of Sindhi Hindu festivals|Sindhi cultural festival]]. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich [[culture of Sindh]]. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Culture Day completes first decade of celebrations with great gusto |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto |access-date=2020-12-06 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204193801/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Nation |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103065045/https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/03/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205231918/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/03/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Cultural Day being celebrated today |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.radio.gov.pk |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205012222/https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today |url-status=live }}</ref> It is widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Dec 2022 |title=PM felicitates Sindh people on culture day celebrations |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/pm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=Associated Press of Pakistan |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204114151/https://www.app.com.pk/national/pm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=Canadian PM Justin Trudeau sends heartfelt greetings on Sindhi Cultural Day |url=https://wikitechlibrary.com/news/2022/12/456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=WikiTech Library |language=en-US |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204164541/https://wikitechlibrary.com/news/2022/12/456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day/ }}</ref> Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Activity Archives - World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Congress |url=http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/category/community/cultural-activity/ |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=World Sindhi Congress |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027060018/http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/category/community/cultural-activity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Sindhi Cultural Day''' ({{langx|sd|سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو}}) is a popular [[List of Sindhi Hindu festivals|Sindhi cultural festival]]. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich [[culture of Sindh]]. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Culture Day completes first decade of celebrations with great gusto |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto |access-date=2020-12-06 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204193801/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Nation |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103065045/https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/03/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205231918/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/03/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Cultural Day being celebrated today |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.radio.gov.pk |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205012222/https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today |url-status=live }}</ref> It is widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Dec 2022 |title=PM felicitates Sindh people on culture day celebrations |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/pm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=Associated Press of Pakistan |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204114151/https://www.app.com.pk/national/pm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=Canadian PM Justin Trudeau sends heartfelt greetings on Sindhi Cultural Day |url=https://wikitechlibrary.com/news/2022/12/456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=WikiTech Library |language=en-US |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204164541/https://wikitechlibrary.com/news/2022/12/456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day/ }}</ref> Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Activity Archives - World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Congress |url=http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/category/community/cultural-activity/ |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=World Sindhi Congress |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027060018/http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/category/community/cultural-activity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 On this holiday people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. They engage in literary (poetic) gatherings, ''mach katchehri'' (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=APP |date=4 December 2016 |title=Sindhi Culture Day celebrated in Sindh |publisher=The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/169748-Sindhi-Culture-Day-celebrated-in-Sindh |accessdate=7 December 2016 |archive-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206191445/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/169748-Sindhi-Culture-Day-celebrated-in-Sindh |url-status=live }}</ref> On the occasion people wearing Ajrak and [[Sindhi Topi]], traditional block printed [[shawl]]s, attend musical programs and rallies in many cities. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak. People across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. Even the children and women dress up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous [[List of Sindhi singers|Sindhi singers]] sing [[Sindhi songs]]. The musical performances of the artists inspire the participants to dance to Sindhi tunes and the national song ‘''Jeay Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean''’.
@@ Line 545: / Line 528: @@
 == Notable people ==
 {{Main|List of Sindhi people}}
-<gallery widths="120" heights="120">
-File:Z A Bhutto (President of Pakistan).jpg|[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], ninth prime minister of Pakistan
-File:Rasul Bux Palijo.jpg|[[Rasool Bux Palijo]], Sindhi nationalist leader
-File:Asif Ali Zardari - 2009.jpg| [[Asif Ali Zardari]], ex-president of Pakistan
-File:Bilawal Bhutto 2022.jpg|[[Bilawal Bhutto Zardari]], Foreign Minister of Pakistan
-File:Abdul-Majid Bhurgri AKU.jpg|[[Abdul-Majid Bhurgri|Abdul Majid Bhurgri]], Sindhi computer scientist
-File:Fahad Mustafa.png|[[Fahad Mustafa]], Sindhi actor in [[Lollywood]]
-File:Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai.jpg|[[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai|Shah Abdul Latif Bhitati]], Sindhi Sufi saint of 18th century
-File:Abida Parveen.jpg|[[Abida Parveen]], notable Sufi musician
-File:Lkadvani.jpg|[[L. K. Advani]], 7th deputy prime minister of India
-File:Tarun Tahiliani.jpg|[[Tarun Tahiliani]], notable Indian fashion designer
-File:Rueda de prensa de Felipe González y la primera ministra de Paquistán. Pool Moncloa. 14 de septiembre de 1994 (cropped 2).jpeg|[[Benazir Bhutto]], 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan
-File:Gulu Lalvani (Horasis Global India Business Meeting 2010).jpg|[[Gulu Lalvani]], Indian Sindhi businessman
-File:Allama I I Kazi as Vice Chancellor University of Sindh.jpg|[[Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi|Imdad Ali]], Sindhi philosopher and educationist
-File:Shrine of Hazrat Sachal Sarmast.jpg|[[Sachal Sarmast]], Sindhi legendary poet
-File:Portrait of a legendry Sindhi poet Shaikh Ayaz.jpg|[[Shaikh Ayaz]], Sindhi language poet
-File:Kumail Nanjiani by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|[[Kumail Nanjiani]], American Sindhi comedian and actor
-File:SunilVaswani.jpg|[[Sunil Vaswani]], Indian billionaire businessman
-File:Hansika Motwani celebrates her birthday at Arth Bar (06) (cropped).jpg|[[Hansika Motwani]], Indian actress
-File:Tamannaah promoting Baahubali in June 2015.jpg|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]], Indian actress
-File:Ranveer Singh in 2023 (1) (cropped).jpg|[[Ranveer Singh]], Indian actor
-File:Kiara Advani snapped at the screening of Shershaah (cropped).jpg|[[Kiara Advani]], Indian actress
-</gallery>
 ==See also==
 {{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|

v t e Demographics of India
States	Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal
Union territories	Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry

v t e Province of Sindh topics
History	Indus Valley Civilisation (Mohenjo-daro) Sindhu kingdom Rai dynasty Brahman dynasty Muslim caliphate Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Kalhora dynasty Talpur British period Cultural heritage sites
Government and politics	Provincial Assembly Chief Minister Governor Sindh Archives Commissioners of Sind Bhutto family Sindh Police Sindh High Court Sindh Information Department Sindh Coastal Development Authority Economy
Culture	Sindh workies Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindhi Cultural Day Sindhis (List) Sindhi diaspora Sindhi nationalism Sindhi language Sindhi literature Sindhi Adabi Board Sindhology Sindhi poetry (Sindhi poets) Sindhi folklore Sindhi folk tales Sindhi bhagat Sassui Punnhun Sindhi music Sindhi cuisine Sindhi cinema List of Sindhi-language films Sindhi media Sindhi tribes List of Sindhi Hindu festivals Cheti Chand
Geography	List of cities Districts List of talukas Climate (Karachi Hyderabad Nawabshah) Fauna Historical places Indus River Makran
Education	Education in Karachi Institute of Sindhology UoS UoK SMIU MUET JSMU LUMHS SAU Sindh Museum
Sports	Sindh cricket team Domestic league Malakhra
Flora & fauna	Red Sindhi
Sindhi media	Sindhi-language media
Sindhi websites	Sindhi Wikipedia Encyclopedia Sindhiana
Sindh tourism	Sindh Tourism Development Corporation

v t e Sindhi nationalism
Active since 1972
Historical States of Sindh	Sindhu kingdom Sind Province (1936–55) Sind Division
Historic figures	Rai Diwa Rai Sahiras (Shri Harsha) Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena) Rai Sahiras II Rai Sahasi II Chach of Aror Chandar Agham Lohana Dahir of Aror Jam Unar Jam Tamachi Jam Raidhan Jam Sanjar Sultans of Sindh Jam Nizamuddin II Jam Feroz Noor Mohammad Kalhoro Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro Gernal Hosh Mohammad Sheedi Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi Abdullah Shah Ghazi Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Dollah Darya Khan Shah_Inayat_Shaheed Makhdoom Bilawal Mir Nasir Khan Talpur Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur
Modern figures	G. M. Syed Rasul Bux Palejo Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Ayaz Latif Palijo Baba-e-Sindh Comrade Hyder Bux Jatoi Bashir Qureshi Qadir Magsi Shafi Muhammad Burfat Abdul Wahid Aresar Muzafar Bhutto Sajjad Shar Mumtaz Bhutto Safdar Sarki Zarina Baloch Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo Benazir Bhutto Zulfiqar Shah
Culture	Sindhis Sindhi language Culture of Sindh Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindh Culture Day Sindhi tribes Malakhra Sassui Punnhun Sindhudesh
Poets	Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Sachal Sarmast Tajal Bewas Shaikh Ayaz Sami
Contemporary controversies	Sindhudesh Kalabagh Dam Human rights abuses in Sindh
Battles and conflicts	Battle of Rasil Debal Battle of Fatehpur (1519) Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Miani Battle of Halani Battle of Kachhi Insurgency in Sindh
Political parties	Awami Tahreek Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party Sindh United Party Sindh Hari Committee
Student organizations	Jeay Sindh Students' Federation
Militant Organizations	Sindhudesh Liberation Army
Non profit organizations	World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Institute