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{{short description|1984 video game}}
[[de:Boulder Dash]]
{{Infobox video game
[[Image:C64_Boulder Dash.png|thumb|''Boulder Dash'' on the [[Commodore 64|C64]]]]
|image = Boulder_Dash_Original_Cover_Art.jpg
'''''Boulder Dash''''', aka '''''Rockford''''', is a classic series of [[computer game]]s for the [[Apple II family|Apple II]], [[Commodore 64]], and [[Atari 8-bit family|Atari 400/800]] [[home computer]]s, released in [[1984]] and later ported to the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]], [[IBM PC|PC]], and many other platforms. It was programmed by [[Peter Liepa]] and published by [[First Star Software]], which [[as of 2004|still]] owns the game.
|developer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Data East]] (1990 arcade)|[[Beam Software]] (Game Boy)}}
|publisher = {{Video game release|NA|[[First Star Software]]|EU|[[Mirrorsoft]]}}
|designer = {{Unbulleted list|Peter Liepa|Chris Gray}}
|programmer = {{Unbulleted list|Kazunori Ishiguri|Toshiyuki Sakai|Hisatada Ohta (1990 arcade)}}
|artist =
|composer = {{Unbulleted list|Azusa Hara|Fuse (1990 arcade)}}
|released = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|March 1984}}|'''Atari 8-bit'''{{Video game release|NA|March 1984<ref name="CE">{{cite magazine |title=Year-End Index |magazine=[[Computer Entertainer]] |date=January 1985 |volume=3 |issue=10 |page=156 |url=http://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/newsletters/video_game_update/computer_entertainer_jan85.pdf#page=12}}</ref>|UK|August 1985}}|'''C64'''{{Video game release|NA|April 1984|UK|1984}}|'''Apple II'''{{Video game release|NA|October 1984<ref name="CE"/>}}|'''PC-88'''{{Video game release|JP|October 1984}}|'''FM-7'''{{Video game release|JP|November 1984}}|'''ColecoVision'''{{Video game release|NA|December 1984}}|'''Arcade'''{{Video game release|NA|1984|JP|August 1985|JP|May 1990 (1990 arcade)}}|'''IBM PC'''|1984|'''ZX Spectrum'''{{Video game release|UK|1984}}|'''CPC'''{{Video game release|UK|August 1985}}|'''MSX'''|1985|'''Super Cassette Vision'''{{Video game release|JP|1985}}|'''BBC, Electron'''{{Video game release|UK|1988}}|'''NES'''{{Video game release|JP|March 23, 1990|NA|June 1990|EU|1990}}|'''Game Boy'''{{Video game release|JP|September 21, 1990|EU|1990}}|'''Atari 2600'''|June 2012|'''Intellivision'''{{Video game release|NA|March 18, 2015}}}}
|genre = [[Puzzle video game|Puzzle]], [[Maze video game|maze]]<ref name="CG1985"/>
|modes = [[Single-player]]
|platforms = [[Atari 8-bit]], [[Acorn Electron]], [[Amstrad CPC]], [[Apple II]], [[Arcade video game|Arcade]], [[Atari 2600]], [[BBC Micro]], [[ColecoVision]], [[Commodore 64]], [[FM-7]], [[Game Boy]], [[IBM PC]], [[Intellivision]], [[iOS]], [[MSX]], [[NES]], [[PC-88]], [[PMD 85]], [[Super Cassette Vision]], [[ZX Spectrum]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulder Dash |url=https://firststarsoftware.com/boulderdash-htm/ |website=First Star Software}}</ref>
}}


'''''Boulder Dash''''' is a [[maze video game|maze-based]] [[puzzle video game]] released in 1984 by [[First Star Software]] for [[Atari 8-bit computers]].<ref name="weber2005">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Arno |title=Interview: Peter Liepa |website=Boulder-dash.nl |date=November 2005 |url=http://www.boulder-dash.nl/interview.php?lang=en |access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref> It was created by Canadian developers Peter Liepa and Chris Gray. The player controls Rockford, who tunnels through dirt to collect diamonds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulder Dash |url=http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=7198 |access-date=October 6, 2013 |publisher=The International Arcade Museum}}</ref> Boulders and other objects remain fixed until the dirt beneath them is removed, then they fall and become a hazard. Puzzles are designed around collecting diamonds without being crushed and exploiting the interactions between objects (such as a butterfly turning into diamonds when hit with a falling rock). The game's name is a pun on ''[[balderdash]]''.<ref name="weber2005"/>
The hero of the game, whom the player has to control, is the brave [[prospecting|prospector]] "Rockford". He has to dig through [[cave]]s collecting [[gemstone|gem]]s and [[diamond]]s, while avoiding dangerous creatures of various types as well as obstacles like falling rocks and the problem of being trapped behind mountains of gems or piles of rock.


''Boulder Dash'' was ported to many 8-bit and 16-bit systems and turned into a coin-operated [[arcade video game]]. It was followed by multiple sequels and re-releases. Many games were influenced by ''Boulder Dash'', such as ''[[Repton (video game)|Repton]]'' and direct clones like ''[[Emerald Mine]]'', resulting in the sub-genre of [[:Category:Rocks-and-diamonds games|rocks-and-diamonds games]].
==Game titles==


As of September 2017, BBG Entertainment owns the intellectual property rights to ''Boulder Dash''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbg-entertainment.com/boulder-dash-is-now-owned-by-bbg-entertainment/ |title=Boulder Dash is now owned by BBG Entertainment |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 19, 2017 |website=BBG Entertainment |location=Munich |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref>
Note that [[Mastertronic]]/Arcadia Systems licensed ''Boulder Dash'' as ''Rockford''. Some games of the series may therefore exist under that name as well.


==Gameplay==
* ''Boulder Dash'' (1984), published by First Star
[[image:Boulderdash-screenshot.png|thumb|left|Rockford drops a series of boulders on butterflies which explode into diamonds and fall down the shafts.]]
* ''Boulder Dash 2 &ndash; Rockford's Revenge'' (1986), published by [[Electronic Arts]]
''Boulder Dash'' takes place in a series of caves, each of which is laid out as rectangular grid of blocks. The player guides the player character, Rockford, with a [[joystick]] or [[arrow keys]]. In each cave, Rockford has to collect a set number of diamonds within a time limit. Player has to avoid falling rocks and other obstacles, including amoeba, butterflies, and fireflies. When enough diamonds have been collected, the exit door opens, and going through this exit door completes the cave.<ref name="cvg">{{Cite magazine |date=February 1985 |title=Boulder Dash |url=https://archive.org/details/cvg-magazine-040/page/n41/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]] |pages=42 |issue=40}}</ref>
* ''Super Boulder Dash'' (1986), ditto (combo pack incl. the first two games)
* ''Boulder Dash Construction Kit'' (1987), published by [[Epyx]]


==Game objects==
==Development==
As an aspiring game developer, Peter Liepa reached out to a local publisher called Inhome Software. They put him in touch with a young man—Chris Gray—who had submitted a game programmed in [[BASIC]] that was not commercial quality, but had potential.{{sfn|Liepa|loc=7:05}} The project began with the intention of converting this game to machine language and releasing it through Inhome, but according to Liepa, the game was very primitive.{{sfn|Liepa|loc=7:48}} He decided to expand the concept and add more interesting dynamics, and he wrote the new version in [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]{{sfn|Liepa|loc=5:09}} in about six months.{{sfn|Liepa|loc=10:28}} When it became clear that the game was worth releasing, Liepa rewrote ''Boulder Dash'' in 6502 [[assembly language]].{{sfn|Liepa|loc=5:15}}
(commonly referred to as "entities")

* '''Rockford''' is the hero of the game, the character controlled by the player. His goal is to collect diamonds and avoid contact with monsters and falling rocks. (Interesting note is that the game allows more than one entry points, thus allowing multiple characters moving simultaneously.)
Dissatisfied with the lack of a contact from Inhome Software, Liepa searched for a new publisher.{{sfn|Liepa|loc=12:37}} He settled on [[First Star Software]], which, according to him, was very happy to publish the game.{{sfn|Liepa|loc=14:00}}
* '''Dirt''' and '''Space''' are the two basic components of the playfield. Dirt can serve for blocking objects, while space allows them to move free. Rockford clears dirt as he moves, creating space.

* '''Walls''' are the delimiters of the level. Two basic types exist, '''destructible''' (which can be removed with explosions) and '''indestructible''' (from which is the edge of the level is usually made of). Destructible walls have a special version called '''magic walls''', which allows the player to turn rocks into diamonds (and vice versa).
==Ports==
* The '''exit''' is the final goal Rockford must reach after collecting enough diamonds. The exit is normally hidden, disguising itself as an indestructible wall, but starts to blink after it is opened. It is, however, opposed to it's disguise, destructible by explosions. A level can have multiple exits. Hidden exits also exist - these behave the same way as normal ones, except the blinking.
The game was licensed by [[Exidy]] for use with their Max-A-Flex [[arcade cabinet]]. Released in 1984, it allows buying 30 seconds of game time.<ref name="retro3">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Campbell (blogger) |year=2008 |title=The Definitive Boulder Dash |journal=Retro Gamer |issue=53 |pages=32–41}}</ref> This was the first home computer game to be converted to an arcade console.<ref name="retro3" />
* '''Rocks''' are probably the most often used elements of the game. Upon removing the dirt under them, they start falling down until they reach a solid ground again. A falling rock can crush enemies, but also Rockford. When a rock lands on the top of another rock or diamond, it slides off sideways. Rocks also slide off the edge of destructible walls. Rocks can be destroyed by explosions.

* '''Diamonds''' are the items Rockford must collect in order to open the exit on a level. Otherwise they act the same way as rocks do.
==Reception==
* '''Fireflies''' are one of the enemies in the game. They always try to follow the wall on their left. Upon contact with a falling rock they explode in a 3x3 radius, creating space. Contacting Rockford also makes them explode - alas this explosion always involves Rockford as well.
{{Video game reviews
* '''Butterflies''' differ from fireflies in two important things. They follow the wall to their right and when they explode, they leave behind 3x3 diamonds.
| CRASH = 93% ([[ZX Spectrum]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive - Magazine viewer |url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=Crash/Issue12/Pages/Crash1200075.jpg |access-date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=World of Spectrum}}</ref>
* '''Amoeba''' is one of the most unpredictable elements of the game. Amoeba can grow by occupying spaces and dirt (the grow rate is not constant but can be defined in the level settings), and it causes enemies to explode upon contact. If it reaches a specific percent of the area available on the level, it turns into rocks. However, if the player manages to enclose it into a smaller area and the amoeba cannot grow more, it turns into diamonds. (An amoeba enclosed on start of the level does not start to grow or turn into diamonds before being "let loose".) Amoeba, while growing, makes a distinctive sound during the game.
| CVG = 34/40 (ZX Spectrum)<ref name="cvg" />
* '''Slime''' is the lookalike of amoeba, but it works completely differently. Slime does not grow, eventhough it does cause enemies to explode. It's functionality can be revealed when dropping a rock or a diamond on top of it; slime has a permeability rate which defines how fast will it allow the item on top of it to go thru it. This happens in quite a sudden and random manner, making the game rely on improvising even more.
<br /> 97% (ColecoVision)<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Complete Games Guide |magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]] |date=16 October 1989 |issue=Complete Guide to Consoles |pages=46–77 |url=https://retrocdn.net/images/9/98/CompleteGuideToConsoles_UK_01.pdf#page=46}}</ref>
* '''Horizontal and vertical expanding walls''' look and act just like destructible ones with one difference: when possible, they expand in their given direction, often trapping the player or the monsters. Expanding walls are made out of themselves - blowing a hole in the middle of a row causes it to close in again almost immediately.
| SUser = 5/10 (ZX Spectrum)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive - Magazine viewer |url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=SinclairUser/Issue035/Pages/SinclairUser03500023.jpg |access-date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=World of Spectrum}}</ref>
| YSinclair = 8/10 (ZX Spectrum)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulderdash |url=http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/boulderdash-22.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616095534/http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/boulderdash-22.htm |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |access-date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=Ysrnry.co.uk}}</ref>
| Z64 = 97% (Commodore 64)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zzap!64 100th Issue Pull-Out Special Page 5 |url=http://www.zzap64.co.uk/zzap100/100thspec5.html |access-date=December 6, 2012 |work=[[Zzap!64]]}}</ref>
| rev1 = ''Computer Games''
| rev1Score = B+ ([[home computers]])<ref name="CG1985"/>
| rev2 = ''Home Computing Weekly''
| rev2Score = 5/5 (ZX Spectrum)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive - Magazine viewer |url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=HomeComputingWeekly/Issue099/Pages/HomeComputingWeekly09900014.jpg |access-date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=World of Spectrum}}</ref>
}}

''II Computing'' said that "bright, colorful animation coupled with a breezy story line make this game more than just a momentary diversion".<ref name="shapiro198510_11">{{Cite news |last=Shapiro, Neil |date=Oct–Nov 1985 |title=Of Jewels and Ghouls and Butterflies and Strategies of War |pages=24–26 |work=II Computing |url=https://archive.org/stream/II_Computing_Vol_1_No_1_Oct_Nov_85_Premiere#page/n25/mode/2up |access-date=January 28, 2015}}</ref> ''Computer Games'' magazine called it an "incredible addicting [[maze game]]" along the lines of ''[[Dig Dug]]'', but faster and more exciting.<ref name="CG1985">{{cite magazine |title=1985 Software Buyer's Guide |magazine=Computer Games |date=February 1985 |volume=3 |issue=5 |publisher=Carnegie Publications |location=United States |pages=11–8, 51–8 |url=https://archive.org/details/Computer_Games_Vol_3_No_5_1985-02_Carnegie_Publications_US/page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref> ''[[Ahoy!]]'' called the "fascinating" Commodore 64 version "an entertainment classic", with excellent graphics and sound and "lots of delightful touches".<ref name="ahoy198604">{{Cite magazine |last=Kunkel |first=Bill |last2=Katz |first2=Arnie |date=April 1986 |title=Think Fast! Action-Strategy Games for the Commodore 64 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahoy-magazine-28/page/n40/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2024-09-04 |magazine=Ahoy! |pages=41-45}}</ref>

''[[Mean Machines]]'' gave the Game Boy port of ''Boulder Dash'' a score of 90%, praising it as "one of the finest video games ever written", describing the game as "one to buy as soon as possible" and noting its faithfulness to the original Commodore 64 version.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rignall |first1=Julian |author-link=Julian Rignall |last2=Richard Leadbetter |date=June 1991 |title=Boulderdash review |url=http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/147/boulderdash.php |url-status=dead |journal=[[Mean Machines]] |issue=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000613/http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/147/boulderdash.php |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=June 4, 2009}}</ref> The same publication reviewed the NES version favourably, stating that it was "an extremely impressive title" and "one of the greatest games ever written". It was given a 92% rating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/168/boulderdash.php |title=Boulderdash - Nintendo Entertainment System - Mean Machines review |website=www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027010727/http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/168/boulderdash.php |archive-date=2007-10-27}}</ref>

The ZX Spectrum version of Boulder Dash received a positive review from ''[[Computer and Video Games]]'' magazine. The reviewer found the game's sounds and graphics to be adequate, though noted that slow screen scrolling was an issue. Despite this, the reviewer praised the game's "incredible playability" and addictive nature.<ref name="cvg" />

The ZX Spectrum version was placed ninth in the ''[[Your Sinclair]] Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever)'' by journalist [[Stuart Campbell (game journalist)|Stuart Campbell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Campbell (game journalist) |date=January 1992 |title=The YS Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever) - Number 24 to 2 |work=Your Sinclair |publisher=Future Publishing |issue=73 |url=https://archive.org/stream/your-sinclair-73#page/n35/mode/2up |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> In 1993, ''[[Commodore Force]]'' ranked the game at number 17 on its list of the top 100 Commodore 64 games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ton!|url=https://archive.org/stream/zzap64-magazine-101/ZZap_64_Issue_101_Commodore_Force_Issue_11_1993_Autumn#page/n32/mode/1up/|website=Commodore Force|date=Autumn 1993|accessdate=2017-09-03|page=33}}</ref>

IGN reviewed the Virtual Console release of the Commodore 64 version. Although the graphics and sound were both found to be dated they enjoyed the game stating that it "still feels as fresh as it did in 1984". They concluded by stating "though it doesn't look like much, ''Boulder Dash'' rocks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/23/boulder-dash-review|title = Boulder Dash Review|date = 23 June 2009}}</ref>

''Boulder Dash'' was included in the top 30 Commodore 64 games by C't Magazin in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/c-t-Auswahl-Die-30-besten-Spiele-fuer-den-Commodore-64-3789217.html|title=C't-Auswahl: Die 30 besten Spiele für den Commodore 64|date=4 August 2017}}</ref>

The game sold more than 500,000 copies by August 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87599174/edmonton-journal/|title=Video game industry set to out-glitz Hollywood|newspaper=[[Edmonton Journal]]|date=August 25, 1994|page=56|access-date=August 24, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Boulder Dash'' was the first in a long series of games:
* '''''Boulder Dash''''' (1985 – Arcade) – in 1985 another arcade version was released on Data East's "DECO Cassette System", with improved graphics but a reduced display grid on a vertical monitor.<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''[[Boulder Dash II]]''''' (1985) – published under several different titles; ''Rockford's Riot'' on the MSX, ''Rockford's Revenge'' on the C64. The second release in Japan was titled ''Champion Boulder Dash'',<ref name="retro3"/> but it is not a port of the western game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh! FM-7 Museum |url=http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/comptiq/140901100.html |access-date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=Retropc.net}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash 3''''' (1986 – Apple II, C64, Spectrum, PC) – monochrome space-themed graphics and poorly designed levels made this a critical failure.<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''[[Boulder Dash Construction Kit]]''''' (1986 – Apple II, C64, Spectrum, Atari 8-bit computers, Atari ST) – this release included a small number of levels (12 caves and 3 intermission levels),<ref>[http://www.c64sets.com/details_db.html?id=5616&t=Boulder%20Dash%20Construction%20Kit&i=manual%20page%206 Boulder Dash Construction Kit manual page 6]</ref> but was titled ''Boulder Dash IV – The Game'' for the Spectrum re-release.<ref name="retro3"/> The title allowed players access to tools which allowed them to design their own levels.
* '''''Super Boulder Dash''''' (1986 – Apple II, C64, PC) – a compilation of ''Boulder Dash'' and ''Boulder Dash II'' published by [[Electronic Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Boulder Dash Manual |url=https://www.apple.asimov.net/documentation/games/misc/Super%20Boulderdash%20Manual.pdf |access-date=June 1, 2019 |website=Electronic Arts}}</ref>
* '''''[[Rockford (video game)|Rockford]]''''' (1988 – Arcade, Amiga, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, Arcade, Spectrum,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockford |url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0004214 |access-date=November 23, 2008 |website=World of Spectrum}}</ref> Amstrad, C64)<ref name="retro3"/> - ''Rockford'' was originally a licensed arcade game produced by [[Arcadia Systems]], and later converted to various home computer formats.
* '''''Boulder Dash Part 2''''' (1990 – Arcade)<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''Boulder Dash''''' (1990 - Game Boy)<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''Boulder Dash''''' (1990 - NES)<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''[[Boulder Dash EX]]''''' (2002 – Game Boy Advance) - this one has a new "EX mode" and "Classic mode" which is a direct port of the 1984 PC version.<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''Boulder Dash Xmas 2002 Edition''''' (2002 – PC)<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''GemJam Gold''''' (2003 – PC) – the game's credits claim this is based on ''Boulder Dash'', and is licensed by First Star.<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''Boulder Dash – Treasure Pleasure''''' (2003 – PC)<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''[[Boulder Dash: Rocks!]]''''' (2007 – DS, [[IOS (Apple)|iOS]])<ref name="retro3"/>
* '''''Boulder Dash Vol. 1''''' (2009 – iOS)<ref name="retro3"/> - released by [[Chillingo]] and First Star Software. It includes all 80 levels of the original as well as 4 additional bonus levels.<ref>{{cite web |author=arn |date=May 6, 2009 |title=First Look at 'Boulder Dash' for the iPhone |url=https://toucharcade.com/2009/05/02/first-look-at-boulder-dash-for-the-iphone/ |work=[[TouchArcade]] |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref>
* '''''[[Boulder Dash-XL]]''''' (2011 - [[Xbox Live Arcade]], PC, iOS, 3DS)<ref name="boulderdashxl">{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2010 |title=Boulder Dash XL Announced |url=http://www.bluesnews.com/s/115836/boulder-dash-xl-announced |website=Blue's News}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash - The Collection!''''' (2011 – [[Android (operating system)|Android]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulder Dash - The Collection for Android Announced |url=http://bdtc.instantcom.net/ |access-date=2011-09-24 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926005820/http://bdtc.instantcom.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash''''' (2011 – Atari 2600) - limited edition of 250 copies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retrocollect.com/News/first-star-softwares-boulder-dash-is-heading-to-the-atari-2600.html |title=First Star Software's Boulder Dash Is Heading To The Atari 2600 {{!}} RetroCollect |website=www.retrocollect.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214015135/http://www.retrocollect.com/News/first-star-softwares-boulder-dash-is-heading-to-the-atari-2600.html |archive-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash 30th Anniversary''''' (2014 – iOS, Android, Switch, PC, Mac) - co-published by TapStar Interactive and First Star Software, with a world designed by the original creator Peter Liepa as well as another world by TapStar CEO, Chris Gray. This sequel was developed in collaboration by TapStar Interactive, First Star Software, SoMa Play Inc. and Katsu Entertainment LLC (2014 - Android, iOS) as both a premium (paid) and a [[freemium]] game.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hilliard |first=Kyle |date=January 21, 2014 |title=Original Boulder Dash Creators Team-Up For Mobile Remake |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/01/21/original-boulder-dash-creators-team-up-for-mobile-remake.aspx?PostPageIndex=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226143630/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/01/21/original-boulder-dash-creators-team-up-for-mobile-remake.aspx?PostPageIndex=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 26, 2014 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]]}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash''''' (2015 – Intellivision) – co-published by First Star Software, Inc. and Classic Game Publishers, Inc./Elektronite<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2015 |title=Boulder Dash Officially Released for Intellivision 30 Years Later |url=http://www.retrocollect.com/News/boulder-dash-officially-released-for-intellivision-30-years-later.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318182233/http://www.retrocollect.com/News/boulder-dash-officially-released-for-intellivision-30-years-later.html |archive-date=2016-03-18 |access-date=2019-08-03 |website=Retro Collect}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash Deluxe''''' (2021 – Switch, Xbox, Atari VCS, Steam (PC and Mac), Windows Store and Mac Store) – developed and published by BBG Entertainment with a world designed by the original creator Peter Liepa and a Retro world with the 20 original levels from 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=Boulder Dash Deluxe Launches First on Atari VCS |url=https://www.bbg-entertainment.com/boulder-dash-deluxe-launches-first-on-atari-vcs |website=BBG Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=12 August 2021 |title=Boulder Dash Deluxe launches September 9 for Xbox One, Switch, and PC |url=https://www.gematsu.com/2021/08/boulder-dash-deluxe-launches-september-9-for-xbox-one-switch-and-pc |website=Gematsu}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash Ultimate Collection''''' (2022 – Switch) – developed by ININ Games and included Boulder Dash 30th Anniversary and Boulder Dash Deluxe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ININ {{!}} Boulder Dash® Ultimate Collection |url=https://www.iningames.com/games/boulder-dash-ultimate-collection/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.iningames.com}}</ref>
* '''''Boulder Dash 40th Anniversary''''' (2024 – PC, Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4) – developed by BBG Entertainment in collaboration with the game's original creators. It features 180 new levels and all worlds from Boulder Dash, II, and III.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hagues |first=Alana |date=2024-08-13 |title=Looks Like Classic Puzzler 'Boulder Dash' Is Getting A 40th Anniversary Re-Release |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/08/looks-like-classic-puzzler-boulder-dash-is-getting-a-40th-anniversary-re-release |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Nintendo Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://ataripodcast.libsyn.com/antic-interview-66-peter-liepa-boulder-dash |title=ANTIC Interview 66 - Peter Liepa, Boulder Dash |date=16 Jun 2015 |last=Kevin Savetz, Peter Liepa |publisher=ANTIC The Atari 8-bit Podcast |ref=CITEREFLiepa}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.firststarsoftware.com/boulderdash.htm ''Boulder Dash'' entry at First Star's website]
* [http://boulder-dash.com/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040209221855/http://www.firststarsoftware.com/boulderdash.htm Archived website]
*[http://boulder.cl4.org/ BDDB - The Boulder Dash Database]
* {{MobyGames | /4632/boulder-dash/ }}
*[http://www.remakes.org/ Remakes.org (several BD-remakes available)]
* {{Atarimania|id=742}}
*[http://www.mascot.hu/projects/recent/boulder/index.html One of the most accurate remakes for PC by Mascot Entertainment]
* {{lemon64 game|id=349}}
* [http://www.elmerproductions.com/sp/peterb/ Fan site] with mechanics, implementation details
* [http://www.rhod.fr/boulderdash.html Photos of packaging]
* "[http://www.electrondance.com/?p=2633 Between a Rock and a Hard Diamond]" Electron Dance, July 2011
* [https://archive.org/details/games-58-1984-december/page/56/mode/2up Review] in [[GAMES Magazine]]


{{Boulder Dash series}}
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Latest revision as of 09:29, 6 December 2024

Boulder Dash
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
  • Peter Liepa
  • Chris Gray
Programmer(s)
  • Kazunori Ishiguri
  • Toshiyuki Sakai
  • Hisatada Ohta (1990 arcade)
Composer(s)
  • Azusa Hara
  • Fuse (1990 arcade)
Platform(s)Atari 8-bit, Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, Apple II, Arcade, Atari 2600, BBC Micro, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, FM-7, Game Boy, IBM PC, Intellivision, iOS, MSX, NES, PC-88, PMD 85, Super Cassette Vision, ZX Spectrum[2]
Release
March 1984
  • Atari 8-bit
  • C64
    • NA: April 1984
    • UK: 1984
  • Apple II
  • PC-88
    • JP: October 1984
  • FM-7
    • JP: November 1984
  • ColecoVision
    • NA: December 1984
  • Arcade
    • NA: 1984
    • JP: August 1985
    • JP: May 1990 (1990 arcade)
  • IBM PC
  • 1984
  • ZX Spectrum
  • CPC
    • UK: August 1985
  • MSX
  • 1985
  • Super Cassette Vision
  • BBC, Electron
  • NES
    • JP: March 23, 1990
    • NA: June 1990
    • EU: 1990
  • Game Boy
    • JP: September 21, 1990
    • EU: 1990
  • Atari 2600
  • June 2012
  • Intellivision
    • NA: March 18, 2015
Genre(s)Puzzle, maze[3]
Mode(s)Single-player

Boulder Dash is a maze-based puzzle video game released in 1984 by First Star Software for Atari 8-bit computers.[4] It was created by Canadian developers Peter Liepa and Chris Gray. The player controls Rockford, who tunnels through dirt to collect diamonds.[5] Boulders and other objects remain fixed until the dirt beneath them is removed, then they fall and become a hazard. Puzzles are designed around collecting diamonds without being crushed and exploiting the interactions between objects (such as a butterfly turning into diamonds when hit with a falling rock). The game's name is a pun on balderdash.[4]

Boulder Dash was ported to many 8-bit and 16-bit systems and turned into a coin-operated arcade video game. It was followed by multiple sequels and re-releases. Many games were influenced by Boulder Dash, such as Repton and direct clones like Emerald Mine, resulting in the sub-genre of rocks-and-diamonds games.

As of September 2017, BBG Entertainment owns the intellectual property rights to Boulder Dash.[6]

Gameplay

[edit]
Rockford drops a series of boulders on butterflies which explode into diamonds and fall down the shafts.

Boulder Dash takes place in a series of caves, each of which is laid out as rectangular grid of blocks. The player guides the player character, Rockford, with a joystick or arrow keys. In each cave, Rockford has to collect a set number of diamonds within a time limit. Player has to avoid falling rocks and other obstacles, including amoeba, butterflies, and fireflies. When enough diamonds have been collected, the exit door opens, and going through this exit door completes the cave.[7]

Development

[edit]

As an aspiring game developer, Peter Liepa reached out to a local publisher called Inhome Software. They put him in touch with a young man—Chris Gray—who had submitted a game programmed in BASIC that was not commercial quality, but had potential.[8] The project began with the intention of converting this game to machine language and releasing it through Inhome, but according to Liepa, the game was very primitive.[9] He decided to expand the concept and add more interesting dynamics, and he wrote the new version in Forth[10] in about six months.[11] When it became clear that the game was worth releasing, Liepa rewrote Boulder Dash in 6502 assembly language.[12]

Dissatisfied with the lack of a contact from Inhome Software, Liepa searched for a new publisher.[13] He settled on First Star Software, which, according to him, was very happy to publish the game.[14]

Ports

[edit]

The game was licensed by Exidy for use with their Max-A-Flex arcade cabinet. Released in 1984, it allows buying 30 seconds of game time.[15] This was the first home computer game to be converted to an arcade console.[15]

Reception

[edit]

II Computing said that "bright, colorful animation coupled with a breezy story line make this game more than just a momentary diversion".[22] Computer Games magazine called it an "incredible addicting maze game" along the lines of Dig Dug, but faster and more exciting.[3] Ahoy! called the "fascinating" Commodore 64 version "an entertainment classic", with excellent graphics and sound and "lots of delightful touches".[23]

Mean Machines gave the Game Boy port of Boulder Dash a score of 90%, praising it as "one of the finest video games ever written", describing the game as "one to buy as soon as possible" and noting its faithfulness to the original Commodore 64 version.[24] The same publication reviewed the NES version favourably, stating that it was "an extremely impressive title" and "one of the greatest games ever written". It was given a 92% rating.[25]

The ZX Spectrum version of Boulder Dash received a positive review from Computer and Video Games magazine. The reviewer found the game's sounds and graphics to be adequate, though noted that slow screen scrolling was an issue. Despite this, the reviewer praised the game's "incredible playability" and addictive nature.[7]

The ZX Spectrum version was placed ninth in the Your Sinclair Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever) by journalist Stuart Campbell.[26] In 1993, Commodore Force ranked the game at number 17 on its list of the top 100 Commodore 64 games.[27]

IGN reviewed the Virtual Console release of the Commodore 64 version. Although the graphics and sound were both found to be dated they enjoyed the game stating that it "still feels as fresh as it did in 1984". They concluded by stating "though it doesn't look like much, Boulder Dash rocks".[28]

Boulder Dash was included in the top 30 Commodore 64 games by C't Magazin in Germany.[29]

The game sold more than 500,000 copies by August 1994.[30]

Legacy

[edit]

Boulder Dash was the first in a long series of games:

  • Boulder Dash (1985 – Arcade) – in 1985 another arcade version was released on Data East's "DECO Cassette System", with improved graphics but a reduced display grid on a vertical monitor.[15]
  • Boulder Dash II (1985) – published under several different titles; Rockford's Riot on the MSX, Rockford's Revenge on the C64. The second release in Japan was titled Champion Boulder Dash,[15] but it is not a port of the western game.[31]
  • Boulder Dash 3 (1986 – Apple II, C64, Spectrum, PC) – monochrome space-themed graphics and poorly designed levels made this a critical failure.[15]
  • Boulder Dash Construction Kit (1986 – Apple II, C64, Spectrum, Atari 8-bit computers, Atari ST) – this release included a small number of levels (12 caves and 3 intermission levels),[32] but was titled Boulder Dash IV – The Game for the Spectrum re-release.[15] The title allowed players access to tools which allowed them to design their own levels.
  • Super Boulder Dash (1986 – Apple II, C64, PC) – a compilation of Boulder Dash and Boulder Dash II published by Electronic Arts.[33]
  • Rockford (1988 – Arcade, Amiga, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, Arcade, Spectrum,[34] Amstrad, C64)[15] - Rockford was originally a licensed arcade game produced by Arcadia Systems, and later converted to various home computer formats.
  • Boulder Dash Part 2 (1990 – Arcade)[15]
  • Boulder Dash (1990 - Game Boy)[15]
  • Boulder Dash (1990 - NES)[15]
  • Boulder Dash EX (2002 – Game Boy Advance) - this one has a new "EX mode" and "Classic mode" which is a direct port of the 1984 PC version.[15]
  • Boulder Dash Xmas 2002 Edition (2002 – PC)[15]
  • GemJam Gold (2003 – PC) – the game's credits claim this is based on Boulder Dash, and is licensed by First Star.[15]
  • Boulder Dash – Treasure Pleasure (2003 – PC)[15]
  • Boulder Dash: Rocks! (2007 – DS, iOS)[15]
  • Boulder Dash Vol. 1 (2009 – iOS)[15] - released by Chillingo and First Star Software. It includes all 80 levels of the original as well as 4 additional bonus levels.[35]
  • Boulder Dash-XL (2011 - Xbox Live Arcade, PC, iOS, 3DS)[36]
  • Boulder Dash - The Collection! (2011 – Android)[37]
  • Boulder Dash (2011 – Atari 2600) - limited edition of 250 copies.[38]
  • Boulder Dash 30th Anniversary (2014 – iOS, Android, Switch, PC, Mac) - co-published by TapStar Interactive and First Star Software, with a world designed by the original creator Peter Liepa as well as another world by TapStar CEO, Chris Gray. This sequel was developed in collaboration by TapStar Interactive, First Star Software, SoMa Play Inc. and Katsu Entertainment LLC (2014 - Android, iOS) as both a premium (paid) and a freemium game.[39]
  • Boulder Dash (2015 – Intellivision) – co-published by First Star Software, Inc. and Classic Game Publishers, Inc./Elektronite[40]
  • Boulder Dash Deluxe (2021 – Switch, Xbox, Atari VCS, Steam (PC and Mac), Windows Store and Mac Store) – developed and published by BBG Entertainment with a world designed by the original creator Peter Liepa and a Retro world with the 20 original levels from 1984.[41][42]
  • Boulder Dash Ultimate Collection (2022 – Switch) – developed by ININ Games and included Boulder Dash 30th Anniversary and Boulder Dash Deluxe.[43]
  • Boulder Dash 40th Anniversary (2024 – PC, Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4) – developed by BBG Entertainment in collaboration with the game's original creators. It features 180 new levels and all worlds from Boulder Dash, II, and III.[44]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Year-End Index" (PDF). Computer Entertainer. Vol. 3, no. 10. January 1985. p. 156.
  2. ^ "Boulder Dash". First Star Software.
  3. ^ a b c "1985 Software Buyer's Guide". Computer Games. Vol. 3, no. 5. United States: Carnegie Publications. February 1985. pp. 11–8, 51–8.
  4. ^ a b Weber, Arno (November 2005). "Interview: Peter Liepa". Boulder-dash.nl. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  5. ^ "Boulder Dash". The International Arcade Museum. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  6. ^ "Boulder Dash is now owned by BBG Entertainment". BBG Entertainment. Munich. September 19, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c "Boulder Dash". Computer and Video Games. No. 40. February 1985. p. 42.
  8. ^ Liepa, 7:05.
  9. ^ Liepa, 7:48.
  10. ^ Liepa, 5:09.
  11. ^ Liepa, 10:28.
  12. ^ Liepa, 5:15.
  13. ^ Liepa, 12:37.
  14. ^ Liepa, 14:00.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Campbell, Stuart (2008). "The Definitive Boulder Dash". Retro Gamer (53): 32–41.
  16. ^ "Archive - Magazine viewer". World of Spectrum. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  17. ^ "Complete Games Guide" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. Complete Guide to Consoles. 16 October 1989. pp. 46–77.
  18. ^ "Archive - Magazine viewer". World of Spectrum. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  19. ^ "Boulderdash". Ysrnry.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  20. ^ "Zzap!64 100th Issue Pull-Out Special Page 5". Zzap!64. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  21. ^ "Archive - Magazine viewer". World of Spectrum. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  22. ^ Shapiro, Neil (Oct–Nov 1985). "Of Jewels and Ghouls and Butterflies and Strategies of War". II Computing. pp. 24–26. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  23. ^ Kunkel, Bill; Katz, Arnie (April 1986). "Think Fast! Action-Strategy Games for the Commodore 64". Ahoy!. pp. 41–45. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
  24. ^ Rignall, Julian; Richard Leadbetter (June 1991). "Boulderdash review". Mean Machines (9). Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  25. ^ "Boulderdash - Nintendo Entertainment System - Mean Machines review". www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27.
  26. ^ Campbell, Stuart (January 1992). "The YS Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever) - Number 24 to 2". Your Sinclair. No. 73. Future Publishing. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  27. ^ "Top Ton!". Commodore Force. Autumn 1993. p. 33. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
  28. ^ "Boulder Dash Review". 23 June 2009.
  29. ^ "C't-Auswahl: Die 30 besten Spiele für den Commodore 64". 4 August 2017.
  30. ^ "Video game industry set to out-glitz Hollywood". Edmonton Journal. August 25, 1994. p. 56. Retrieved August 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Oh! FM-7 Museum". Retropc.net. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  32. ^ Boulder Dash Construction Kit manual page 6
  33. ^ "Super Boulder Dash Manual" (PDF). Electronic Arts. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  34. ^ "Rockford". World of Spectrum. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  35. ^ arn (May 6, 2009). "First Look at 'Boulder Dash' for the iPhone". TouchArcade. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  36. ^ "Boulder Dash XL Announced". Blue's News. November 9, 2010.
  37. ^ "Boulder Dash - The Collection for Android Announced". Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  38. ^ "First Star Software's Boulder Dash Is Heading To The Atari 2600 | RetroCollect". www.retrocollect.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14.
  39. ^ Hilliard, Kyle (January 21, 2014). "Original Boulder Dash Creators Team-Up For Mobile Remake". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  40. ^ "Boulder Dash Officially Released for Intellivision 30 Years Later". Retro Collect. March 24, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
  41. ^ "Boulder Dash Deluxe Launches First on Atari VCS". BBG Entertainment. 10 February 2021.
  42. ^ Romano, Sal (12 August 2021). "Boulder Dash Deluxe launches September 9 for Xbox One, Switch, and PC". Gematsu.
  43. ^ "ININ | Boulder Dash® Ultimate Collection". www.iningames.com. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
  44. ^ Hagues, Alana (2024-08-13). "Looks Like Classic Puzzler 'Boulder Dash' Is Getting A 40th Anniversary Re-Release". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2024-08-15.

Bibliography

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[edit]
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