William E. A. Axon: Difference between revisions

William E. A. Axon
FRSL
William E. A. Axon FRSL
	Axon in 1901
Born	William Edward Armytage Axon; 13 January 1846; Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, England
Died	27 December 1913 (aged 67); Manchester, England
Occupation(s)	Librarian, antiquary, journalist
Employer	Manchester Guardian
Spouses	; Jane Woods (m. 1866; died 1899) ; Setta Lueft (m. 1899; died 1910)
Children	4

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William Edward Armytage Axon FRSL (13 January 1846 – 27 December 1913) was an English librarian, antiquary and journalist for the Manchester Guardian. He contributed to the Dictionary of National Biography under his initials W. E. A. A. He was also a notable vegetarianism activist.

Biography

Early life

Axon was born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, on 13 January 1846. He was the illegitimate child of Edward Armytage, a clothing manufacturer, and Lydia Whitehead, a 15 year old servant girl in his household. He was later adopted by the Axon family and took on their surname. His adoptive family faced financial struggles, and his fragile health kept him from attending regular school. Instead, he gained literacy skills from his adoptive sisters and a Baptist Sunday school in Hulme. From a young age, he displayed a remarkable ability to absorb knowledge, an extraordinary memory, and a deep love of books and learning.^[1]

Career

Axon was best known as an antiquary and a bibliographer, but his interests were extremely varied. As honorary secretary of the Manchester and Salford Sunday Society he took a prominent part in the agitation for the opening of the Manchester libraries on Sunday. Axon had begun life as a boy in the Manchester Reference Library, and was early drawn to literary pursuits. Later he wrote much on the folklore and historical associations of Lancashire and Cheshire, and the antiquaries of these counties made him their president. Besides this, as a member of the English Dialect Society Axon wrote many tales and sketches illustrating the dialect and customs of the county in which he lived.

Axon was also the author of Cobden as a Citizen in 1907. He published his study of Anna Jane Vardill's poem that was a sequel to Coleridge's poem Christabel in 1908. It was claimed that she had not written it but based on new evidence he was able to assure the Royal Society of Literature that the poem had been written by her.^[2]

Axon for 30 years was on the literary staff of the Manchester Guardian, and for his general literary work was distinguished by the University of Manchester, which conferred on him the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1913. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, an honorary LL.D. of Wilberforce University, and contributed articles to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Dictionary of National Biography, American Encyclopædia, and Notes and Queries.^[3]

Vegetarianism

Axon was an ardent vegetarian and member of the Anti-Tobacco League.^[3] He has been described as a "leading figure of the vegetarian movement."^[4] He served as vice-president and honorary secretary of the Vegetarian Society,^[5] as well as treasurer.^[6] He served as president from 1911 to 1913.^{[note 1]}

Axon contributed articles on the history of vegetarianism to John Harvey Kellogg's Good Health journal. He was editor of the Vegetarian Messenger.^[7]

Axon wrote the preface for the 1884 edition of Percy Bysshe Shelley's A Vindication of Natural Diet.^[8] He also authored Shelley's Vegetarianism, in 1891.

Historian Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska has noted that "Axon abhorred cruelty to animals and the degrading work of the 'slaughterman, reeking with blood and striking to death with remorseless blows a creature that shares with him the gift of life".^[9]

Personal life and death

Axon married Jane Woods in 1866; they had three children. After her death in 1899, he married Setta Lueft; they had one child.^[1] Axon's second wife died in 1910.^[1]

Axon was a teetotaller and a member of the Bible Christian Church.^[10]

Axon died at home on 27 December 1913 and was buried at St Paul's Church in Kersal, Manchester.^[1]

Bibliography

1877: Handbook of the Public Libraries of Manchester and Salford. Manchester: Abel Heywood and Son.
1879: John Ruskin: A Bibliographical Biography.
1883: Lancashire Gleanings.
1884: Cheshire Gleanings.
1888: Stray Chapters in Literature, Folk-lore, and Archaeology.
1890: Thomas Taylor, the Platonist.
1891: Shelley's Vegetarianism.
1893: The Literature of Vegetarianism.
1897: Bygone Sussex.
1899: Echoes of Old Lancashire.
1899: Ortensio Lando, a humorist of the Renaissance on Ortensio Lando
1907: Cobden as a Citizen
1908: Anna Jane Vardill Niven

Edited works

1886: The Annals of Manchester: a chronological record from the earliest times to the end of 1885. Manchester: J. Heywood, Deansgate and Ridgefield ("The volume now offered to the public, as a revised edition of the Manchester Historical Recorder, is virtually a new work ...". - preface); electronic version
Collected sermons, 1631–1659 of Thomas Fuller, Volume 1 edited by John Eglington Bailey. Completed by William E. A. Axon (1891)^[11]
Collected sermons, 1631–1659 Volume 2 edited by John Eglington Bailey. Completed by William E. A. Axon (1891)^[12]

Contributions to the DNB

Ashworth, John
Banks, George Linnaeus
Bellot, Thomas
Bennis, George Geary
Blythe, John Dean
Bowers, George Hull
Bradberry, David
Brandwood, James
Brittain, Thomas
Brooke, Henry
Brookes, Joshua
Brotherton, Edward
Bruen, John
Butterworth, James
Calvert, Charles
Calvert, Thomas
Canne, John
Castillo, John
Caw, John Young
Clayton, John (1754–1843)
Cole, Thomas (1628–1697)
Crestadoro, Andrea

Notes

^ Calvert states that he served until 1914.^[6] However, Axon died the previous year.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hollingworth, Brian Charles (23 September 2004). "Axon, William Edward Armytage (1846–1913), librarian and antiquary". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57406. ISBN 9780198614128. Retrieved 9 July 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Anna Jane Vardill © Orlando Project". orlando.cambridge.org. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon in The Times, December 30, 1913; Issue 40407; pg. 9; col B
^ Li, Chien-hui. (2019). Mobilizing Traditions in the First Wave of the British Animal Defense Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-137-52650-2
^ Forward, Charles W. (1898). Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England. London: The Ideal Publishing Union. p. 164
^ ^a ^b Calvert, Samantha Jane (June 2012). Eden's Diet: Christianity and Vegetarianism 1809–2009 (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 148.
^ Dr. William E. A. Axon. Food, Home and Garden, 1899.
^ Shelley, Percy Bysshe. (1884). A Vindication of Natural Diet. London.
^ Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. (2010). Managing the Body: Beauty, Health, and Fitness in Britain 1880-1939. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0199280520
^ Darlington, Anthea; Darlington, Neil. "St Paul's Church Kersal Moor Diocese of Manchester Churchyard Trail" (PDF). p. 17. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
^ Collected sermons, 1631–1659, Volume 1, edited by John Eglington Bailey. Completed by William E. A. Axon (1891)
^ Collected sermons, 1631–1659, Volume 2, edited by John Eglington Bailey. Completed by William E. A. Axon (1891)

Attribution

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon", The Times (1913)

External links

Works by William E. A. Axon at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about William Edward Armytage Axon at the Internet Archive
Works by William E. A. Axon at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
William Axon papers at the John Rylands Library, University of Manchester.
Images of William E. A. Axon at the Manchester Archives

Professional and academic associations
Preceded by Ernest Frederick Letts	President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society 1903–04	Succeeded by Henry Taylor

[7] Calvert states that he served until 1914.^[6] However, Axon died the previous year.

[:0-1] Hollingworth, Brian Charles (23 September 2004). "Axon, William Edward Armytage (1846–1913), librarian and antiquary". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57406. ISBN 9780198614128. Retrieved 9 July 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[orl-2] "Anna Jane Vardill © Orlando Project". orlando.cambridge.org. Retrieved 21 October 2018.

[The_Times-3] Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon in The Times, December 30, 1913; Issue 40407; pg. 9; col B

[4] Li, Chien-hui. (2019). Mobilizing Traditions in the First Wave of the British Animal Defense Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-137-52650-2

[5] Forward, Charles W. (1898). Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England. London: The Ideal Publishing Union. p. 164

[:2-6] Calvert, Samantha Jane (June 2012). Eden's Diet: Christianity and Vegetarianism 1809–2009 (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 148.

[8] Dr. William E. A. Axon. Food, Home and Garden, 1899.

[9] Shelley, Percy Bysshe. (1884). A Vindication of Natural Diet. London.

[10] Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. (2010). Managing the Body: Beauty, Health, and Fitness in Britain 1880-1939. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0199280520

[11] Darlington, Anthea; Darlington, Neil. "St Paul's Church Kersal Moor Diocese of Manchester Churchyard Trail" (PDF). p. 17. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

[12] Collected sermons, 1631–1659, Volume 1, edited by John Eglington Bailey. Completed by William E. A. Axon (1891)

[13] Collected sermons, 1631–1659, Volume 2, edited by John Eglington Bailey. Completed by William E. A. Axon (1891)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[note 1]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|English librarian, antiquary and journalist (1846–1913)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
 {{Infobox person
 | name               = William E. A. Axon
 | honorific_suffix   = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL|size=100%}}
-| image              = William A. E. Axon.png
+| image              = William E. A. Axon.jpg
 | alt                = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
-| caption            =
+| caption            = Axon in 1901
 | birth_name         = William Edward Armytage Axon
-| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1846|01|13}}
+| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1846|01|13|df=y}}
 | birth_place        = [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], [[Manchester]], England
-| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1913|12|27|1846|01|13}}
+| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1913|12|27|1846|01|13|df=y}}
 | death_place        = Manchester, England
 | occupation         = Librarian, antiquary, journalist
@@ Line 25: / Line 24: @@
 }}
-'''William Edward Armytage Axon''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL}} (13 January 1846 – 27 December 1913) was an English librarian, [[antiquary]] and journalist for the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB|last=Hollingworth|first=Brian Charles|date=2004-09-23|title=Axon, William Edward Armytage (1846–1913), librarian and antiquary|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57406|access-date=2020-07-09|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/57406|isbn=9780198614128}}</ref> He contributed to the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' under his initials W. E. A. A. He was also a notable [[vegetarianism]] activist.
+'''William Edward Armytage Axon''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL}} (13 January 1846 – 27 December 1913) was an English librarian, [[antiquary]] and journalist for the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]''. He contributed to the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' under his initials W. E. A. A. He was also a notable [[vegetarianism]] activist.
 ==Biography==
-[[File:Anna Jane Vardill Niven frontispiece.jpg|thumb|Anna Jane Vardill Niven frontispiece by Axon]]
+=== Early life ===
-Axon was born in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], Manchester.<ref name=":0" /> He was best known as an antiquary and a bibliographer, but his interests were extremely varied. As honorary secretary of the Manchester and Salford Sunday Society he took a prominent part in the agitation for the opening of the [[Manchester Library & Information Service|Manchester libraries]] on Sunday. Axon had begun life as a boy in the Manchester Reference Library, and was early drawn to literary pursuits. Later he wrote much on the folklore and historical associations of Lancashire and Cheshire, and the [[Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society|antiquaries of these counties]] made him their president. Besides this, as a member of the English Dialect Society Axon wrote many tales and sketches illustrating the dialect and customs of the county in which he lived.
+Axon was born in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]], Manchester, on 13 January 1846. He was the illegitimate child of Edward Armytage, a clothing manufacturer, and Lydia Whitehead, a 15 year old servant girl in his household. He was later adopted by the Axon family and took on their surname. His adoptive family faced financial struggles, and his fragile health kept him from attending regular school. Instead, he gained literacy skills from his adoptive sisters and a Baptist Sunday school in [[Hulme]]. From a young age, he displayed a remarkable ability to absorb knowledge, an extraordinary memory, and a deep love of books and learning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB|last=Hollingworth|first=Brian Charles|date=2004-09-23|title=Axon, William Edward Armytage (1846–1913), librarian and antiquary|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57406|access-date=2020-07-09|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/57406|isbn=9780198614128}}</ref>
+=== Career ===
-Axon married Jane Woods in 1866; they had three children. After Jane's death in 1899, he married Setta Lueft; they had one child.<ref name=":0" />
+Axon was best known as an antiquary and a bibliographer, but his interests were extremely varied. As honorary secretary of the Manchester and Salford Sunday Society he took a prominent part in the agitation for the opening of the [[Manchester Library & Information Service|Manchester libraries]] on Sunday. Axon had begun life as a boy in the Manchester Reference Library, and was early drawn to literary pursuits. Later he wrote much on the folklore and historical associations of Lancashire and Cheshire, and the [[Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society|antiquaries of these counties]] made him their president. Besides this, as a member of the English Dialect Society Axon wrote many tales and sketches illustrating the dialect and customs of the county in which he lived.
-Axon was also the author of ''Cobden as a Citizen'' in 1907. He published his study of [[Anna Jane Vardill]]'s poem that was a sequel to Coleridge's poem [[Christabel (poem)|Christabel]] in 1908. It was claimed that she had not written it but based on new evidence he was able to assure the [[Royal Society of Literature]] that the poem had been written by her.<ref name="orl">{{Cite web|url=http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=vardja|title=Anna Jane Vardill © Orlando Project|website=orlando.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref> Axon's second wife died in 1910.<ref name=":0" />
+Axon was also the author of ''Cobden as a Citizen'' in 1907. He published his study of [[Anna Jane Vardill]]'s poem that was a sequel to Coleridge's poem [[Christabel (poem)|Christabel]] in 1908. It was claimed that she had not written it but based on new evidence he was able to assure the [[Royal Society of Literature]] that the poem had been written by her.<ref name="orl">{{Cite web|url=http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=vardja|title=Anna Jane Vardill © Orlando Project|website=orlando.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref>
-Axon for 30 years was on the literary staff of the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'', and for his general literary work was distinguished by the University of Manchester, which conferred on him the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1913. He was a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature]], an honorary LL.D. of [[Wilberforce University]], and contributed articles to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', ''[[American Encyclopædia]]'', and ''[[Notes and Queries]]''.<ref name="The Times">''The Times'' Obituary (1913)</ref>
+Axon for 30 years was on the literary staff of the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'', and for his general literary work was distinguished by the [[University of Manchester]], which conferred on him the honorary degree of [[Master of Arts]] in 1913. He was a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature]], an honorary [[LL.D.]] of [[Wilberforce University]], and contributed articles to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', ''[[American Encyclopædia]]'', and ''[[Notes and Queries]]''.<ref name="The Times">[[wikisource:The Times/1913/Obituary/William Edward Armytage Axon|Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon]] in ''[[The Times]]'', December 30, 1913; Issue 40407; pg. 9; col B</ref>
+=== Vegetarianism ===
-Axon died at home on 27 December 1913 and was buried at St Paul's Church in [[Kersal]], Manchester.<ref name=":0" />
+Axon was an ardent [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and member of the Anti-Tobacco League.<ref name="The Times" /> He has been described as a "leading figure of the vegetarian movement."<ref>Li, Chien-hui. (2019). ''Mobilizing Traditions in the First Wave of the British Animal Defense Movement''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 289. {{ISBN|978-1-137-52650-2}}</ref> He served as vice-president and honorary secretary of the [[Vegetarian Society]],<ref>Forward, Charles W. (1898). [[iarchive:b2486609x/page/164|''Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England'']]. London: The Ideal Publishing Union. p. 164</ref> as well as treasurer.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Calvert |first=Samantha Jane |title=Eden's Diet: Christianity and Vegetarianism 1809–2009 |date=June 2012 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Birmingham |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/18614303.pdf |page=148}}</ref> He served as president from 1911 to 1913.{{NoteTag|Calvert states that he served until 1914.<ref name=":2"/> However, Axon died the previous year.}}
-==Vegetarianism==
-Axon was an ardent [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and member of the Anti-Tobacco League.<ref name="The Times"/> He has been described as a "leading figure of the vegetarian movement."<ref>Li, Chien-hui. (2019). ''Mobilizing Traditions in the First Wave of the British Animal Defense Movement''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 289. {{ISBN|978-1-137-52650-2}}</ref> He served as vice-president and honorary secretary of the [[Vegetarian Society]],<ref>Forward, Charles W. (1898). [https://archive.org/details/b2486609x/page/164 ''Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England'']. London: The Ideal Publishing Union. p. 164</ref> as well as treasurer.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Calvert |first=Samantha Jane |title=Eden's Diet: Christianity and Vegetarianism 1809–2009 |date=June 2012 |publisher=University of Birmingham |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/18614303.pdf |degree=PhD |page=148}}</ref> He served as president from 1911 to 1914.<ref name=":2" />
 Axon contributed articles on the [[history of vegetarianism]] to John Harvey Kellogg's ''[[Good Health (journal)|Good Health]]'' journal. He was editor of the ''Vegetarian Messenger''.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049796421&view=1up&seq=451 ''Dr. William E. A. Axon'']. ''Food, Home and Garden'', 1899.</ref>
-Axon wrote the [[preface]] for the 1884 edition of Percy Bysshe Shelley's ''[[A Vindication of Natural Diet]]''.<ref>Shelley, Percy Bysshe. (1884). [https://archive.org/details/vindicationofnat00shelrich/page/n5 ''A Vindication of Natural Diet'']. London.</ref> He also authored ''[[Shelley's Vegetarianism]]'', in 1891.
+Axon wrote the [[preface]] for the 1884 edition of Percy Bysshe Shelley's ''[[A Vindication of Natural Diet]]''.<ref>Shelley, Percy Bysshe. (1884). [[iarchive:vindicationofnat00shelrich/page/n5|''A Vindication of Natural Diet'']]. London.</ref> He also authored ''[[Shelley's Vegetarianism]]'', in 1891.
 Historian [[Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska]] has noted that "Axon abhorred cruelty to animals and the degrading work of the 'slaughterman, reeking with blood and striking to death with remorseless blows a creature that shares with him the gift of life".<ref>Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. (2010). ''Managing the Body: Beauty, Health, and Fitness in Britain 1880-1939''. Oxford University Press. p. 30. {{ISBN|978-0199280520}}</ref>
+=== Personal life and death ===
+Axon married Jane Woods in 1866; they had three children. After her death in 1899, he married Setta Lueft; they had one child.<ref name=":0" /> Axon's second wife died in 1910.<ref name=":0" />
+Axon was a teetotaller and a member of the [[Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)|Bible Christian Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darlington |first=Anthea |last2=Darlington |first2=Neil |title=St Paul's Church Kersal Moor Diocese of Manchester Churchyard Trail |url=https://storage.victoriansociety.org.uk/source/St_Pauls_Churchyard-rev4.pdf |access-date=2024-12-06 |page=17}}</ref>
+Axon died at home on 27 December 1913 and was buried at St Paul's Church in [[Kersal]], Manchester.<ref name=":0" />
 ==Bibliography==
-{{expand list|date=December 2009}}
+[[File:Anna Jane Vardill Niven frontispiece.jpg|thumb|Anna Jane Vardill Niven frontispiece by Axon]]{{expand list|date=December 2009}}
 *1877: ''Handbook of the Public Libraries of Manchester and Salford''. Manchester: [[Abel Heywood]] and Son.
 *1879: [https://archive.org/details/johnruskinbiblio00axonuoft ''John Ruskin: A Bibliographical Biography''].
@@ Line 97: / Line 101: @@
 ==Notes==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{NoteFoot}}
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-* [[s:The Times/1913/Obituary/William Edward Armytage Axon|Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon]] in ''[[The Times]]'', December 30, 1913; Issue 40407; pg. 9; col B
 ;Attribution
-*{{source-attribution|"Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon", The Times (1913)}}
+*{{source-attribution|"Obituary: Dr. William Edward Armytage Axon", ''[[The Times]]'' (1913)}}
+== Further reading ==
+* {{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Lucy |date=2021-07-09 |title=Discovering William Edward Armytage Axon (1846-1913), ‘One of the Busiest Men in Manchester’ (Samuel Laycock, Dialect Poet) |url=https://mcphh.wordpress.com/2021/07/09/discovering-william-edward-armytage-axon-1846-1913-one-of-the-busiest-men-in-manchester-samuel-laycock-dialect-poet/ |website=Manchester Centre for Public Histories + Heritage}}
 ==External links==
+{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=no|author=yes|b=no|v=no}}
-* {{wikisource author-inline|William Edward Armytage Axon|title=William E. A. Axon}}
 * {{Gutenberg author | id=40515}}
 * {{Internet Archive author |name=William Edward Armytage Axon}}
 * {{Librivox author |id=9535}}
 * [https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/rylands/special-collections/a-to-z/detail/?mms_id=992983876605001631 William Axon papers] at the [[John Rylands Library]], [[University of Manchester]].
+* [https://images.manchester.gov.uk/collections/?s=&filter%5Bsubject.summary.title.keyword%5D%5B%5D=Axon+William+E+A&view=grid Images of William E. A. Axon] at the [[Manchester Archives and Local Studies|Manchester Archives]]
 {{s-start}}
 {{s-npo|pro}}
-{{s-bef|before= Ernest Frederick Letts }}
+{{s-bef|before= Ernest Frederick Letts}}
 {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society]] |years=1903–04}}
-{{s-aft|after= Henry Taylor }}
+{{s-aft|after= Henry Taylor}}
 {{s-end}}
-{{Vegetarianism|state=collapsed}}
+{{Vegetarianism}}
 {{Vegetarian Society}}
 {{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Biography}}
@@ Line 139: / Line 147: @@
 [[Category:English male biographers]]
 [[Category:English male journalists]]
-[[Category:English male non-fiction writers
+[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
 [[Category:English temperance activists]]
 [[Category:English vegetarianism activists]]
@@ Line 146: / Line 154: @@
 [[Category:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]]
 [[Category:People associated with the Vegetarian Society]]
-[[Category:The Guardian people]]
+[[Category:The Guardian journalists]]
 [[Category:Vegetarianism writers]]
 [[Category:Writers from Manchester]]
+[[Category:Bible Christians]]
+[[Category:Journalists from Manchester]]
+[[Category:Activists from Manchester]]

v t e Vegetarian Society
Presidents	James Simpson (1847–1849) William Harvey (1849–1870) James Haughton (1870–1873) Francis William Newman (1873–1884) John E. B. Mayor (1884–1910) William E. A. Axon (1911–1913) Ernest Bell (1914–1933) Peter Freeman (1937–1942) W. A. Sibly (1938–1959) Gordon Latto (1960–1987) Isobel Wilson (1987–1989) Kathy Silk Maxwell G. Lee
Vice-Presidents	Edwin Arnold Edmund J. Baillie T. H. Barker Thomas Baty James Clark Edwin Collier C. H. Collyns John Davie George Dornbusch Charles W. Forward Peter Foxcroft Edward Hare William Hoyle A. O. Hume Anna Kingsford Lady Emily Lutyens Frank Merrick Edward Maitland John Malcolm W. J. Monk Isaac Pitman Henry Stephens Salt Percy Scholes Dugald Semple Lady Mount Temple W. Gibson Ward Howard Williams
Publications	The Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger (1861–1897) What is Vegetarianism? (1886) Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
Related groups	Alcott House Bible Christian Church London Food Reform Society London Vegetarian Society The Vegan Society Vegetarian Federal Union
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