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Coordinates: 35°38′36″N 40°44′25″E / 35.64333°N 40.74028°E / 35.64333; 40.74028
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{{short description|Archaeological site in Syria}}
{{Short description|Archaeological site in Syria}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Tell Sheikh Hamad<br>Dūr-Katlimmu
|name = Tell Sheikh Hamad<br />Dūr-Katlimmu
|native_name =
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|alternate_name =
|image = File:SchechHamad,RedHouse2.jpg
|image = File:SchechHamad,RedHouse2.jpg
|alt =
|alt =
|caption = Ruins of the "Red House" of Tell Sheikh Hamad exposed by excavations (6th century AD)
|caption = [[Ruins]] of the "Red House" of Tell Sheikh Hamad exposed by [[excavations]] (6th century AD)
|map_type = Near East#Syria
|map_type = Near East#Syria
|map_alt =
|map_alt =
|map_size = 250
|map_size = 250
|relief=yes
|relief=yes
|location = [[Syria]]
|location = Syria
|region = [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]]
|region = [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]]
|coordinates = {{coord|35|38|36|N|40|44|25|E|region:SY_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|35|38|36|N|40|44|25|E|region:SY_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
Line 38: Line 38:
|notes =
|notes =
}}
}}
⚫
'''Tell Sheikh Hamad''' ({{lang-ar|تل الشيخ حمد}}), also '''Dur-Katlimmu''', is an archeological site in eastern Syria on the lower [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur River]],<ref name="Kuehne">{{citation|editor-first=Hartmut|editor-last=Kühne|title=Magdalu/Magdala: Tall Seh Hamad von der postassyrischen Zeit bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit, Volume 1|series=Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Seh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu|year=2005|location=Berlin|publisher=Harrassowitz}}.</ref> a tributary of the [[Euphrates]].


⚫
'''Tell Sheikh Hamad''' ({{langx|ar|تل الشيخ حمد}}), also '''Dur-Katlimmu''', is an archeological site in eastern Syria on the lower [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur River]],<ref name="Kuehne">{{citation|editor-first=Hartmut|editor-last=Kühne|title=Magdalu/Magdala: Tall Seh Hamad von der postassyrischen Zeit bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit, Volume 1|series=Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Seh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu|year=2005|location=Berlin|publisher=Harrassowitz}}.</ref> a tributary of the [[Euphrates]].
⚫
==Chalcolithic occupation==

⚫
==Chalcolithic Period==
[[File:Khabur,SheikhHamad.jpg|thumb|River Khabur at Sheikh Hamad]]
[[File:Khabur,SheikhHamad.jpg|thumb|River Khabur at Sheikh Hamad]]
The site of Tell Sheikh Hamad was occupied from the Late [[Chalcolithic period]] (Late [[Neolithic]], M4), when it was a small settlement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor |last2=Birkett-Rees |first2=Jessie |title=Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317562108 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDAFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |language=en}}</ref>
The site of Tell Sheikh Hamad was occupied from the Late [[Chalcolithic period]] (Late [[Neolithic]], M4), when it was a small settlement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor |last2=Birkett-Rees |first2=Jessie |title=Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317562108 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDAFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |language=en}}</ref>


==Late Bronze==
==Assyrian city of Dur-Katlimmu==
===Mitanni Period===
⚫
====During the reign of Shalmaneser====
In the Late Bronze Age, the region surrounding Dur-Katlimmu was part of the [[Mitanni|Mitanni Empire]] and the kingdom of Hanigalbat. Following the fall of the stronghold [[Carchemish]] to [[Šuppiluliuma I|Suppiluliuma]] of the Hittites, and the assassination of great king [[Tushratta]] in 1345 BC, the Mitanni Empire struggled with civil war and outside pressure until it fell. A quantity of Hittite potter was found at the site.<ref>Pfalzner, P. 1995. Mittanische und Mittelassyrische Keramik. Berlin</ref>
⚫
The city was established as the capital of a new Assyrian province by [[Shalmaneser]] (r. 1263-34 B.C.) following the collapse of the [[Mitanni Empire]]. He put Ibašši-ilī son of Adad-nirari I, his brother, as the founder of the dynasty on the royal throne. Dur-Katlimmu (Tell Seh Hamad) became the capital of this kingdom on the lower Habur river. The ruler bore the title 'grand vizier' (sakallu rabi'u) and 'king of the land of Hanigalbat' (sar mat Hanigalbat).<ref>YAMADA Masamichi, « The second military conflict between ‘Assyria' and ‘Ḫatti' in the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I », Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 2011/1 (Vol. 105), p. 199-220. DOI : 10.3917/assy.105.0199. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2011-1-page-199.htm</ref>


====End of the Assyrian Empire====
===Assyrian Period===
⚫
==== During the reign of Shalmaneser ====
⚫
The city was established as the capital of a new Assyrian province by [[Shalmaneser I]] (r. 1263-34 B.C.) following the collapse of the [[Mitanni Empire]]. He put Ibašši-ilī son of Adad-nirari I, his brother, as the founder of the dynasty on the royal throne. Dur-Katlimmu (Tell Seh Hamad) became the capital of this kingdom on the lower Habur river. The ruler bore the title 'grand vizier' (sakallu rabi'u) and 'king of the land of Hanigalbat' (sar mat Hanigalbat).<ref>YAMADA Masamichi, « The second military conflict between ‘Assyria' and ‘Ḫatti' in the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I », Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 2011/1 (Vol. 105), p. 199-220. DOI : 10.3917/assy.105.0199. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2011-1-page-199.htm</ref>

==Iron Age==
===Neo-Assyrian Period===
==== End of the Assyrian Empire ====
During the fall of the [[Assyrian Empire]] (911-605 BC), sections of the Assyrian army retreated to the western corner of Assyria after the fall of [[Nineveh]], [[Harran]] and [[Carchemish]], and a number of Assyrian imperial records survive between 604 BC and 599 BC in and around Dur-Katlimmu, and so it is possible that remnants of the Assyrian administration and army still continued to hold out in the region for a few years.<ref>{{citation|editor-last=Parpola|editor-first=S.|editor2-last=Whiting|editor2-first=R.M.|year=1997|title=Assyria, 1995{{null|: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project Helsinki, September 7–11, 1995}}|series=(Symposium Proceedings)|location=Helsinki|publisher=Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project}}.</ref>
During the fall of the [[Assyrian Empire]] (911-605 BC), sections of the Assyrian army retreated to the western corner of Assyria after the fall of [[Nineveh]], [[Harran]] and [[Carchemish]], and a number of Assyrian imperial records survive between 604 BC and 599 BC in and around Dur-Katlimmu, and so it is possible that remnants of the Assyrian administration and army still continued to hold out in the region for a few years.<ref>{{citation|editor-last=Parpola|editor-first=S.|editor2-last=Whiting|editor2-first=R.M.|year=1997|title=Assyria, 1995{{null|: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project Helsinki, September 7–11, 1995}}|series=(Symposium Proceedings)|location=Helsinki|publisher=Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project}}.</ref>


====After the fall of the Assyrian Empire====
==== After the fall of the Assyrian Empire ====
After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Dur-Katlimmu became one of the many Near- and Middle-Eastern cities called [[Magdalu]]/[[Magdala]]/[[Migdal (disambiguation)|Migdal]]/[[Maqdala|Makdala]]/[[Majdal (disambiguation)|Majdal]], all of which are simply [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]] toponyms meaning "fortified elevation, tower".{{null| (the [[Syriac language|Syriac]]-[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] form is 'Magdalu').}}<ref name="Kuehne" /><ref>cf. {{citation|editor-last=Hoffmeier|editor-first=James Karl|editor2-last=Millard|editor2-first=Alan Ralph|title=The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions|series=(Symposium Proceedings)|year=2004|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Eerdmanns|page=105}}.<!-- "All of this is especially instructive because there were Magdalus in several other Amarna letters as well as other ... There is a Magdalu near Tripoli in EA 69 and 70. There is also a Magdalu in Amqu (modern Lebanon) in EA 185 and 186."--></ref>
After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Dur-Katlimmu became one of the many Near- and Middle-Eastern cities called [[Magdalu]]/[[Magdala]]/[[Migdal (disambiguation)|Migdal]]/[[Maqdala|Makdala]]/[[Majdal (disambiguation)|Majdal]], all of which are simply [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]] toponyms meaning "fortified elevation, tower".{{null| (the [[Syriac language|Syriac]]-[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] form is 'Magdalu').}}<ref name="Kuehne" /><ref>cf. {{citation|editor-last=Hoffmeier|editor-first=James Karl|editor2-last=Millard|editor2-first=Alan Ralph|title=The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions|series=(Symposium Proceedings)|year=2004|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Eerdmanns|page=105}}.<!-- "All of this is especially instructive because there were Magdalus in several other Amarna letters as well as other ... There is a Magdalu near Tripoli in EA 69 and 70. There is also a Magdalu in Amqu (modern Lebanon) in EA 185 and 186."--></ref>


==Excavations==
==Excavations==
In 1878 [[Hormuzd Rassam]] dug some test trenches and removed a stele fragment.<ref>Rassam, H. (1897): Asshur and the Land of Nimrod, being an account of the discoveries made in the ancient ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, and Van, incl. a narrative of different journeys in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Asia Minor, and Koordistan, Cincinnati.</ref> The site was excavated between 1978 and 1988, led by Hartmut Kühne .<ref>Kühne, Hartmut, ed., "The Citadel of Dur-Katlimmu in Middle and Neo-Assyrian Times" (3 Volumes: Harassowitz Verlag, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad / Dūr-Katlimmu vol. XII, 2021). {{ISBN|978-3-447-06168-1}}</ref>
In 1878 [[Hormuzd Rassam]] dug some test trenches and removed a stele fragment.<ref>Rassam, H. (1897): Asshur and the Land of Nimrod, being an account of the discoveries made in the ancient ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, and Van, incl. a narrative of different journeys in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Asia Minor, and Koordistan, Cincinnati.</ref> The site was excavated between 1978 and 2010, led by Hartmut Kühne .<ref>Kühne, Hartmut, ed., "The Citadel of Dur-Katlimmu in Middle and Neo-Assyrian Times" (3 Volumes: Harassowitz Verlag, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad / Dūr-Katlimmu vol. XII, 2021). {{ISBN|978-3-447-06168-1}}</ref>


Excavations have recovered 550 cuneiform Akkadian and 40 Aramaic texts belonging to a senior guard of [[Ashurbanipal]].
Excavations have recovered 550 cuneiform Akkadian and 40 Aramaic texts belonging to a senior guard of [[Ashurbanipal]].
Line 69: Line 76:
==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1881-0721-1 Basalt stela of Adad-Nirari III - British Museum]
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1881-0721-1 Basalt stela of Adad-Nirari III - British Museum]

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dur-Katlimmu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dur-Katlimmu}}

Latest revision as of 16:23, 6 December 2024

Tell Sheikh Hamad
Dūr-Katlimmu
Ruins of the "Red House" of Tell Sheikh Hamad exposed by excavations (6th century AD)
Tell Sheikh Hamad is located in Near East
Tell Sheikh Hamad
Shown within Near East
Tell Sheikh Hamad is located in Syria
Tell Sheikh Hamad
Tell Sheikh Hamad (Syria)
LocationSyria
RegionAl-Hasakah Governorate
Coordinates35°38′36″N 40°44′25″E / 35.64333°N 40.74028°E / 35.64333; 40.74028

Tell Sheikh Hamad (Arabic: تل الشيخ حمد), also Dur-Katlimmu, is an archeological site in eastern Syria on the lower Khabur River,[1] a tributary of the Euphrates.

Chalcolithic Period

[edit]
River Khabur at Sheikh Hamad

The site of Tell Sheikh Hamad was occupied from the Late Chalcolithic period (Late Neolithic, M4), when it was a small settlement.[2]

Late Bronze

[edit]

Mitanni Period

[edit]

In the Late Bronze Age, the region surrounding Dur-Katlimmu was part of the Mitanni Empire and the kingdom of Hanigalbat. Following the fall of the stronghold Carchemish to Suppiluliuma of the Hittites, and the assassination of great king Tushratta in 1345 BC, the Mitanni Empire struggled with civil war and outside pressure until it fell. A quantity of Hittite potter was found at the site.[3]

Assyrian Period

[edit]

During the reign of Shalmaneser

[edit]

The city was established as the capital of a new Assyrian province by Shalmaneser I (r. 1263-34 B.C.) following the collapse of the Mitanni Empire. He put Ibašši-ilī son of Adad-nirari I, his brother, as the founder of the dynasty on the royal throne. Dur-Katlimmu (Tell Seh Hamad) became the capital of this kingdom on the lower Habur river. The ruler bore the title 'grand vizier' (sakallu rabi'u) and 'king of the land of Hanigalbat' (sar mat Hanigalbat).[4]

Iron Age

[edit]

Neo-Assyrian Period

[edit]

End of the Assyrian Empire

[edit]

During the fall of the Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC), sections of the Assyrian army retreated to the western corner of Assyria after the fall of Nineveh, Harran and Carchemish, and a number of Assyrian imperial records survive between 604 BC and 599 BC in and around Dur-Katlimmu, and so it is possible that remnants of the Assyrian administration and army still continued to hold out in the region for a few years.[5]

After the fall of the Assyrian Empire

[edit]

After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Dur-Katlimmu became one of the many Near- and Middle-Eastern cities called Magdalu/Magdala/Migdal/Makdala/Majdal, all of which are simply Semitic language toponyms meaning "fortified elevation, tower".[1][6]

Excavations

[edit]

In 1878 Hormuzd Rassam dug some test trenches and removed a stele fragment.[7] The site was excavated between 1978 and 2010, led by Hartmut Kühne .[8]

Excavations have recovered 550 cuneiform Akkadian and 40 Aramaic texts belonging to a senior guard of Ashurbanipal.

In July 2020, French archaeologists excavated Tell Sheikh Hamad during the Syrian Civil War, according to the Anadolu Agency.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kühne, Hartmut, ed. (2005), Magdalu/Magdala: Tall Seh Hamad von der postassyrischen Zeit bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit, Volume 1, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Seh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu, Berlin: Harrassowitz.
  2. ^ Bryce, Trevor; Birkett-Rees, Jessie (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 9781317562108.
  3. ^ Pfalzner, P. 1995. Mittanische und Mittelassyrische Keramik. Berlin
  4. ^ YAMADA Masamichi, « The second military conflict between ‘Assyria' and ‘Ḫatti' in the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I », Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 2011/1 (Vol. 105), p. 199-220. DOI : 10.3917/assy.105.0199. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2011-1-page-199.htm
  5. ^ Parpola, S.; Whiting, R.M., eds. (1997), Assyria, 1995, (Symposium Proceedings), Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  6. ^ cf. Hoffmeier, James Karl; Millard, Alan Ralph, eds. (2004), The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions, (Symposium Proceedings), Grand Rapids: Eerdmanns, p. 105.
  7. ^ Rassam, H. (1897): Asshur and the Land of Nimrod, being an account of the discoveries made in the ancient ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, and Van, incl. a narrative of different journeys in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Asia Minor, and Koordistan, Cincinnati.
  8. ^ Kühne, Hartmut, ed., "The Citadel of Dur-Katlimmu in Middle and Neo-Assyrian Times" (3 Volumes: Harassowitz Verlag, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad / Dūr-Katlimmu vol. XII, 2021). ISBN 978-3-447-06168-1
  9. ^ "French archaeologists conduct excavations in Syria". Anadolu Agency. 15 July 2020.
[edit]
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