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{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Taxobox
⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
| color = violet
{{virusbox
⚫
| name = Celery mosaic virus (CeMV)
| parent = Potyvirus
| virus_group = iv
⚫
| species = Celery mosaic virus
| ordo = ''Unassigned''
⚫
| synonyms =
| familia = ''[[Potyviridae]]''
| genus = ''[[Potyvirus]]''
| species = '''''Celery mosaic virus'''''
⚫
| synonyms =
*Apium virus 1
*Apium virus 1
*Western celery mosaic virus(WCeMV)
*Western celery mosaic virus(WCeMV)
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}}
}}
[[File:Ontario Sessional Papers, 1917, No.58-59 (1917) (14762162344).jpg|thumb|193x193px|Illustration of uninfected celery (left) compared to celery infected with CeMV (right).]]
[[File:Ontario Sessional Papers, 1917, No.58-59 (1917) (14762162344).jpg|thumb|193x193px|Illustration of uninfected celery (left) compared to celery infected with CeMV (right).]]
'''Celery mosaic virus''' ('''CeMV''') is a [[Plant virus|plant pathogenic virus]] <ref>[http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/About-Viruses About Plant Viruses]</ref> in the genus'' [[Potyvirus]] '' and the virus family '' [[Potyviridae]] ''.
'''Celery mosaic virus''' ('''CeMV''') is a [[Plant virus|plant pathogenic virus]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/About-Viruses |title=About Plant Viruses |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010011319/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/About-Viruses |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the genus'' [[Potyvirus]] '' and the virus family '' [[Potyviridae]] ''.


In California (USA), mosaic diseases of [[celery]] (''Apium graveolens'') were reported as early as 1922.<ref>Poole, R.F. 1922. Celery mosaic. Phytopthology 12:151-154.</ref> After some time, it became clear that there were at least two different viruses causing mosaic diseases with similar symptoms in celery.
In [[California]], mosaic diseases of [[celery]] (''Apium graveolens'') were reported as early as 1922.<ref>Poole, R.F. 1922. Celery mosaic. Phytopthology 12:151-154.</ref> After some time, it became clear that there were at least two different viruses causing mosaic diseases with similar symptoms in celery.


These two viruses were first differentiated by host range.<ref>Severin, H.H.P. and Freitag, J.H. 1938. Western celery mosaic. Hilgardia 11:493-558.</ref> One of the viruses had a wide host range and was named ''Southern celery mosaic''. The second had a host range restricted to the family Umbelliferae ([[Apiaceae]]) and was called ''Western celery mosaic''. Continued research showed that the ''Southern mosaic virus'' was actually an isolate of ''[[Cucumber mosaic virus]]'' <ref>Price, W.C. 1935. Classification of southern celery mosaic virus. Phytopathology. 25:947-954.</ref> and '' Western celery mosaic'' eventually became known simply as ''Celery mosaic virus''.
These two viruses were first differentiated by host range.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Severin | first1 = H.H.P. | last2 = Freitag | first2 = J.H. | year = 1938 | title = Western celery mosaic | journal = Hilgardia | volume = 11 | issue = 9| pages = 493–558 | doi=10.3733/hilg.v11n09p493| doi-access = free }}</ref> One of the viruses had a wide host range and was named ''Southern celery mosaic''. The second had a host range restricted to the family Umbelliferae ([[Apiaceae]]) and was called ''Western celery mosaic''. Continued research showed that the ''Southern mosaic virus'' was actually an isolate of ''[[Cucumber mosaic virus]]'' <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Price | first1 = W.C. | year = 1935 | title = Classification of southern celery mosaic virus | journal = Phytopathology | volume = 25 | pages = 947–954 }}</ref> and '' Western celery mosaic'' eventually became known simply as ''Celery mosaic virus''.


==Symptoms and host range==
==Symptoms and host range==
Symptoms of celery mosaic virus include a distinct mottled pattern on the leaves, distorted leaf growth with exaggerated rosette formation. Some strains of celery mosaic virus cause a "crinkled" pattern to form on the leaves of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Freitag|first1=Julius|title=INSECT TRANSMISSION, HOST RANGE, AND PROPERTIES OF THE CRINKLE-LEAF STRAIN OF WESTERN-CELERY-MOSAIC VIRUS|journal=Hilgardia|date=MARCH 1945|volume=16|issue=8|page=361|url=http://ucanr.edu/repository/fileaccess.cfm?article=152237&p=UYNHGT}}</ref> Oftentimes, plants infected with celery mosaic virus early in their development do not produce usable crops. Plants infected by the virus late in their development may provide usable crops provided that the crops are harvested quickly after infection.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Traicevski|first1=Violeta|title=Management of celery mosaic virus|url=http://ausvegvic.com.au/pdf/r&d_VG97103_Celery_Mosaic_Virus_extract.pdf|publisher=Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref>
Symptoms of celery mosaic virus include a distinct mottled pattern on the leaves, distorted leaf growth with exaggerated rosette formation. Some strains of celery mosaic virus cause a "crinkled" pattern to form on the leaves of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Freitag|first1=Julius|title=Insect transmission, host range, and properties of the crinkle-leaf strain of western-celery-mosaic virus|journal=Hilgardia|date=March 1945|volume=16|issue=8|page=361|url=http://ucanr.edu/repository/fileaccess.cfm?article=152237&p=UYNHGT|doi=10.3733/hilg.v16n08p361|doi-access=free}}</ref> Oftentimes, plants infected with celery mosaic virus early in their development do not produce usable crops. Plants infected by the virus late in their development may provide usable crops provided that the crops are harvested quickly after infection.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Traicevski|first1=Violeta|title=Management of celery mosaic virus|url=http://ausvegvic.com.au/pdf/r&d_VG97103_Celery_Mosaic_Virus_extract.pdf|publisher=Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>


[[Celery]] is the most common host of this virus. As the name implies, this virus causes a mosaic or mottling in the leaves of celery. There can also be malformation of leaflets. In older leaves, chorotic/necrotic spots may occur and the plants can be stunted. (see symptoms description<ref>http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r104100711.html#SYMPTOMS</ref>)
[[Celery]] is the most common host of this virus. As the name implies, this virus causes a mosaic or mottling in the leaves of celery. There can also be malformation of leaflets. In older leaves, chlorotic or necrotic spots may occur and the plants can be stunted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r104100711.html |title=UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery |date=20 May 2005 |website=Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC |publisher=[[University of California]] |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/CeleryMoinc |title=CeleryMoinc |year=2013 |publisher=[[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services]] |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010035852/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/CeleryMoinc |archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>


⚫
In addition to celery, this virus has been identified in other important crops in the '' [[Apiaceae]] '' including [[carrot]]s (''Daucus carota''), [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[parsley]] (''Petroselinum crispum''), [[parsnip]] (''Pastinaca sativa''), and [[dill]] (''Anethum graveolens''). It has also been identified in several weed species in the family [[Apiaceae]], including [[poison hemlock]] (''Conium maculatum''),<ref>Sutabutra, T. and Campbell, R.N. 1971. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 55:328-332.</ref> mock bishopweed (''[[Ptilimnium]] capillaceum'') and wild cherry (''[[Apium leptophyllum]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLCelery.html |title=Crop Profiles |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809071738/http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLCelery.html |archive-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/CeleryMoinc Viral Inclusions of Celery mosaic virus.]


⚫
There is some confusion in the literature as to whether CeMV can infect hosts in the family ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]''. In 2002, a paper reporting the results of a survey in Australia found three different but related potyviruses infecting species of the ''Apiaceae'' in Australia, CeMV, ''Carrot virus Y'' (CarVY), and ''[[Apium virus Y]] ''(ApVY).<ref>Moran J. et al. 2002. Arch. Virol. 147:1855-1867.</ref> Both CarVY<ref>Latham, L.J. and Jones R.A. 2004. Virus Research 100 :89-99.</ref> and ApVY<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tang | first1 = J. | last2 = Clover | first2 = G. R. G. | last3 = Alexander | first3 = B. J. R. | doi = 10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1682C | title = First Report ofApium virus Yin Celery in New Zealand | journal = Plant Disease | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 1682 | year = 2007 | pmid = 30780622| doi-access = free }}</ref> have been shown to infect one or more species of ''Chenopodium''. The latter reference, reporting ApVY infecting celery in New Zealand, found the plants to be doubly infected with CeMV and ApVY and the authors suggested that CeMV "may mask the presence of ApVY". It is possible that one or both of these viruses have been undetected in mixed infections with CeMV in some past studies. With sequence data now available for both CarVY and ApVY this ambiguity may be cleared up in time.
⚫
In addition to celery, this virus has been identified in other important crops in the '' [[Apiaceae]] '' including [[carrot]]s (''Daucus carota''), [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[parsley]] (''Petroselinum crispum''), [[parsnip]] (''Pastinaca sativa''), and [[dill]] (''Anethum graveolens''). It has also been identified in several weed species in the ''[[Apiaceae]]'' family, including [[poison hemlock]] (''Conium maculatum''),<ref>Sutabutra, T. and Campbell, R.N. 1971. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 55:328-332.</ref> mock bishopweed (''[[Ptilimnium]] capillaceum'') and wild cherry (''[[Apium leptophyllum]]'').<ref>http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLCelery.html</ref>

A 2012 study demonstrated that plants from Solanaceae, Curcurbitacae, Chenopodiaceae, and Amaranthaceae, families, in addition to plants from the Apiaceae family, become infected when mechanically inoculated with purified CeMV. Plants in this study tested positive for the CeMV virus, and displayed similar symptoms to celery, but with reduced severity.<ref>A. Ahmed Amal, N. Zein Salwa and A.H. Khatab Eman, 2012. Characterization of Celery mosaic virus Isolated from Some Apiaceae Plants. International Journal of Virology, 8: 214-223.</ref>

⚫
There is some confusion in the literature as to whether CeMV can infect hosts in the family ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]''. In 2002, a paper reporting the results of a survey in Australia found three different but related potyviruses infecting species of the ''Apiaceae'' in Australia, CeMV, ''Carrot virus Y'' (CarVY), and '' [[Apium virus Y]] '' (ApVY).<ref>Moran J. et al. 2002. Arch. Virol. 147:1855-1867.</ref> Both CarVY<ref>Latham, L.J. and Jones R.A. 2004. Virus Research 100 :89-99.</ref> and ApVY<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tang | first1 = J. | last2 = Clover | first2 = G. R. G. | last3 = Alexander | first3 = B. J. R. | doi = 10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1682C | title = First Report ofApium virus Yin Celery in New Zealand | journal = Plant Disease | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 1682 | year = 2007 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> have been shown to infect one or more species of ''Chenopodium''. The latter reference, reporting ApVY infecting celery in New Zealand, found the plants to be doubly infected with CeMV and ApVY and the authors suggested that CeMV “may mask the presence of ApVY”. It is possible that one or both of these viruses have been undetected in mixed infections with CeMV in some of the past studies. With sequence data now available for both CarVY and ApVY this ambiguity may be cleared up in time.


==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
The geographic distribution of this virus is probably worldwide. In North America, besides California (USA), it has been reported in Florida <ref>Purcifull, D.E. and Shepard, J.F. 1967. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 51:502-505.</ref> and in Ontario, Canada.<ref>Kemp, W.G. and Frowd, J.A. (1975). Pl. Dis. Reptr 59: 50.</ref> In Europe it has been reported in the UK,<ref>Walkey, D.G.A., Tomlinson, J.A. and Frowd, J.A. (1970). Pl. Dis. Reptr. 54: 370.</ref> France,<ref>Marchoux, G., Navatel, J.C., Rougier, J. and Duteil, M. (1969). Annls. Phytopath. 1: 227.</ref> Germany,<ref>Brandes, J. and Luisoni, E. (1966). Phytopath. Z. 57: 277.</ref> Italy,<ref>Avgelis, A. and Quacquarelli, A. (1972). Phytopathol. Medit. 11: 124.</ref> the Netherlands <ref>Steenbergen, B. and Vader, F. 1974. Groenten en Fruit 30:111</ref> and in the former Czechoslovakia.<ref>Chod, J. 1984. Ochr. Rost. 20: 91.</ref> In South America it has been identified in Argentina,<ref>Gracia, O. and Feldman, J.M. (1977). Pl. Dis. Reptr 61: 905</ref> Brazil,<ref>Kitajima, E.W. and Costa, A.S.. 1968. Bragantia 27:7-8.</ref> and Chile.<ref>Docampo,D. and Nome, F. 1970. Bol.Tec.Est. Exp Agron, Univ. Chile 31:15-19.</ref> It has also been identified in Japan,<ref>Iwaki, M. and Komuro, Y. (1970). Ann. Phytopathol. Proc. Japan 36: 36</ref> Australia <ref>Traicevski,V. et al. 1999. Aust. Plant Path. 28:92</ref> and New Zealand.<ref>Fry, P.R. and Proctor, C.H. (1968). N. Z. comml. Grow. 24: 23.</ref>
The geographic distribution of this virus is probably worldwide. In North America, besides California (USA), it has been reported in Florida <ref>Purcifull, D.E. and Shepard, J.F. 1967. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 51:502-505.</ref> and in Ontario, Canada.<ref>Kemp, W.G. and Frowd, J.A. (1975). Pl. Dis. Reptr 59: 50.</ref> In Europe it has been reported in the UK,<ref>Walkey, D.G.A., Tomlinson, J.A. and Frowd, J.A. (1970). Pl. Dis. Reptr. 54: 370.</ref> France,<ref>Marchoux, G., Navatel, J.C., Rougier, J. and Duteil, M. (1969). Annls. Phytopath. 1: 227.</ref> Germany,<ref>Brandes, J. and Luisoni, E. (1966). Phytopath. Z. 57: 277.</ref> Italy,<ref>Avgelis, A. and Quacquarelli, A. (1972). Phytopathol. Medit. 11: 124.</ref> the Netherlands <ref>Steenbergen, B. and Vader, F. 1974. Groenten en Fruit 30:111</ref> and in the former Czechoslovakia.<ref>Chod, J. 1984. Ochr. Rost. 20: 91.</ref> In South America it has been identified in Argentina,<ref>Gracia, O. and Feldman, J.M. (1977). Pl. Dis. Reptr 61: 905</ref> Brazil,<ref>Kitajima, E.W. and Costa, A.S.. 1968. Bragantia 27:7-8.</ref> and Chile.<ref>Docampo, D. and Nome, F. 1970. Bol.Tec.Est. Exp Agron, Univ. Chile 31:15-19.</ref> It has also been identified in Japan,<ref>Iwaki, M. and Komuro, Y. (1970). Ann. Phytopathol. Proc. Japan 36: 36</ref> Australia <ref>Traicevski, V. et al. 1999. Aust. Plant Path. 28:92</ref> and New Zealand.<ref>Fry, P.R. and Proctor, C.H. (1968). N. Z. comml. Grow. 24: 23.</ref>


==Transmission and disease management==
==Transmission and disease management==
Celery mosaic, like most potyviruses, is non-persistently transmitted by [[aphids]]. This means that the aphid can pick up the virus on its [[Stylet (anatomy)|stylet]] (its mouthparts) and transfer it quickly to the next plant it probes. The virus can also be transmitted mechanically by tools and machinery. At least 26 different aphid species are known to transmit the virus.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dragoljub|first1=Sutic|title=Handbook of Plant Virus Diseases|date=1999|publisher=CRC Press|location=N.Y.|isbn=0-8493-2302-9|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6jYciQef2UC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=26+species+of+aphids+transmit+cemv&source=bl&ots=3YsxZDv4CC&sig=Hq2m7pjfUvMJOz4cmevGR99aAQU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy-pz2krbTAhXr5IMKHSy8CNkQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=26%20species%20of%20aphids%20transmit%20cemv&f=false|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> There is no evidence of seed transmission.
Celery mosaic, like most potyviruses, is non-persistently transmitted by [[aphids]]. This means that the aphid can pick up the virus on its [[Stylet (anatomy)|stylet]] (its mouthparts) and transfer it quickly to the next plant it probes. The virus can also be transmitted mechanically by tools and machinery. At least 26 different aphid species are known to transmit the virus.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dragoljub|first1=Sutic|title=Handbook of Plant Virus Diseases|date=1999|publisher=CRC Press|location=N.Y.|isbn=0-8493-2302-9|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6jYciQef2UC&q=26+species+of+aphids+transmit+cemv&pg=PA206|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> There is no evidence of seed transmission.


Because chemicals are not effective in treating plant viruses, management of celery mosaic virus focuses on reducing aphid population within colonies of plants.<ref>http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r104100711.html</ref> Recommendations for management of celery mosaic virus include planting resistant cultivars, spreading out crops, clearing weeds from crop fields, and treating crops with pesticides.Because celery mosaic virus also affects umbelliferous plants, removal of umbelliferous weeds, like wild celery and wild parsnip, helps to control aphid populations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Koike|title=UC Pest Management Guidelines|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r104100711.html|publisher=UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines}}</ref>
Because chemicals are not effective in treating plant viruses, management of celery mosaic virus focuses on reducing aphid population within colonies of plants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r104100711.html|title = UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery}}</ref> Recommendations for management of celery mosaic virus include planting resistant cultivars, spreading out crops, clearing weeds from crop fields, and treating crops with pesticides. Because celery mosaic virus also affects umbelliferous plants, removal of umbelliferous weeds, like wild celery and wild parsnip, helps to control aphid populations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Koike|title=UC Pest Management Guidelines|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r104100711.html|publisher=UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines}}</ref>


Celery grown in fields that have been host free for 2–3 months show greatly reduced risk of exposure to CeMV.<ref>http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r104100711.html#REFERENCE</ref>
Celery grown in fields that have been host free for 2–3 months show greatly reduced risk of exposure to CeMV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r104100711.html#REFERENCE|title = UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery}}</ref>


Many studies have shown reduced virus outbreaks and severity in fields treated with reflective [[mulch]] which can provide unappealing visual stimuli to infected aphids. Fields treated with this mulch experience reduced infection rates.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Traicevski|first1=Violeta|title=Management of celery mosaic virus|url=http://ausvegvic.com.au/pdf/r&d_VG97103_Celery_Mosaic_Virus_extract.pdf|publisher=Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref>
Many studies have shown reduced virus outbreaks and severity in fields treated with reflective [[mulch]] which can provide unappealing visual stimuli to infected aphids. Fields treated with this mulch experience reduced infection rates.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Traicevski|first1=Violeta|title=Management of celery mosaic virus|url=http://ausvegvic.com.au/pdf/r&d_VG97103_Celery_Mosaic_Virus_extract.pdf|publisher=Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>


==Genome==
==Genome==


⚫
The complete genome of Celery Mosaic Virus was sequenced in 2011. It was found to be 9999 nucleotides in length, encoding for 3181 amino acids in a single large [[open reading frame]], and sharing between 39 and 72% of its sequence identity with other members of the genus Potyvirus, and is most closely related to [[Apium virus Y]]. Together, CeMV, Apium virus Y, and Panax virus Y form a distinct clade.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=u|first1=D|title=Complete genome sequence of Celery mosaic virus and its relationship to other members of the genus Potyvirus.|journal= Archives of Virology|date=May 2011|volume=156|issue=5|pages=917–20|doi=10.1007/s00705-011-0951-x|pmid=21347842|s2cid=592753}}</ref>
https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Celery_mosaic_virus&action=edit#

⚫
The complete genome of Celery Mosaic Virus was sequenced in 2011. It was found to be 9999 nucleotides in length, encoding for 3181 amino acids in a single large open reading frame, and sharing between 39 and 72% of its sequence identity with other members of the genus Potyvirus, and is most closely related to [[Apium virus Y]]. Together, CeMV, Apium virus Y, and Panax virus Y form a distinct clade.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=u|first1=D|title=Complete genome sequence of Celery mosaic virus and its relationship to other members of the genus Potyvirus.|journal=Springer|date=May 2011|volume=156|issue=5|pages=917–20|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21347842}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Reflist|3}}


==External links==
==External links==
* ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.057.0.01.015.htm Celery mosaic virus]
* ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609171914/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.057.0.01.015.htm Celery mosaic virus] via Web Archive
* Descriptions of Plant Viruses : [http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=050 Celery mosaic virus]
* Descriptions of Plant Viruses: [http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=050 Celery mosaic virus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101143525/http://dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=050 |date=1 November 2010 }}
* Plant Viruses Online – VIDE Database : [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215212359/http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/descr186.htm Celery mosaic virus]
* Plant Viruses Online – VIDE Database: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215212359/http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/descr186.htm Celery mosaic virus]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5057825}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Celery Mosaic Virus}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Celery Mosaic Virus}}
[[Category:Viral plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Viral plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Potyviruses]]
[[Category:Potyviruses]]
[[Category:Celery]]

Latest revision as of 21:41, 6 December 2024

Celery mosaic virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Stelpaviricetes
Order: Patatavirales
Family: Potyviridae
Genus: Potyvirus
Species:
Celery mosaic virus
Synonyms
  • Apium virus 1
  • Western celery mosaic virus(WCeMV)
  • Celery crinkle-leaf virus
  • Celery ringspot virus
  • Poison hemlock ringspot virus
Illustration of uninfected celery (left) compared to celery infected with CeMV (right).

Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a plant pathogenic virus[1] in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae .

In California, mosaic diseases of celery (Apium graveolens) were reported as early as 1922.[2] After some time, it became clear that there were at least two different viruses causing mosaic diseases with similar symptoms in celery.

These two viruses were first differentiated by host range.[3] One of the viruses had a wide host range and was named Southern celery mosaic. The second had a host range restricted to the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) and was called Western celery mosaic. Continued research showed that the Southern mosaic virus was actually an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus [4] and Western celery mosaic eventually became known simply as Celery mosaic virus.

Symptoms and host range

[edit]

Symptoms of celery mosaic virus include a distinct mottled pattern on the leaves, distorted leaf growth with exaggerated rosette formation. Some strains of celery mosaic virus cause a "crinkled" pattern to form on the leaves of the plant.[5] Oftentimes, plants infected with celery mosaic virus early in their development do not produce usable crops. Plants infected by the virus late in their development may provide usable crops provided that the crops are harvested quickly after infection.[6]

Celery is the most common host of this virus. As the name implies, this virus causes a mosaic or mottling in the leaves of celery. There can also be malformation of leaflets. In older leaves, chlorotic or necrotic spots may occur and the plants can be stunted.[7][8]

In addition to celery, this virus has been identified in other important crops in the Apiaceae including carrots (Daucus carota), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), and dill (Anethum graveolens). It has also been identified in several weed species in the family Apiaceae, including poison hemlock (Conium maculatum),[9] mock bishopweed (Ptilimnium capillaceum) and wild cherry (Apium leptophyllum).[10]

There is some confusion in the literature as to whether CeMV can infect hosts in the family Chenopodiaceae. In 2002, a paper reporting the results of a survey in Australia found three different but related potyviruses infecting species of the Apiaceae in Australia, CeMV, Carrot virus Y (CarVY), and Apium virus Y (ApVY).[11] Both CarVY[12] and ApVY[13] have been shown to infect one or more species of Chenopodium. The latter reference, reporting ApVY infecting celery in New Zealand, found the plants to be doubly infected with CeMV and ApVY and the authors suggested that CeMV "may mask the presence of ApVY". It is possible that one or both of these viruses have been undetected in mixed infections with CeMV in some past studies. With sequence data now available for both CarVY and ApVY this ambiguity may be cleared up in time.

Geographic distribution

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The geographic distribution of this virus is probably worldwide. In North America, besides California (USA), it has been reported in Florida [14] and in Ontario, Canada.[15] In Europe it has been reported in the UK,[16] France,[17] Germany,[18] Italy,[19] the Netherlands [20] and in the former Czechoslovakia.[21] In South America it has been identified in Argentina,[22] Brazil,[23] and Chile.[24] It has also been identified in Japan,[25] Australia [26] and New Zealand.[27]

Transmission and disease management

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Celery mosaic, like most potyviruses, is non-persistently transmitted by aphids. This means that the aphid can pick up the virus on its stylet (its mouthparts) and transfer it quickly to the next plant it probes. The virus can also be transmitted mechanically by tools and machinery. At least 26 different aphid species are known to transmit the virus.[28] There is no evidence of seed transmission.

Because chemicals are not effective in treating plant viruses, management of celery mosaic virus focuses on reducing aphid population within colonies of plants.[29] Recommendations for management of celery mosaic virus include planting resistant cultivars, spreading out crops, clearing weeds from crop fields, and treating crops with pesticides. Because celery mosaic virus also affects umbelliferous plants, removal of umbelliferous weeds, like wild celery and wild parsnip, helps to control aphid populations.[30]

Celery grown in fields that have been host free for 2–3 months show greatly reduced risk of exposure to CeMV.[31]

Many studies have shown reduced virus outbreaks and severity in fields treated with reflective mulch which can provide unappealing visual stimuli to infected aphids. Fields treated with this mulch experience reduced infection rates.[32]

Genome

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The complete genome of Celery Mosaic Virus was sequenced in 2011. It was found to be 9999 nucleotides in length, encoding for 3181 amino acids in a single large open reading frame, and sharing between 39 and 72% of its sequence identity with other members of the genus Potyvirus, and is most closely related to Apium virus Y. Together, CeMV, Apium virus Y, and Panax virus Y form a distinct clade.[33]

References

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  1. ^ "About Plant Viruses". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  2. ^ Poole, R.F. 1922. Celery mosaic. Phytopthology 12:151-154.
  3. ^ Severin, H.H.P.; Freitag, J.H. (1938). "Western celery mosaic". Hilgardia. 11 (9): 493–558. doi:10.3733/hilg.v11n09p493.
  4. ^ Price, W.C. (1935). "Classification of southern celery mosaic virus". Phytopathology. 25: 947–954.
  5. ^ Freitag, Julius (March 1945). "Insect transmission, host range, and properties of the crinkle-leaf strain of western-celery-mosaic virus". Hilgardia. 16 (8): 361. doi:10.3733/hilg.v16n08p361.
  6. ^ Traicevski, Violeta. "Management of celery mosaic virus" (PDF). Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  7. ^ "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery". Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC. University of California. 20 May 2005. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  8. ^ "CeleryMoinc". Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  9. ^ Sutabutra, T. and Campbell, R.N. 1971. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 55:328-332.
  10. ^ "Crop Profiles". Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  11. ^ Moran J. et al. 2002. Arch. Virol. 147:1855-1867.
  12. ^ Latham, L.J. and Jones R.A. 2004. Virus Research 100 :89-99.
  13. ^ Tang, J.; Clover, G. R. G.; Alexander, B. J. R. (2007). "First Report ofApium virus Yin Celery in New Zealand". Plant Disease. 91 (12): 1682. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1682C. PMID 30780622.
  14. ^ Purcifull, D.E. and Shepard, J.F. 1967. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 51:502-505.
  15. ^ Kemp, W.G. and Frowd, J.A. (1975). Pl. Dis. Reptr 59: 50.
  16. ^ Walkey, D.G.A., Tomlinson, J.A. and Frowd, J.A. (1970). Pl. Dis. Reptr. 54: 370.
  17. ^ Marchoux, G., Navatel, J.C., Rougier, J. and Duteil, M. (1969). Annls. Phytopath. 1: 227.
  18. ^ Brandes, J. and Luisoni, E. (1966). Phytopath. Z. 57: 277.
  19. ^ Avgelis, A. and Quacquarelli, A. (1972). Phytopathol. Medit. 11: 124.
  20. ^ Steenbergen, B. and Vader, F. 1974. Groenten en Fruit 30:111
  21. ^ Chod, J. 1984. Ochr. Rost. 20: 91.
  22. ^ Gracia, O. and Feldman, J.M. (1977). Pl. Dis. Reptr 61: 905
  23. ^ Kitajima, E.W. and Costa, A.S.. 1968. Bragantia 27:7-8.
  24. ^ Docampo, D. and Nome, F. 1970. Bol.Tec.Est. Exp Agron, Univ. Chile 31:15-19.
  25. ^ Iwaki, M. and Komuro, Y. (1970). Ann. Phytopathol. Proc. Japan 36: 36
  26. ^ Traicevski, V. et al. 1999. Aust. Plant Path. 28:92
  27. ^ Fry, P.R. and Proctor, C.H. (1968). N. Z. comml. Grow. 24: 23.
  28. ^ Dragoljub, Sutic (1999). Handbook of Plant Virus Diseases. N.Y.: CRC Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-8493-2302-9. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  29. ^ "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery".
  30. ^ Koike. "UC Pest Management Guidelines". UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines.
  31. ^ "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery".
  32. ^ Traicevski, Violeta. "Management of celery mosaic virus" (PDF). Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  33. ^ u, D (May 2011). "Complete genome sequence of Celery mosaic virus and its relationship to other members of the genus Potyvirus". Archives of Virology. 156 (5): 917–20. doi:10.1007/s00705-011-0951-x. PMID 21347842. S2CID 592753.
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