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{{Short description| Balls of fine frost formed in Antarctica}}
'''Yukimarimo''' are balls of fine [[frost]] formed at low temperatures on the [[Antarctic_Plateau|Antarctic plateau]] during weak wind conditions. Yukimarimo were discovered in 1995 at Dome Fuji by the 36th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-36) at temperatures of –59 to –72&nbsp;°C. <ref name="Kameda1999" group="Ref"/><ref name="Kameda2007" group="Ref"/> [[Electrostatics|Electrostatic attraction]] between ice crystals explains the formation of yukimarimo at these low temperatures.<ref name = "Nelson2003" group = "Ref"/>
'''Yukimarimo''' are balls of fine [[frost]] formed at low temperatures on the [[Antarctic Plateau|Antarctic plateau]] during weak wind conditions. Yukimarimo were discovered in 1995 at [[Dome F]] by the 36th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-36) at temperatures of –59 to –72&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Kameda1999" group="Ref"/><ref name="Kameda2007" group="Ref"/> [[Electrostatics|Electrostatic attraction]] between ice crystals explains the formation of yukimarimo at these low temperatures.<ref name = "Nelson2003" group = "Ref"/>



== Name ==
== Name ==
Line 7: Line 7:


== Formation ==
== Formation ==
During a storm on the Antarctic plateau the humidity is higher than normal. After a storm, the temperature rapidly drops and and due to the excess humidity, [[hoarfrost]] forms on the surface of the snow. At these low temperatures, [[electrostatic attraction]] between the rapidly formed ice crystals is high due to growth charging during formation. When a light wind blows after the formation of this hoarfrost, the hoarfrost breaks apart and the frost crystals clump together and stick due to the high electrostatic attraction and subsequent fusing of the ice crystals, and tumble across the snow in a manner similar to [[tumbleweed]].<ref name = "Nelson2003" group = "Ref"/> The sizes of the yukimarimo range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.<ref name="Kameda1999" group="Ref"/>
During a storm on the Antarctic plateau, humidity rises above normal levels. After a storm, the temperature drops rapidly and, due to the excess humidity, [[hoarfrost]] forms on the surface of the snow. At these low temperatures, [[electrostatic attraction]] between the rapidly formed ice crystals is high, due to growth charging during formation. When a light wind blows after the formation of this hoarfrost, the hoarfrost breaks apart and the frost crystals clump together and stick due to the high electrostatic attraction and subsequent fusing of the ice crystals. They then tumble across the snow in a manner similar to [[tumbleweed]].<ref name = "Nelson2003" group = "Ref"/> The sizes of the yukimarimo range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.<ref name="Kameda1999" group="Ref"/> <ref name="Petenko2016" group="Ref"/>


<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">

File:Yukimarimo south pole dawn 2009.jpg|Yukimarimo at [[South Pole Station]], Antarctica, in 2008
<gallery caption="Photos of yukimarimo taken by winterover Keith Vanderlinde at dawn 2008 at the South Pole while wintering over for the [[South_Pole_Telescope|South Pole Telescope]]." widths="400px" heights="250px" perrow="2">
File:Yukimarimo south pole dawn 2009.jpg
File:Yukimarimo at Concordia Station (closeup).jpg|Yukimarimo at [[Concordia Station]], Antarctica, in 2014
File:Yukimarimo south pole winter 2008.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


== See also ==

*{{annotated link | Snow roller}}
== Commercial products ==

To celebrate the discovery of the yukimarimo, a line of cookies were manufactured in Japan. They are available at a few stores in Japan and online[http://seigetsu.shop-pro.jp/?mode=cate&cbid=459482&csid=0].



== References ==
== References ==
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{{reflist|group="Ref"|refs=
{{reflist|group="Ref"|refs=
<ref name="Kameda1999">
<ref name="Kameda1999">
{{Cite journal|last1=Kameda|first1=T.|last2=Yoshimi|first2=H.|last3=Azuma|first3=N.|last4=Motoyama|first4=H.|date=1999|title=Observation of "yukimarimo" on the snow surface of the inland plateau, Antarctic ice sheet|journal=Journal of Glaciology|language=en|volume=45|issue=150|pages=394–396|doi=10.1017/S0022143000001891|bibcode=1999JGlac..45..394K|issn=0022-1430|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Cite journal
|author = T. Kameda , H. Yoshimi, N. Azuma and H. Motoyama
|title = Observation of “yukimarimo” on the snow surface of the inland plateau, Antarctic ice sheet
|journal = Journal of Glaciology
|year = 1999
|volume = 45
|number = 150
⚫
|pages = 394-396
}}
</ref>


<ref name="Kameda2007">
<ref name="Kameda2007">
Line 41: Line 28:
|author = T. Kameda
|author = T. Kameda
|title = Discovery and reunion with yukimarimo
|title = Discovery and reunion with yukimarimo
|journal = Seppyo (Journal of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice)
|journal = Seppyo (Journal of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice)
|year = 2007
|year = 2007
|volume = 69
|volume = 69
|number = 3
|number = 3
|pages = 403-407
|pages = 403–407
|url = http://homepage3.nifty.com/takaokameda/en/Kameda2007-AboutYukimarimo-inSeppyo.pdf
|url = http://homepage3.nifty.com/takaokameda/en/Kameda2007-AboutYukimarimo-inSeppyo.pdf
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>



<ref name="Nelson2003">
<ref name="Nelson2003">
{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=J.|last2=Baker|first2=M.|date=2003-01-06|title=Charging of ice-vapor interfaces|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions|volume=3|issue=1|pages=41–73|doi=10.5194/acpd-3-41-2003|issn=1680-7375|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00300838/file/acpd-3-41-2003.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Petenko2016">
{{Cite journal
{{Cite journal
|author = J. Nelson and M. Baker
|author = Petenko, I.
|title = Yukimarimo at Dome C, Antarctica
|title = Charging of ice-vapor interfaces
|journal = Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
|journal = Journal of Glaciology
|year = 2003
|year = 2016
|volume = 3
|volume = 62
|pages = 41-73
|number = 233
⚫
|pages = 593–598
|url = http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/3/41/2003/acpd-3-41-2003-print.pdf
|url = https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.30
|doi = 10.1017/jog.2016.30
|doi-access = free
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>


}}
}}



== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://homepage3.nifty.com/takaokameda/en/yukimrimo_en2.html Yukimarimo homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201345/http://homepage3.nifty.com/takaokameda/en/yukimrimo_en2.html Archive of Yukimarimo homepage which is now offline]
* [http://seigetsu.shop-pro.jp/?mode=cate&cbid=459482&csid=0 Yukimarimo cookies]


[[Category:Frost and rime]]
<!--- Categories --->
[[Category:Snow_or_ice_weather_phenomena]]

Latest revision as of 00:02, 7 December 2024

Yukimarimo are balls of fine frost formed at low temperatures on the Antarctic plateau during weak wind conditions. Yukimarimo were discovered in 1995 at Dome F by the 36th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-36) at temperatures of –59 to –72 °C.[Ref 1][Ref 2] Electrostatic attraction between ice crystals explains the formation of yukimarimo at these low temperatures.[Ref 3]

Name

[edit]

Yukimarimo were named by T. Kameda on JARE-36 in 1995. "Yuki" means snow in Japanese, and "marimo" is a ball-like growth of water algae which the yukimarimo resemble.

Formation

[edit]

During a storm on the Antarctic plateau, humidity rises above normal levels. After a storm, the temperature drops rapidly and, due to the excess humidity, hoarfrost forms on the surface of the snow. At these low temperatures, electrostatic attraction between the rapidly formed ice crystals is high, due to growth charging during formation. When a light wind blows after the formation of this hoarfrost, the hoarfrost breaks apart and the frost crystals clump together and stick due to the high electrostatic attraction and subsequent fusing of the ice crystals. They then tumble across the snow in a manner similar to tumbleweed.[Ref 3] The sizes of the yukimarimo range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.[Ref 1] [Ref 4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kameda, T.; Yoshimi, H.; Azuma, N.; Motoyama, H. (1999). "Observation of "yukimarimo" on the snow surface of the inland plateau, Antarctic ice sheet". Journal of Glaciology. 45 (150): 394–396. Bibcode:1999JGlac..45..394K. doi:10.1017/S0022143000001891. ISSN 0022-1430.
  2. ^ T. Kameda (2007). "Discovery and reunion with yukimarimo" (PDF). Seppyo (Journal of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice). 69 (3): 403–407.
  3. ^ a b Nelson, J.; Baker, M. (2003-01-06). "Charging of ice-vapor interfaces" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 3 (1): 41–73. doi:10.5194/acpd-3-41-2003. ISSN 1680-7375.
  4. ^ Petenko, I. (2016). "Yukimarimo at Dome C, Antarctica". Journal of Glaciology. 62 (233): 593–598. doi:10.1017/jog.2016.30.
[edit]
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