Lahnda: Difference between revisions

Lahnda
Lahnda
لہندا
Region	Western Punjab region
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabic Lahnda; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Perso-Arabic; (Shahmukhi alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	lah
ISO 639-3	lah

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Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/;^[1] لہندا, Punjabi pronunciation: [lɛ˦n.d̪äː]), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi,^[2] is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage"^[3] or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.^[4]^[a] Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain.^[5] The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.^[4]

Lahnda includes the following lects: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), the Jatki dialects (referred to as Punjabi by their ~50 million speakers,^[6] spoken in the Bar region of Punjab) i.e. Jhangvi, Shahpuri and Dhanni, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).^[3] Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 66 million people.^[3]^[7] Glottolog, however, regards only the Shahpuri, Dhanni and Jatki dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic").^[8]^[9]

Name

Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name.^[10]^: 883 This term has currency only among linguists.^[5]

Development

Baba Farid (c. 1188–1266), a celebrated and revered Sufi saint of the Punjab, composed poetry in the Lahnda lect.^[11] Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.^[12] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.^[13]^[14] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki speakers since 1981, and Hindko speakers from 2017, prior to which both were represented by Punjabi.^[15]

Mian Muhammad Bakhsh (c. 1830 - 1907) is another Punjabi poet who composed poetry in a mixture of both the Eastern and Lahnda varieties of Punjabi.^[16]

Classification

Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.^[12]

Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.^[17]

Script

Lahndi-speaking Sikhs employ the Gurmukhi script for recording the language rather than the Perso-Arabic-based Shahmukhi script.^[18]

Notes

^ For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.

References

^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". Languages of South Asia: A Guide (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 9781000831597. LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
^ ^a ^b Masica 1991, pp. 17–18.
^ ^a ^b Masica 1991, p. 18.
^ "Census-2017 District Wise". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi".
^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki".
^ Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571. S2CID 160784067.
^ Johar, Surinder Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 56. ISBN 81-7533-093-7. OCLC 52865201.
^ ^a ^b Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
^ Rahman 1997, p. 838.
^ Shackle 1977.
^ Javaid 2004, p. 46.
^ "Mian Muhammad Bakhsh – A great Punjabi Sufi Poet". 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Lahnda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Smirnov, Yuri Andreyevich (1975). The Lahndi Language. Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature. p. 28. Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.

Bibliography

Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab: 45–55. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
Rahman, Tariq (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9): 833–839. doi:10.2307/2645700. JSTOR 2645700.
Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 379–403. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00014190. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 311504. S2CID 144829301.
Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.

External links

Map of Lahnda dialects from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India

[5] For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.

[1] "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[2] Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". Languages of South Asia: A Guide (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 9781000831597. LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.

[e26-3] Lahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)

[FOOTNOTEMasica199117–18-4] Masica 1991, pp. 17–18.

[FOOTNOTEMasica199118-6] Masica 1991, p. 18.

[7] "Census-2017 District Wise". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2024.

[FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-8] Shackle 1979, p. 198.

[9] "Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi".

[10] "Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki".

[11] Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571. S2CID 160784067.

[12] Johar, Surinder Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 56. ISBN 81-7533-093-7. OCLC 52865201.

[Shackle_2010-13] Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.

[FOOTNOTERahman1997838-14] Rahman 1997, p. 838.

[FOOTNOTEShackle1977-15] Shackle 1977.

[FOOTNOTEJavaid200446-16] Javaid 2004, p. 46.

[17] "Mian Muhammad Bakhsh – A great Punjabi Sufi Poet". 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[18] Lahnda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[19] Smirnov, Yuri Andreyevich (1975). The Lahndi Language. Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature. p. 28. Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan language varieties within the Lahnda (Western Punjabi) group.}}
-'''Lahnda languages''' or '''West Panjabi dialects''' is a group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages.
+{{For|the scripts|Laṇḍā scripts}}
+{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2016}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
+{{Infobox language
+| name             = Lahnda
+| region           = Western [[Punjab region]]
+|nativename=لہندا
+| ethnicity        = [[Punjabis]]
+| speakers         =
+| date             =
+| ref              =
+| familycolor      = Indo-European
+| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
+| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
+| fam4             = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
+| fam5             = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabic]]
+| script           = [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]<br><small>([[Shahmukhi alphabet]])</small>
+| iso1             =
+| iso2             = lah
+| iso3             = lah
+| map              =
+| glotto           =
+| glottoname       =
+}}
+'''Lahnda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}};<ref>{{OED|Lahnda}}</ref> {{nq|لہندا}}, {{IPA-pa|lɛ˦n.d̪äː}}), also known as '''Lahndi''' or '''Western Punjabi''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zograph |first=G. A. |title=Languages of South Asia: A Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000831597 |edition=Reprint |pages=52 |chapter=Chapter 3 |quote=LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.}}</ref> is a group of north-western [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the [[ISO 639]] standard as a "[[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]]"<ref name=e26/> or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}{{efn|For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] generally.}} Its validity as a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic grouping]] is not certain.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}} The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are [[exonyms]] employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}
+Lahnda includes the following lects: [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (spoken mostly in southern [[Pakistani Punjab]] by about 26 million people), the [[Jatki_language|Jatki]] dialects (referred to as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] by their ~50 million speakers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Census-2017 District Wise |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> spoken in the [[Bar region]] of Punjab) i.e. [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] and [[Dhani dialect|Dhanni]], the diverse varieties of [[Hindko language|Hindko]] (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], especially [[Hazara region|Hazara]]), [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari/Pothwari]] (3.5 million speakers in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] region of Punjab, [[Azad Kashmir]] and parts of Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] (20,000 speakers in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]), and [[Inku language|Inku]] (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).<ref name=e26/> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" ([[ISO 639-3]] code: ''pnb'') – the [[Majhi dialect]]s transitional between Lahnda and [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern Punjabi]]; these are spoken by about 66 million people.<ref name=e26>{{e26|lah}}</ref>{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} ''[[Glottolog]]'', however, regards only the [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]] and [[Jhangvi dialect|Jatki]] dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2386 | title=Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1274 | title=Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki}}</ref>
-According to [[Ethnologue]] they comprise:
-*[[Northern Hindko]]
-*[[Southern Hindko]]
-*the above two dialects are part of Std. HINDKO Lanaguage
-[[Jakati]]
-*[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]]
-*Northern LAHNDA, Pindiwali,[[Mirpur Punjabi]]/pothoahari sometimes nowadays called panjistani
-*[[Western Punjabi]]NOTHERN LAHNDA or Panistani Lanaguage and Literture
-*the above Vartities/Dialects now form part of Mirpuri/pothohari (Std. Panjistani Langauage)
-Southern Lahnda, Multani,[[Siraiki]]
+==Name==
-Siraiki hindko and pothohari/Modern Panjistani are now the written languages of these nothwestren sub-group of languages.
+''Lahnda'' means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by [[William St. Clair Tisdall]] (in the form ''Lahindā'') probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably [[George Abraham Grierson]] — for a dialect group that had no general local name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|year=1930|title=Lahndā and Lahndī|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00090571|s2cid=160784067 }}</ref>{{rp|883}} This term has currency only among linguists.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}}
-[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
+==Development==
+[[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Baba Farid]] (c. 1188–1266), a celebrated and revered Sufi saint of the Punjab, composed poetry in the Lahnda lect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52865201 |title=Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality |date=1999 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=81-7533-093-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=56 |oclc=52865201}}</ref> Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}}{{sfn|Shackle|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki speakers since 1981, and Hindko speakers from 2017, prior to which both were represented by Punjabi.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}}
+[[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]] (c. 1830 - 1907) is another Punjabi poet who composed poetry in a mixture of both the Eastern and Lahnda varieties of Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-22 |title=Mian Muhammad Bakhsh – A great Punjabi Sufi Poet |url=https://nation.com.pk/30-Aug-2017/mian-muhammad-bakhsh-a-great-punjabi-sufi-poet |access-date=2023-05-03 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044412/https://nation.com.pk/30-Aug-2017/mian-muhammad-bakhsh-a-great-punjabi-sufi-poet |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
+==Classification==
+Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />
+Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a [[dialect continuum]] with no clear-cut boundaries. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.<ref>{{e18|lah}}</ref>
+== Script ==
+Lahndi-speaking [[Sikhs]] employ the [[Gurmukhi]] script for recording the language rather than the Perso-Arabic-based [[Shahmukhi]] script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smirnov |first=Yuri Andreyevich |title=The Lahndi Language |publisher=Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature |year=1975 |pages=28 |quote=Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.}}</ref>
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+== Bibliography ==
+* {{cite journal|last = Javaid|first = Umbreen|year = 2004|url = http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title = Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal = Journal of Research (Humanities)|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher = Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
+* {{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
+* {{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi=10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700}}
+* {{cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan| journal = Modern Asian Studies| issn = 0026-749X| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 379–403| date = 1977| jstor = 311504| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190| s2cid = 144829301}}
+* {{cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}
+== Further reading ==
+* {{cite book|last=Singh Gill|first=Harjeet|year=1973|title=Linguistic Atlas Of The Punjab|publisher=Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University, Patiala|pages=205}}
+* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Duni|title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ|year=1964|publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh|pages=290}}
+* {{cite book|last=Bhardwaj|first=Mangat Rai|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|pages=487|isbn=978-1-315-76080-3}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Moazzam Ali|last2=Abbas|first2=Furrakh|last3=Noreen|first3=Khadija|title=A comparative study of acoustic cues of Punjabi velar plosives in Majhi and Lehandi|journal=Hamdard Islamicus|volume=43|issue=2|year=2020|pages=1564–1571|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345953281}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Hussain|first=Qandeel|title=Phonation differences in the stop laryngeal contrasts of Jangli (Indo-Aryan)|url=https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/jsal/index.php/fasal/article/view/239|journal=(Formal) Approaches to South Asian Languages|volume=1|issue=1|year=2022}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Karamat|first=Nayyara|title=Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi|journal=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing|year=2001|pages=179–188|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.1248 }}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Moazzam Ali|last2=Kokub|first2=Iqra|title=Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /H/|url=https://clrjournal.com/ojs/index.php/clrjournal/article/view/10|year=2020|volume=2|issue=1|journal=Competitive Linguistic Research Journal|pages=1–17}}
+== External links ==
+* [http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]
+{{Punjabi dialects}}
+{{Languages of Pakistan}}
+{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
+[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
+[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

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