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{{spanish name 2|Rojas|Garrido}}
{{family name hatnote|Rojas|Garrido|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox President
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = José María Rojas Garrido
|name = José María Rojas Garrido
|image = José María Rojas Garrido.jpg
|image = José María Rojas Garrido.jpg
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|president7 = [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]]
|president7 = [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]]
|birth_place = [[Agrado]], [[Cundinamarca Department (1824)|Cundinamarca]], [[Gran Colombia|Colombia]]
|birth_place = [[Agrado]], [[Cundinamarca Department (1824)|Cundinamarca]], [[Gran Colombia|Colombia]]
|death_date = {{dda|1883|07|18|1824|07|06}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1883|07|18|1824|07|06}}
|death_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Cundinamarca State|Cundinamarca]], [[United States of Colombia]]
|death_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Cundinamarca State|Cundinamarca]], [[United States of Colombia]]
|nationality = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
|nationality = [[Colombian people|Colombian]]
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|alma_mater = Colegio de San Bartolomé
|alma_mater = Colegio de San Bartolomé
|occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Judge]], [[Journalist]]
|occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Judge]], [[Journalist]]
|religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
}}
}}


'''José María Rojas Garrido''' (June 7, 1824 &ndash; July 18, 1883) <ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=VeA0AAAAIAAJ|title= Gobernantes de Colombia(1810-1957); compendio de la Historia Patria, 1492-1957|last=Mendoza Vélez |first=Jorge|origyear=1952 |accessdate=2008-11-18 |edition=3|year=1957 |publisher=Editorial Minerva |location= Bogotá |language=Spanish |oclc= 542753|pages=168–172}}</ref> was a [[Colombia]]n [[Senate of Colombia|Senator]], and statesmen, who as the first [[Presidential Designate]] became Acting [[President of the United States of Colombia]] (presently the [[Republic of Colombia]]) in [[1866]] during the absence of [[President elect]] [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]]<ref>[http://rulers.org/rulc3.html Rulers.org]</ref>. He was a prominent journalist for several [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] newspapers, and is considered one of the most important [[orators]] in Colombia's history<ref>{{cite book|last=Cruz Cardenas|first=Antonio|title=Grandes Oradores Colombianos|url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/gorador/garrido.doc|format=doc|pages=1|language=Spanish|publisher=Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango}}</ref>.
'''José María Rojas Garrido''' (June 7, 1824 &ndash; July 18, 1883) <ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VeA0AAAAIAAJ|title= Gobernantes de Colombia(1810-1957); compendio de la Historia Patria, 1492-1957|last=Mendoza Vélez |first=Jorge|orig-year=1952 |access-date=2008-11-18 |edition=3|year=1957 |publisher=Editorial Minerva |location= Bogotá |language=es |oclc= 542753|pages=168–172}}</ref> was a Colombian [[Senate of Colombia|Senator]], and statesmen, who as the first [[Presidential Designate]] became Acting [[President of the United States of Colombia]] (now the Republic of [[Colombia]]) in 1866 during the absence of [[President elect]] [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]].<ref>[http://rulers.org/rulc3.html Rulers.org]</ref> He was a prominent journalist for several [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] newspapers, and is considered one of the most important [[orators]] in Colombia's history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cruz Cardenas|first=Antonio|title=Grandes Oradores Colombianos|url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/gorador/garrido.doc|format=doc|pages=1|language=es|publisher=Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango}}</ref>


==Political career==
==Political career==
Line 55: Line 54:


===Early political career===
===Early political career===
Rojas Garrido received his [[Doctorate]] in [[Jurisprudence]] in 1847 from the ''Colegio de San Bartolomé''. In 1851 he was appointed Governor of the Province on Neiva by his close friend President [[José Hilario López]]<ref name="toga">{{cite book|last=Moreno|first=Delimiro|title=La toga contra la sotana|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ahtsAAAAMAAJ|pages=44|accessdate=2008-11-19|language=Spanish|oclc=43366118|location=Neiva, Colombia|year=1999}}</ref>. In 1856 he was elected to the [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] for the [[Sovereign State of Antioquia|State of Antioquia]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Flórez|first=Adolfo|title=Estudio cronológico sobre los gobernantes del continente americano desde la más remota antigüedad hasta el presente año|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7iYCAAAAYAAJ|pages=102–103|publisher=F. Pontón|year=1888|location=Bogotá|language=Spanish|oclc=15024921}}</ref>, and shortly after was appointed [[Chargé d'affaires]] in [[Venezuela]] by President [[José María Obando]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Raimundo|title=Historia diplomática de Colombia, 1810-1934 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JcA0AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Imprenta Nacional|accessdate=2008-11-19|language=Spanish|pages=321|year=1961}}</ref>. Rojas Garrido had a very close relationship with General Mosquera, they were close friends, and Rojas Garrido was appointed four times to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] four times, during the various administrations of Mosquera<ref name="cadena">{{cite book|last=Cadena|first=Pedro Ignacio|title=Anales diplomaticos de Colombia|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4pgCAAAAYAAJ|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], Impr. Manuel de J. Barrera|pages=XXXIII–XXXV|language=Spanish|oclc=4654242|accessdate=2008-11-26|location=Bogotá|format=PDF|year=1878}}</ref>. In 1861 he served as Governor of the [[Capital District (Colombia)|Province of Bogotá]], and in 1862 served as [[Deputy (legislator)|Deputy]] in the [[Department Assembly of Antioquia Department|Antioquia State Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asambleadeantioquia.gov.co/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=56|title=Historia|publisher=Asamblea Departamental de Antioquia|date=2005-02-24|accessdate=2008-11-17|language=Spanish}}</ref>, and from 1862 to 1863 he regained the office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs<ref name="cadena" />, having this time also control of the Ministry of War and Navy. In 1864 he returned to Venezuela this time as [[Minister Plenipotentiary]] and [[Commissioner|Special Commissioner]]. When he returned return to New Granada he was elected by Congress to the [[Supreme Court of Colombia]]<ref name="toga" />.
Rojas Garrido received his [[doctorate]] in [[jurisprudence]] in 1847 from the ''Colegio de San Bartolomé''. In 1851 he was appointed Governor of the Province on Neiva by his close friend President [[José Hilario López]].<ref name="toga">{{cite book|last=Moreno|first=Delimiro|title=La toga contra la sotana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahtsAAAAMAAJ|pages=44|access-date=2008-11-19|language=es|oclc=43366118|location=Neiva, Colombia|year=1999}}</ref> In 1856 he was elected to the [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] for the [[Sovereign State of Antioquia|State of Antioquia]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Flórez|first=Adolfo|title=Estudio cronológico sobre los gobernantes del continente americano desde la más remota antigüedad hasta el presente año|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iYCAAAAYAAJ|pages=102–103|publisher=F. Pontón|year=1888|location=Bogotá|language=es|oclc=15024921}}</ref> and shortly after was appointed [[Chargé d'affaires]] in [[Venezuela]] by President [[José María Obando]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rivas|first=Raimundo|title=Historia diplomática de Colombia, 1810-1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcA0AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Imprenta Nacional|access-date=2008-11-19|language=es|pages=321|year=1961}}</ref> Rojas Garrido had a very close relationship with General Mosquera, they were close friends, and Rojas Garrido was appointed four times to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] four times, during the various administrations of Mosquera.<ref name="cadena">{{cite book|last=Cadena|first=Pedro Ignacio|title=Anales diplomaticos de Colombia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pgCAAAAYAAJ|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], Impr. Manuel de J. Barrera|pages=XXXIII–XXXV|language=es|oclc=4654242|access-date=2008-11-26|location=Bogotá|format=PDF|year=1878}}</ref> In 1861 he served as Governor of the [[Capital District (Colombia)|Province of Bogotá]], and in 1862 served as [[Deputy (legislator)|Deputy]] in the [[Department Assembly of Antioquia Department|Antioquia State Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asambleadeantioquia.gov.co/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=56|title=Historia|publisher=Asamblea Departamental de Antioquia|date=2005-02-24|access-date=2008-11-17|language=es}}</ref> and from 1862 to 1863 he regained the office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs,<ref name="cadena" /> having this time also control of the Ministry of War and Navy. In 1864 he returned to Venezuela this time as [[Minister Plenipotentiary]] and [[Commissioner|Special Commissioner]]. When he returned return to New Granada he was elected by Congress to the [[Supreme Court of Colombia]].<ref name="toga" />


===Presidency 1865===
===Presidency 1865===
In 1866, former President General [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]] was elected once again to the Presidency. On February 17, 1866, Congress held elections for the Presidential Delegates for that [[calendar year]] and elected José María Rojas Garrido [[First Presidential Designate]], and [[Santos Acosta]], and Marcelino Gutierrez as the Second and Third Presidential Designates<ref>{{Cite news | last =Cárdenas Madrid | first =Marlon Rafael | date =October, 1997 | title =Designados presidenciales de Colombia 1844 -1993 | magazine =Credencial Historia | place =Bogotá | publisher =[[Luís Ángel Arango Library]] | issue =94 | url =http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/octubre1997/9402.htm | accessdate =2008-12-01 | postscript =<!--None-->}}</ref>. The Presidential Delegates were those who because of the abolishment of the office of Vice President were in line to succeed the President in his absence. The title did not carry an official office, but because General Mosquera was in Europe at the time, Rojas Garrido assumed the office of the Presidency on April 1, 1866, [[Acting (law)|acting]] in the absence of the [[President Elect]] as the 3rd [[President of the United States of Colombia]], until May 22, 1866<ref>{{cite book|last=Granados|first=Rafael M|title=Historia de Colombia: Prehistoria, Conquista, Colonia, Independencia y República|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fTt1AAAAMAAJ|page=440|publisher=Editorial Bedout|location=Medellín|year=1953|edition=6th|oclc=24207575|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/rulc3.html#colombia|title=Rulers - Colombia|publisher=rulers.com|accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> when General Mosquera returned to the country and was officially sworn in.
In 1866, former President General [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]] was elected once again to the Presidency. On February 17, 1866, Congress held elections for the Presidential Delegates for that [[calendar year]] and elected José María Rojas Garrido [[First Presidential Designate]], and [[Santos Acosta]], and Marcelino Gutierrez as the Second and Third Presidential Designates.<ref>{{Cite news | last =Cárdenas Madrid | first =Marlon Rafael | date =October 1997 | title =Designados presidenciales de Colombia 1844 -1993 | magazine =Credencial Historia | place =Bogotá | publisher =[[Luís Ángel Arango Library]] | issue =94 | url =http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/octubre1997/9402.htm | access-date =2008-12-01 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Presidential Delegates were those who because of the abolishment of the office of Vice President were in line to succeed the President in his absence. The title did not carry an official office, but because General Mosquera was in Europe at the time, Rojas Garrido assumed the office of the Presidency on April 1, 1866, [[Acting (law)|acting]] in the absence of the [[President Elect]] as the 3rd [[President of the United States of Colombia]], until May 22, 1866<ref>{{cite book|last=Granados|first=Rafael M|title=Historia de Colombia: Prehistoria, Conquista, Colonia, Independencia y República|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTt1AAAAMAAJ|page=440|publisher=Editorial Bedout|location=Medellín|year=1953|edition=6th|oclc=24207575|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/rulc3.html#colombia|title=Rulers - Colombia|publisher=rulers.com|access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref> when General Mosquera returned to the country and was sworn in.


===Post presidency===
===Post presidency===


After ceding power, José María Rojas Garrido remained an active advisor to the President being appointed one last time as Secretary of Foreign Affairs<ref name="cadena" />. He was later re-elected as Magistrate to the Supreme Court in 1870, and in 1872, Rojas Garrido ran an unsuccessful bid for the Presidency, losing the election to [[Manuel Murillo Toro]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encarta |title=José María Rojas Garrido |url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_961532008/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rojas_Garrido.html|accessdate=2008-11-19|edition=2008|publisher=Microsoft Corporation|language=Spanish|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kws1ORmR|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref>. José María Rojas Garrido remained in the Supreme Court until his death<ref>{{cite journal|author=State Assembly of Panama|authorlink=National Assembly of Panama|title=Leyes expedidas por la Asamblea lejislativa del estado soberano de Panama|url=http://books.google.com/?id=prkWAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=2008-11-17|language=Spanish|oclc=236098965|location=Panama City|pages=1–2|year=1883|publisher=El Cronista|origyear=}}</ref> on July 18, 1883 in [[Bogotá]] because of a [[pulmonary congestion]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Vargas Motta|first=Gilberto|title=Breviario del Huila y otros escritos|language=Spanish|pages=207|publisher=Ediciones Los Cámbulos|year=1987|accessdate=2008-11-20|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oGEYAAAAYAAJ|oclc=18442765}}</ref>.
After ceding power, José María Rojas Garrido remained an active advisor to the President being appointed one last time as Secretary of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="cadena" /> He was later re-elected as Magistrate to the Supreme Court in 1870, and in 1872, Rojas Garrido ran an unsuccessful bid for the Presidency, losing the election to [[Manuel Murillo Toro]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encarta |title=José María Rojas Garrido |url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_961532008/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rojas_Garrido.html |access-date=2008-11-19 |edition=2008 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207085104/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_961532008/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rojas_Garrido.html |archive-date=2009-02-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> José María Rojas Garrido remained in the Supreme Court until his death<ref>{{cite journal|author=State Assembly of Panama|author-link=National Assembly of Panama|title=Leyes expedidas por la Asamblea lejislativa del estado soberano de Panama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prkWAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2008-11-17|language=es|oclc=236098965|location=Panama City|pages=1–2|year=1883|publisher=El Cronista}}</ref> on July 18, 1883, in [[Bogotá]] because of a [[pulmonary congestion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vargas Motta|first=Gilberto|title=Breviario del Huila y otros escritos|language=es|pages=207|publisher=Ediciones Los Cámbulos|year=1987|access-date=2008-11-20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGEYAAAAYAAJ|oclc=18442765}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==


* [[Julian Trujillo Largacha]]
* [[Julián Trujillo Largacha]]
* [[Bartolomé Calvo]]
* [[Bartolomé Calvo]]


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{{Heads of state of Colombia}}
{{Heads of state of Colombia}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->

| NAME = Rojas Garrido, Jose Maria
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 6, 1824
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Agrado]], [[Cundinamarca Department (1824)|Cundinamarca]], [[Gran Colombia|Colombia]]
| DATE OF DEATH = July 18, 1883
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Bogotá]], [[Cundinamarca State|Cundinamarca]], [[United States of Colombia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rojas Garrido, Jose Maria}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rojas Garrido, Jose Maria}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1824 births]]
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[[Category:Colombian governors]]
[[Category:Colombian governors]]
[[Category:Colombian journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian lawyers]]
[[Category:Colombian male journalists]]
[[Category:Magistrates of the Supreme Court of Colombia]]
[[Category:19th-century Colombian judges]]
[[Category:Magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia]]
[[Category:Colombian Liberal Party politicians]]
[[Category:Colombian Liberal Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia]]
[[Category:Members of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia]]
[[Category:Presidents of Colombia]]
[[Category:Presidents of Colombia]]
[[Category:Presidential Designates of Colombia]]
[[Category:People from Huila Department]]
[[Category:People from Huila Department]]
[[Category:19th-century journalists]]

[[Category:19th-century male writers]]
[[es:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[fr:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[gd:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[gl:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[io:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[oc:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[pt:José María Rojas Garrido]]
[[yo:José María Rojas Garrido]]

Latest revision as of 02:28, 8 December 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rojas and the second or maternal family name is Garrido.
José María Rojas Garrido
3rd President of the United States of Colombia
In office
April 1, 1866 – May 22, 1866
Preceded byManuel Murillo Toro
Succeeded byTomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Magistrate of the Supreme Court
In office
1870–1883
In office
1865–1866
Secretary of Foreign Affairs
In office
September 1, 1866 – May 22, 1867
PresidentTomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Preceded byManuel Morro
Succeeded byCarlos Martín
In office
May 23, 1866 – July 2, 1866
PresidentTomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Preceded byCerbeleon Pinzón
Succeeded byManuel Morro
In office
December 1, 1862 – February 3, 1863
PresidentTomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Preceded byManuel Ancízar
Succeeded byJosé Hilario López
In office
July 18, 1861 – November 22, 1861
PresidentTomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Preceded byManuel María Mallarino
Succeeded byManuel Ancízar
Personal details
BornAgrado, Cundinamarca, Colombia
DiedJuly 18, 1883(1883-07-18) (aged 59)
Bogotá, Cundinamarca, United States of Colombia
Political partyLiberal
SpouseLuisa de Francisco y Ponce
Alma materColegio de San Bartolomé
OccupationLawyer, Judge, Journalist

José María Rojas Garrido (June 7, 1824 – July 18, 1883) [1] was a Colombian Senator, and statesmen, who as the first Presidential Designate became Acting President of the United States of Colombia (now the Republic of Colombia) in 1866 during the absence of President elect Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera.[2] He was a prominent journalist for several Liberal Party newspapers, and is considered one of the most important orators in Colombia's history.[3]

Political career

[edit]

José María Rojas Garrido had a wide and extensive political career, serving at the Local, Departmental and National levels, and in the Legislative, Executive and Judicial branches of the National Government.

Early political career

[edit]

Rojas Garrido received his doctorate in jurisprudence in 1847 from the Colegio de San Bartolomé. In 1851 he was appointed Governor of the Province on Neiva by his close friend President José Hilario López.[4] In 1856 he was elected to the Chamber of Representatives for the State of Antioquia,[5] and shortly after was appointed Chargé d'affaires in Venezuela by President José María Obando.[6] Rojas Garrido had a very close relationship with General Mosquera, they were close friends, and Rojas Garrido was appointed four times to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs four times, during the various administrations of Mosquera.[7] In 1861 he served as Governor of the Province of Bogotá, and in 1862 served as Deputy in the Antioquia State Assembly,[8] and from 1862 to 1863 he regained the office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs,[7] having this time also control of the Ministry of War and Navy. In 1864 he returned to Venezuela this time as Minister Plenipotentiary and Special Commissioner. When he returned return to New Granada he was elected by Congress to the Supreme Court of Colombia.[4]

Presidency 1865

[edit]

In 1866, former President General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera was elected once again to the Presidency. On February 17, 1866, Congress held elections for the Presidential Delegates for that calendar year and elected José María Rojas Garrido First Presidential Designate, and Santos Acosta, and Marcelino Gutierrez as the Second and Third Presidential Designates.[9] The Presidential Delegates were those who because of the abolishment of the office of Vice President were in line to succeed the President in his absence. The title did not carry an official office, but because General Mosquera was in Europe at the time, Rojas Garrido assumed the office of the Presidency on April 1, 1866, acting in the absence of the President Elect as the 3rd President of the United States of Colombia, until May 22, 1866[10][11] when General Mosquera returned to the country and was sworn in.

Post presidency

[edit]

After ceding power, José María Rojas Garrido remained an active advisor to the President being appointed one last time as Secretary of Foreign Affairs.[7] He was later re-elected as Magistrate to the Supreme Court in 1870, and in 1872, Rojas Garrido ran an unsuccessful bid for the Presidency, losing the election to Manuel Murillo Toro.[12] José María Rojas Garrido remained in the Supreme Court until his death[13] on July 18, 1883, in Bogotá because of a pulmonary congestion.[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mendoza Vélez, Jorge (1957) [1952]. Gobernantes de Colombia(1810-1957); compendio de la Historia Patria, 1492-1957 (in Spanish) (3 ed.). Bogotá: Editorial Minerva. pp. 168–172. OCLC 542753. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  2. ^ Rulers.org
  3. ^ Cruz Cardenas, Antonio. Grandes Oradores Colombianos (doc) (in Spanish). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. p. 1.
  4. ^ a b Moreno, Delimiro (1999). La toga contra la sotana (in Spanish). Neiva, Colombia. p. 44. OCLC 43366118. Retrieved 2008-11-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Flórez, Adolfo (1888). Estudio cronológico sobre los gobernantes del continente americano desde la más remota antigüedad hasta el presente año (in Spanish). Bogotá: F. Pontón. pp. 102–103. OCLC 15024921.
  6. ^ Rivas, Raimundo (1961). Historia diplomática de Colombia, 1810-1934 (in Spanish). Imprenta Nacional. p. 321. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  7. ^ a b c Cadena, Pedro Ignacio (1878). Anales diplomaticos de Colombia (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá: Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Impr. Manuel de J. Barrera. pp. XXXIII–XXXV. OCLC 4654242. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
  8. ^ "Historia" (in Spanish). Asamblea Departamental de Antioquia. 2005-02-24. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  9. ^ Cárdenas Madrid, Marlon Rafael (October 1997). "Designados presidenciales de Colombia 1844 -1993". Credencial Historia. No. 94. Bogotá: Luís Ángel Arango Library. Retrieved 2008-12-01.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ Granados, Rafael M (1953). Historia de Colombia: Prehistoria, Conquista, Colonia, Independencia y República (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Medellín: Editorial Bedout. p. 440. OCLC 24207575.
  11. ^ "Rulers - Colombia". rulers.com. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
  12. ^ "José María Rojas Garrido". Encarta (in Spanish) (2008 ed.). Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  13. ^ State Assembly of Panama (1883). "Leyes expedidas por la Asamblea lejislativa del estado soberano de Panama" (in Spanish). Panama City: El Cronista: 1–2. OCLC 236098965. Retrieved 2008-11-17. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ Vargas Motta, Gilberto (1987). Breviario del Huila y otros escritos (in Spanish). Ediciones Los Cámbulos. p. 207. OCLC 18442765. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
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