Bibb County, Georgia: Difference between revisions
Patapsco913 (talk | contribs) →Demographics: ce |
Updated 2024 Tag: references removed |
||
(16 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|County in Georgia, United States}} |
{{Short description|County in Georgia, United States}} |
||
{{Use mdy dates|date= |
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} |
||
{{Infobox U.S. county |
{{Infobox U.S. county |
||
| county = Bibb County |
| county = Bibb County |
||
Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| density_sq_mi = 629 |
| density_sq_mi = 629 |
||
| time zone = Eastern |
| time zone = Eastern |
||
| |
| website = {{URL|https://maconbibb.us/|maconbibb.us}} |
||
| ex image = Maconbibbcourthouse.jpg |
| ex image = Maconbibbcourthouse.jpg |
||
| ex image cap = Bibb County courthouse in Macon |
| ex image cap = Bibb County courthouse in Macon |
||
Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
'''Bibb County''' is located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. As of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], its population was 157,346.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census - Geography Profile: Bibb County, Georgia|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Bibb_County,_Georgia?g=0500000US13021|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref> Bibb County is geographically located in the [[Central Georgia]] (Middle Georgia) region, and is the largest county in the [[Macon metropolitan area, Georgia|Macon metropolitan area]] ([[metropolitan statistical area]]). |
'''Bibb County''' is located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. As of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], its population was 157,346.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census - Geography Profile: Bibb County, Georgia|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Bibb_County,_Georgia?g=0500000US13021|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref> Bibb County is geographically located in the [[Central Georgia]] (Middle Georgia) region, and is the largest county in the [[Macon metropolitan area, Georgia|Macon metropolitan area]] ([[metropolitan statistical area]]). |
||
Bibb County has a [[consolidated city-county]] government following a merger of the county with its [[county seat]] and largest city, [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]], in 2014. They were later joined in this consolidated government in 2015 by the county's only other municipality, [[Payne, Georgia|Payne City]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macon.com/news/politics-government/article30224283.html|title=Payne City officially dissolved|last=Lee|first=Maggie|date=2015 |
Bibb County has a [[consolidated city-county]] government following a merger of the county with its [[county seat]] and largest city, [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]], in 2014. They were later joined in this consolidated government in 2015 by the county's only other municipality, [[Payne, Georgia|Payne City]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macon.com/news/politics-government/article30224283.html|title=Payne City officially dissolved|last=Lee|first=Maggie|date=April 1, 2015|website=The Telegraph {{!}} Macon.com|language=en|access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> |
||
== History == |
== History == |
||
Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
After the Civil War and during the 20th century, the county seat of Macon continued to serve as the county's principal population center, site of the most significant landmarks, and the location of major historical events. |
After the Civil War and during the 20th century, the county seat of Macon continued to serve as the county's principal population center, site of the most significant landmarks, and the location of major historical events. |
||
On July 31, 2012, voters in the City of Macon (57.8% approval) and Bibb County (56.7% approval) passed a referendum to merge the governments of the city and the county, based on the authorization of House Bill 1171 passed by the [[Georgia General Assembly]] earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2011_12/sum/hb1171.htm|title=HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030001652/http://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2011_12/sum/hb1171.htm|archive-date= |
On July 31, 2012, voters in the City of Macon (57.8% approval) and Bibb County (56.7% approval) passed a referendum to merge the governments of the city and the county, based on the authorization of House Bill 1171 passed by the [[Georgia General Assembly]] earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2011_12/sum/hb1171.htm|title=HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030001652/http://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2011_12/sum/hb1171.htm|archive-date=October 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Four previous consolidation attempts (in 1933, 1960, 1972, and 1976) had failed.<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present">[http://www.naco.org/Counties/Documents/City%20County%20Consolidations.01.01.2011.pdf City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719083354/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Documents/City%20County%20Consolidations.01.01.2011.pdf|date=July 19, 2012}}, ''National Association of Counties''. Retrieved February 11, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ai.org/legislative/interim/committee/2005/committees/prelim/MCCC02.pdf |title=The Effects on City-County Consolidation |access-date=August 28, 2012 |archive-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721082018/http://www.ai.org/legislative/interim/committee/2005/committees/prelim/MCCC02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">Consolidation pass for Macon and Bibb county in the 2012 vote.[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-170723/unrestricted/05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf CONSOLIDATION OF CITY AND COUNTY GOVERNMENTS: ATTEMPTS IN FIVE CITIES] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120034927/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-170723/unrestricted/05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf|date=January 20, 2013}}. Retrieved September 14, 2010.</ref> The consolidation took effect on January 1, 2014, along with the [[Municipal deannexation in the United States|deannexation]] from the city of a small portion of land in Jones County. |
||
In addition to Macon, Bibb County contained one other municipality, [[Payne, Georgia|Payne City]] (or Payne), an [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] of around 200 people that was surrounded entirely by the preconsolidation City of Macon. In the 2012 referendum, Payne City voters rejected consolidation by a vote of 9 to 7, so it was not merged into the consolidated government. In early 2015, at the request of the small city's government, the Georgia General Assembly passed a bill dissolving Payne City, merging it with the rest of Macon-Bibb County.<ref name=":0" /> |
In addition to Macon, Bibb County contained one other municipality, [[Payne, Georgia|Payne City]] (or Payne), an [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] of around 200 people that was surrounded entirely by the preconsolidation City of Macon. In the 2012 referendum, Payne City voters rejected consolidation by a vote of 9 to 7, so it was not merged into the consolidated government. In early 2015, at the request of the small city's government, the Georgia General Assembly passed a bill dissolving Payne City, merging it with the rest of Macon-Bibb County.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
== Geography == |
== Geography == |
||
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|255|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|250|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|5.6|sqmi}} (2.2%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date= |
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|255|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|250|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|5.6|sqmi}} (2.2%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> The entirety of Bibb County is located in the Upper [[Ocmulgee River]] sub-basin of the [[Altamaha River]] basin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gaswcc.org/maps/ |title=Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience |publisher=Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003004639/http://www.gaswcc.org/maps/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
=== Adjacent counties === |
=== Adjacent counties === |
||
Line 102: | Line 102: | ||
| 2010 = 155547 |
| 2010 = 155547 |
||
| 2020 = 157346 |
| 2020 = 157346 |
||
|estyear=2023 |
|||
| estref = |
|||
|estimate=156512 |
|||
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 31, 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|align-fn=center |
|align-fn=center |
||
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|title=Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades|publisher= |
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|title=Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=}}</ref><br>1790-1880<ref name=1880CensusGACty>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 1880 Census Population by Counties 1790-1800 |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 1880|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1880/vol-01-population/1880_v1-08.pdf|accessdate=|page=}}</ref> 1890-1910<ref name=1910CensusGA>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 1910 Census of Population - Georgia |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 1910|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-ga.pdf |accessdate=|page=}}</ref><br> 1920-1930<ref name=1930CensusGA>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 1930 Census of Population - Georgia |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 1930|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch04.pdf |accessdate=|page=}}</ref> 1930-1940<ref name=1940CensusGA>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 1940 Census of Population - Georgia |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 1940|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch04.pdf |accessdate=}}</ref><br> 1940-1950<ref name=1950CensusGA>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 1950 Census of Population - Georgia - |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 1950|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-2/37779083v2p11ch2.pdf |accessdate=}}</ref> 1960-1980<ref name=1980CensusGA>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - Georgia |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 1980|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_gaABC-01.pdf|accessdate=}}</ref><br> 1980-2000<ref name=2000CensusGA>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title= 2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - Georgia |website=United States Census Bureau|date= 2000|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-3-12.pdf |accessdate=}}</ref> 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2/> 2020<ref name=2020CensusP2/> |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
||
|+'''Bibb County, Georgia – Racial and |
|+'''Bibb County, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small> |
||
!Race / Ethnicity |
|||
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small> |
|||
⚫ | !Pop 2010<ref name= |
||
!Pop |
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Bibb County, Alabama|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p004&g=050XX00US13021&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> |
||
⚫ | |||
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Bibb County, Georgia|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=050XX00US13021&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> |
|||
!% 2000 |
|||
!% 2010 |
!% 2010 |
||
!% 2020 |
!{{partial|% 2020}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH) |
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH) |
||
|76,262 |
|||
|65,494 |
|65,494 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |56,787 |
|||
|56,787 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|42.11% |
|42.11% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |36.09% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH) |
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH) |
||
|72,503 |
|||
|80,744 |
|80,744 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |85,234 |
|||
|85,234 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|51.91% |
|51.91% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |54.17% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH) |
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH) |
||
|255 |
|||
|287 |
|287 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |281 |
|||
|281 |
|||
|0. |
|0.17% |
||
|0.18% |
|0.18% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.18% |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH) |
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH) |
||
|1,632 |
|||
|2,492 |
|2,492 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3,209 |
|||
|3,209 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|1.60% |
|1.60% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.04% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH) |
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH) |
||
|35 |
|||
|74 |
|74 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |42 |
|||
|42 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|0.05% |
|0.05% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census| |
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH) |
||
|92 |
|||
|215 |
|215 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |602 |
|||
|602 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|0.14% |
|0.14% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.38% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed |
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH) |
||
|1,085 |
|||
|1,852 |
|1,852 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,454 |
|||
|4,454 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|1.19% |
|1.19% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.83% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race) |
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race) |
||
|2,023 |
|||
|4,389 |
|4,389 |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6,737 |
|||
|6,737 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|2.82% |
|2.82% |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.28% |
|||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|'''Total''' |
|'''Total''' |
||
|'''153,887''' |
|||
|'''155,547''' |
|'''155,547''' |
||
|'''157,346''' |
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''157,346''' |
||
|'''100.00%''' |
|'''100.00%''' |
||
|'''100.00%''' |
|'''100.00%''' |
||
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%''' |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 157,346 people, 56,726 households, and 33,573 families residing in the county. |
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 157,346 people, 56,726 households, and 33,573 families residing in the county. |
||
==Crime== |
|||
In 2022, Bibb County had the highest crime rate in Georgia. Bibb County had a rate of 52.6 crimes per 1,000 residents. The most common was larceny theft, of which there were 3,694 incidents, while the second most common crime was aggravated assault, with 1,911 committed. Overall, Bibb had the highest crime rate for seven of the ten crime categories, including murder, robbery, motor vehicle theft and arson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Georgia Counties with the Highest Crime Rates |url=http://metroatlantaceo.com/news/2023/12/georgia-counties-highest-crime-rates/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Metro Atlanta CEO |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
== Government and politics == |
== Government and politics == |
||
Line 178: | Line 203: | ||
|publisher=The Telegraph |
|publisher=The Telegraph |
||
|date=July 28, 2012 |
|date=July 28, 2012 |
||
|author=Jim Gaines |
|||
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
||
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.macon.com/2012/07/31/2116420/first-macon-bibb-county-consolidation.html|title = Macon-Bibb County consolidation wins with strong majorities|author = Mike Stucka|publisher = The Telegraph|date = July 31, 2012|access-date = August 28, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140719125943/http://www.macon.com/2012/07/31/2116420/first-macon-bibb-county-consolidation.html|archive-date = July 19, 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.macon.com/2012/07/31/2116420/first-macon-bibb-county-consolidation.html|title = Macon-Bibb County consolidation wins with strong majorities|author = Mike Stucka|publisher = The Telegraph|date = July 31, 2012|access-date = August 28, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140719125943/http://www.macon.com/2012/07/31/2116420/first-macon-bibb-county-consolidation.html|archive-date = July 19, 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
||
Line 185: | Line 210: | ||
|url-status=dead |
|url-status=dead |
||
|archive-date=January 16, 2013 |
|archive-date=January 16, 2013 |
||
|title=Consolidation: 3 Areas of Macon and Bibb Affected Differently |
|||
|publisher=13 WMAZ |
|publisher=13 WMAZ |
||
|date=July 13, 2012 |
|date=July 13, 2012 |
||
|author=Erica Lockwood |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref> |
</ref> |
||
Like all other Georgia counties, Bibb has an elected [[sheriff]] responsible for maintaining the [[County jail|jail]]. Bibb's sheriff also manages the county's [[Police|law enforcement]] duties, with their deputies acting as the city and county [[police]] force. {{As of|2019||df=}}, the current sheriff is David Davis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibbsheriff.us/sheriff-david-davis/|title=Sheriff David Davis {{!}} bibbsheriff.us|language=en-US|access-date= |
Like all other Georgia counties, Bibb has an elected [[sheriff]] responsible for maintaining the [[County jail|jail]]. Bibb's sheriff also manages the county's [[Police|law enforcement]] duties, with their deputies acting as the city and county [[police]] force. {{As of|2019||df=}}, the current sheriff is David Davis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibbsheriff.us/sheriff-david-davis/|title=Sheriff David Davis {{!}} bibbsheriff.us|language=en-US|access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> |
||
===Elections=== |
===Elections=== |
||
[[File:Bibb County Courthouse, base of Confederate monument, circa 1876 - DPLA - 54681e1bd3e6d3f9e7328362443594da.jpeg|thumb|249x249px|Bibb County Courthouse, ''circa'' 1876]] |
[[File:Bibb County Courthouse, base of Confederate monument, circa 1876 - DPLA - 54681e1bd3e6d3f9e7328362443594da.jpeg|thumb|249x249px|Bibb County Courthouse, ''circa'' 1876]] |
||
In 2013, the consolidated city-county held its first elections. Macon's incumbent mayor [[Robert Reichert]] received 49% of the vote in the general election on September 17 over the other five mayoral candidates, but a winner had to take a majority of the vote. Reichert subsequently won 63% of the vote in a [[Two-round system|runoff election]] against former Macon mayor [[C. Jack Ellis]].<ref name="13wmaz.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.13wmaz.com/news/elections/results/results.aspx?raceid=100|title=Election Race Results | Macon, GA - Warner Robins, GA | 13WMAZ.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131016122604/http://www.13wmaz.com/news/elections/results/results.aspx?raceid=100|archive-date=2013 |
In 2013, the consolidated city-county held its first elections. Macon's incumbent mayor [[Robert Reichert]] received 49% of the vote in the general election on September 17 over the other five mayoral candidates, but a winner had to take a majority of the vote. Reichert subsequently won 63% of the vote in a [[Two-round system|runoff election]] against former Macon mayor [[C. Jack Ellis]].<ref name="13wmaz.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.13wmaz.com/news/elections/results/results.aspx?raceid=100|title=Election Race Results | Macon, GA - Warner Robins, GA | 13WMAZ.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131016122604/http://www.13wmaz.com/news/elections/results/results.aspx?raceid=100|archive-date=October 16, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref> |
||
Reichert was unopposed for re-election in 2016, following the death of his only opponent before the election. Under the city-county charter, the mayor is subject to [[Term limits in the United States|term limits]] and may serve only two consecutive terms. Reichert had to leave office in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macon.com/news/politics-government/election/article79718572.html|title=Reichert reveals plans for final term, reflects on past|last=Dunlap|first=Stanley|date= |
Reichert was unopposed for re-election in 2016, following the death of his only opponent before the election. Under the city-county charter, the mayor is subject to [[Term limits in the United States|term limits]] and may serve only two consecutive terms. Reichert had to leave office in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macon.com/news/politics-government/election/article79718572.html|title=Reichert reveals plans for final term, reflects on past|last=Dunlap|first=Stanley|date=May 25, 2016|website=The Telegraph {{!}} Macon.com|language=en|access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> |
||
As an urban county with a majority African-American population, voters in Bibb County today consistently vote at high rates for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidates counties in presidential elections. During the late 19th century and into the late 1960s, when most African Americans were disenfranchised by the state constitution and practices under [[Jim Crow]], white conservatives dominated the Democratic Party and voting. The combination of these two contrasting affiliations resulted in the majority of county voters having supported for a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate only three times in its history. Bibb was the only county in the [[2004 Georgia flag referendum|2004 flag referendum]] to vote to keep the [[Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)#Third flag (2001–2003)|2001 flag]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statewide Advisory Flag Referendum |url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0302/0000230.htm |website=Georgia Secretary of State |access-date= |
As an urban county with a majority African-American population, voters in Bibb County today consistently vote at high rates for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidates counties in presidential elections. During the late 19th century and into the late 1960s, when most African Americans were disenfranchised by the state constitution and practices under [[Jim Crow]], white conservatives dominated the Democratic Party and voting. The combination of these two contrasting affiliations resulted in the majority of county voters having supported for a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate only three times in its history. Bibb was the only county in the [[2004 Georgia flag referendum|2004 flag referendum]] to vote to keep the [[Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)#Third flag (2001–2003)|2001 flag]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statewide Advisory Flag Referendum |url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0302/0000230.htm |website=Georgia Secretary of State |access-date=February 11, 2022 |date= July 7, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140703025741/https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0302/0000230.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2014}}</ref> |
||
{{PresHead|place=Bibb County, Georgia|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date= |
{{PresHead|place=Bibb County, Georgia|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=March 18, 2018}}</ref>}} |
||
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> |
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> |
||
{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|26,658|42,172|785|Georgia}} |
|||
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|26,559|43,408|796|Georgia}} |
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|26,559|43,408|796|Georgia}} |
||
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|24,043|36,787|2,050|Georgia}} |
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|24,043|36,787|2,050|Georgia}} |
||
Line 297: | Line 323: | ||
| style="background:red;"| |
| style="background:red;"| |
||
| 25 |
| 25 |
||
| [[Rick Williams (Georgia Politician)|Rick Williams]] |
|||
| [[Burt Jones]] |
|||
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
||
| |
| 2023 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="background:blue;"| |
| style="background:blue;"| |
||
Line 347: | Line 373: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
<ref name='State House Directory'>{{cite web|url=http://www.house.ga.gov/Representatives/en-US/HouseMembersList.aspx|title=House Members List|access-date=2016 |
<ref name='State House Directory'>{{cite web|url=http://www.house.ga.gov/Representatives/en-US/HouseMembersList.aspx|title=House Members List|access-date=June 2, 2016 }}</ref><ref name='State Senate Directory'>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.ga.gov/senators/en-US/SenateMembersList.aspx|title=Senate Members List|access-date=June 2, 2016 }}</ref><ref name='District List'>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.ga.gov/Joint/reapportionment/Documents/SEPT%202012/Joint%20County%20Districts-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530214959/http://www.legis.ga.gov/Joint/reapportionment/Documents/SEPT%202012/Joint%20County%20Districts-2012.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2013 |url-status=live|title=Georgia Counties by 2012 Legislative and Congressional District|access-date=June 2, 2016 }}</ref> |
||
==Recreation== |
==Recreation== |
||
Line 423: | Line 449: | ||
[[Category:Black Belt (U.S. region)]] |
[[Category:Black Belt (U.S. region)]] |
||
[[Category:Majority-minority counties in Georgia]] |
[[Category:Majority-minority counties in Georgia]] |
||
[[Category:Consolidated city-counties]] |
Latest revision as of 03:46, 8 December 2024
Bibb County | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 32°48′N 83°42′W / 32.8°N 83.7°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Georgia |
Founded | December 9, 1822 |
Named for | William Wyatt Bibb |
Seat | Macon |
Largest city | Macon |
Area | |
• Total | 255 sq mi (660 km2) |
• Land | 250 sq mi (600 km2) |
• Water | 5.6 sq mi (15 km2) 2.2% |
Population (2020) | |
• Total | 157,346 |
• Density | 629/sq mi (243/km2) |
Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
Congressional districts | 2nd, 8th |
Website | maconbibb.us |
Bibb County is located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, its population was 157,346.[1] Bibb County is geographically located in the Central Georgia (Middle Georgia) region, and is the largest county in the Macon metropolitan area (metropolitan statistical area).
Bibb County has a consolidated city-county government following a merger of the county with its county seat and largest city, Macon, in 2014. They were later joined in this consolidated government in 2015 by the county's only other municipality, Payne City.[2]
History
[edit]This area was inhabited for thousands of years by successive indigenous peoples. The Ocmulgee National Monument is a national park and historic site incorporating two major mound and town complexes: Lamar Mounds and Village Site and Ocmulgee Mound Site, both located along the Ocmulgee River. They were built by indigenous peoples during the Mississippian culture era. The detailed chronicles of the Hernando de Soto expedition recorded visiting Ichisi, a major village, in 1539. Historians and archeologists have theorized it may have been located at the Lamar Mounds complex.[3]
For centuries, the historic Native Americans Muscogee tribe, descendants of this culture, was the predominant one in a large area of Georgia, including that later organized as Bibb County. During the colonial period, Anglo colonists carried on a brisk trade with them and allied with them in certain wars in the Southeast. With European-American land hunger to extend cotton cultivation in the Georgia uplands, the Muscogee and other four Civilized Tribes of the Southeast were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, in the Indian Removal of the 1830s, during the administration of President Andrew Jackson. The Indian tribes affected refer to their journey is as the "Trail of Tears", since many died during the march west.
In the late 18th century, the cotton gin was invented, making profitable the processing of short-staple cotton. This could be grown across the uplands of the South, in contrast to the long-staple cotton of the Low Country. Bibb is considered one of the counties of the "Black Belt", which originally referred to the fertile dark soil in these uplands. The area was developed by European-American planters, who used enslaved African Americans as workers to clear land and develop large cotton plantations during the antebellum years. Cotton generated high profits, since it was in demand in the textile mills of the northern states and England. By the 1860 census, shortly before the American Civil War, more than a million enslaved African Americans lived in Georgia, and they constituted a majority of the population in much of the Black Belt.
Bibb County was created by act of the Georgia Legislature on December 9, 1822, with Macon to be incorporated as a town/city in December 1823; designated the county seat. It was carved from the earlier territories of the counties of Jones, Monroe, Houston, and Twiggs Counties. The county seat has not been changed since, and no other subsequent county in the state has ever been created ("erected") out of land from Bibb County.
The county was named for Dr. William Wyatt Bibb, a physician from Elbert County, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and United States Senate from Georgia. After he moved to the new Alabama Territory, he was later elected as the first governor of the new State of Alabama upon its admission.
Civil War to present
[edit]During the Civil War, an estimated 10% of the white males in the county lost their lives while serving in the Confederate States Army.[4] The war gained the emancipation of slaves across the South. Georgia had been a battleground, and Atlanta and many other areas were left in ruins.
Well into the 20th century, the county depended on cotton and other agriculture as its economic base. It was subject to related vagaries of weather, financial markets, and the devastation of the invasive boll weevil in the early 20th century, which destroyed cotton crops across the South.
After the Civil War and during the 20th century, the county seat of Macon continued to serve as the county's principal population center, site of the most significant landmarks, and the location of major historical events.
On July 31, 2012, voters in the City of Macon (57.8% approval) and Bibb County (56.7% approval) passed a referendum to merge the governments of the city and the county, based on the authorization of House Bill 1171 passed by the Georgia General Assembly earlier in the year.[5] Four previous consolidation attempts (in 1933, 1960, 1972, and 1976) had failed.[6][7][8] The consolidation took effect on January 1, 2014, along with the deannexation from the city of a small portion of land in Jones County.
In addition to Macon, Bibb County contained one other municipality, Payne City (or Payne), an enclave of around 200 people that was surrounded entirely by the preconsolidation City of Macon. In the 2012 referendum, Payne City voters rejected consolidation by a vote of 9 to 7, so it was not merged into the consolidated government. In early 2015, at the request of the small city's government, the Georgia General Assembly passed a bill dissolving Payne City, merging it with the rest of Macon-Bibb County.[2]
Geography
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 255 square miles (660 km2), of which 250 square miles (650 km2) is land and 5.6 square miles (15 km2) (2.2%) is water.[9] The entirety of Bibb County is located in the Upper Ocmulgee River sub-basin of the Altamaha River basin.[10]
Adjacent counties
[edit]- Jones County – northeast
- Twiggs County – east
- Houston County – south
- Peach County – south-southwest
- Crawford County – southwest
- Monroe County – northwest
National protected areas
[edit]Communities
[edit]Cities
[edit]Unincorporated communities
[edit]Demographics
[edit]Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1830 | 7,154 | — | |
1840 | 9,802 | 37.0% | |
1850 | 12,699 | 29.6% | |
1860 | 16,291 | 28.3% | |
1870 | 21,255 | 30.5% | |
1880 | 27,147 | 27.7% | |
1890 | 42,370 | 56.1% | |
1900 | 50,473 | 19.1% | |
1910 | 56,646 | 12.2% | |
1920 | 71,304 | 25.9% | |
1930 | 77,042 | 8.0% | |
1940 | 83,783 | 8.7% | |
1950 | 114,079 | 36.2% | |
1960 | 141,249 | 23.8% | |
1970 | 143,418 | 1.5% | |
1980 | 150,256 | 4.8% | |
1990 | 149,967 | −0.2% | |
2000 | 153,887 | 2.6% | |
2010 | 155,547 | 1.1% | |
2020 | 157,346 | 1.2% | |
2023 (est.) | 156,512 | [11] | −0.5% |
U.S. Decennial Census[12] 1790-1880[13] 1890-1910[14] 1920-1930[15] 1930-1940[16] 1940-1950[17] 1960-1980[18] 1980-2000[19] 2010[20] 2020[21] |
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[22] | Pop 2010[20] | Pop 2020[21] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH) | 76,262 | 65,494 | 56,787 | 49.56% | 42.11% | 36.09% |
Black or African American alone (NH) | 72,503 | 80,744 | 85,234 | 47.11% | 51.91% | 54.17% |
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 255 | 287 | 281 | 0.17% | 0.18% | 0.18% |
Asian alone (NH) | 1,632 | 2,492 | 3,209 | 1.06% | 1.60% | 2.04% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 35 | 74 | 42 | 0.02% | 0.05% | 0.03% |
Other race alone (NH) | 92 | 215 | 602 | 0.06% | 0.14% | 0.38% |
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 1,085 | 1,852 | 4,454 | 0.71% | 1.19% | 2.83% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 2,023 | 4,389 | 6,737 | 1.31% | 2.82% | 4.28% |
Total | 153,887 | 155,547 | 157,346 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 157,346 people, 56,726 households, and 33,573 families residing in the county.
Crime
[edit]In 2022, Bibb County had the highest crime rate in Georgia. Bibb County had a rate of 52.6 crimes per 1,000 residents. The most common was larceny theft, of which there were 3,694 incidents, while the second most common crime was aggravated assault, with 1,911 committed. Overall, Bibb had the highest crime rate for seven of the ten crime categories, including murder, robbery, motor vehicle theft and arson.[23]
Government and politics
[edit]Since the 2014 consolidation, Macon-Bibb has been governed by a mayor, elected at-large (county-wide), along with a nine-member county commission with members elected from single-member districts.[24][25][26]
Like all other Georgia counties, Bibb has an elected sheriff responsible for maintaining the jail. Bibb's sheriff also manages the county's law enforcement duties, with their deputies acting as the city and county police force. As of 2019[update], the current sheriff is David Davis.[27]
Elections
[edit]In 2013, the consolidated city-county held its first elections. Macon's incumbent mayor Robert Reichert received 49% of the vote in the general election on September 17 over the other five mayoral candidates, but a winner had to take a majority of the vote. Reichert subsequently won 63% of the vote in a runoff election against former Macon mayor C. Jack Ellis.[28] Reichert was unopposed for re-election in 2016, following the death of his only opponent before the election. Under the city-county charter, the mayor is subject to term limits and may serve only two consecutive terms. Reichert had to leave office in December 2020.[29]
As an urban county with a majority African-American population, voters in Bibb County today consistently vote at high rates for Democratic candidates counties in presidential elections. During the late 19th century and into the late 1960s, when most African Americans were disenfranchised by the state constitution and practices under Jim Crow, white conservatives dominated the Democratic Party and voting. The combination of these two contrasting affiliations resulted in the majority of county voters having supported for a Republican presidential candidate only three times in its history. Bibb was the only county in the 2004 flag referendum to vote to keep the 2001 flag.[30]
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2024 | 26,658 | 38.29% | 42,172 | 60.58% | 785 | 1.13% |
2020 | 26,559 | 37.53% | 43,408 | 61.34% | 796 | 1.12% |
2016 | 24,043 | 38.24% | 36,787 | 58.50% | 2,050 | 3.26% |
2012 | 25,623 | 39.54% | 38,585 | 59.54% | 595 | 0.92% |
2008 | 27,037 | 40.69% | 38,987 | 58.67% | 424 | 0.64% |
2004 | 28,107 | 48.64% | 29,322 | 50.74% | 359 | 0.62% |
2000 | 24,071 | 48.36% | 24,996 | 50.22% | 709 | 1.42% |
1996 | 20,778 | 41.61% | 26,727 | 53.53% | 2,427 | 4.86% |
1992 | 19,847 | 36.72% | 28,070 | 51.93% | 6,132 | 11.35% |
1988 | 22,179 | 49.96% | 22,084 | 49.74% | 133 | 0.30% |
1984 | 24,170 | 47.77% | 26,427 | 52.23% | 0 | 0.00% |
1980 | 15,175 | 31.53% | 31,770 | 66.01% | 1,185 | 2.46% |
1976 | 12,819 | 28.66% | 31,902 | 71.34% | 0 | 0.00% |
1972 | 27,402 | 72.87% | 10,201 | 27.13% | 0 | 0.00% |
1968 | 13,490 | 32.59% | 10,579 | 25.55% | 17,328 | 41.86% |
1964 | 25,641 | 58.98% | 17,831 | 41.02% | 0 | 0.00% |
1960 | 10,523 | 42.24% | 14,387 | 57.76% | 0 | 0.00% |
1956 | 7,242 | 32.61% | 14,966 | 67.39% | 0 | 0.00% |
1952 | 6,121 | 29.42% | 14,687 | 70.58% | 0 | 0.00% |
1948 | 3,837 | 27.26% | 7,011 | 49.80% | 3,229 | 22.94% |
1944 | 1,884 | 26.04% | 5,352 | 73.96% | 0 | 0.00% |
1940 | 1,371 | 16.85% | 6,729 | 82.70% | 37 | 0.45% |
1936 | 452 | 7.29% | 5,722 | 92.34% | 23 | 0.37% |
1932 | 405 | 8.42% | 4,372 | 90.93% | 31 | 0.64% |
1928 | 2,078 | 47.58% | 2,289 | 52.42% | 0 | 0.00% |
1924 | 455 | 10.38% | 3,647 | 83.17% | 283 | 6.45% |
1920 | 458 | 18.41% | 2,030 | 81.59% | 0 | 0.00% |
1916 | 58 | 2.51% | 2,048 | 88.77% | 201 | 8.71% |
1912 | 71 | 3.70% | 1,741 | 90.82% | 105 | 5.48% |
1908 | 565 | 21.91% | 1,946 | 75.46% | 68 | 2.64% |
1904 | 236 | 9.86% | 2,117 | 88.47% | 40 | 1.67% |
1900 | 250 | 11.42% | 1,897 | 86.66% | 42 | 1.92% |
1896 | 670 | 18.36% | 1,854 | 50.81% | 1,125 | 30.83% |
1892 | 641 | 14.67% | 3,627 | 83.00% | 102 | 2.33% |
1888 | 1,121 | 32.45% | 2,215 | 64.11% | 119 | 3.44% |
1884 | 857 | 33.17% | 1,727 | 66.83% | 0 | 0.00% |
1880 | 908 | 36.38% | 1,588 | 63.62% | 0 | 0.00% |
United States Congress
[edit]Senators | Name | Party | Assumed Office | Level | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senate Class 2 | Raphael Warnock | Democratic | 2021 | ||
Senate Class 3 | Jon Ossoff | Democratic | 2021 | ||
Representatives | Name | Party | Assumed Office | ||
District 2 | Sanford Bishop | Democratic | 1993 | ||
District 8 | Austin Scott | Republican | 2011 |
Georgia General Assembly
[edit]Georgia State Senate
[edit]District | Name | Party | Assumed office | |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 | John F. Kennedy | Republican | 2015 | |
25 | Rick Williams | Republican | 2023 | |
51 | David Lucas | Democratic | 2011 |
Georgia House of Representatives
[edit]District | Name | Party | Assumed office | |
---|---|---|---|---|
140 | Robert Dickey | Republican | 2011 | |
141 | Allen Peake | Republican | 2011 | |
142 | Miriam Paris | Democratic | 2017 | |
143 | James Beverly | Democratic | 2011 | |
144 | Bubber Epps | Republican | 2008 |
Recreation
[edit]Lake Tobesofkee, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Macon, has three parks. Claystone, Sandy Beach, and Arrowhead Parks, each with a beach, and children's playgrounds. Sandy Beach has lighted tennis courts, a water park with many attractions, and a softball field.[35]
Transportation
[edit]Major highways
[edit]- Interstate 16
- Interstate 75
- Interstate 475
- U.S. Route 23
- U.S. Route 41
- U.S. Route 41 Business (Macon)
- U.S. Route 80
- U.S. Route 129
- U.S. Route 129 Alternate (Macon)
- State Route 11
- State Route 19
- State Route 22
- State Route 49
- State Route 74
- State Route 87
- State Route 87 Connector
- State Route 247
- State Route 401 (unsigned designation for I-75)
- State Route 404 (unsigned designation for I-16)
- State Route 408 (unsigned designation for I-475)
- State Route 540 (Fall Line Freeway)
Pedestrians and cycling
[edit]- Heritage Trail
- Ocmulgee Heritage Trail
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Bibb County, Georgia". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
- ^ a b Lee, Maggie (April 1, 2015). "Payne City officially dissolved". The Telegraph | Macon.com. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Charles M. Hudson, Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, University of Georgia Press, 1997, pp. 157-162
- ^ Davis, Robert Scott (1998). Cotton, Fire, and Dreams. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545984.
- ^ "HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate". Archived from the original on October 30, 2012.
- ^ City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present Archived July 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, National Association of Counties. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "The Effects on City-County Consolidation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
- ^ Consolidation pass for Macon and Bibb county in the 2012 vote.CONSOLIDATION OF CITY AND COUNTY GOVERNMENTS: ATTEMPTS IN FIVE CITIES Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience". Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
- ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "1880 Census Population by Counties 1790-1800" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1880.
- ^ "1910 Census of Population - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1910.
- ^ "1930 Census of Population - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1930.
- ^ "1940 Census of Population - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1940.
- ^ "1950 Census of Population - Georgia -" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1950.
- ^ "1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1980.
- ^ "2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000.
- ^ a b "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Bibb County, Georgia". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ a b "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Bibb County, Georgia". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Bibb County, Alabama". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "The Georgia Counties with the Highest Crime Rates". Metro Atlanta CEO. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ Jim Gaines (July 28, 2012). "Last details of Macon-Bibb consolidation debate aired". The Telegraph.[permanent dead link ]
- ^ Mike Stucka (July 31, 2012). "Macon-Bibb County consolidation wins with strong majorities". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
- ^ Erica Lockwood (July 13, 2012). "Consolidation: 3 Areas of Macon and Bibb Affected Differently". 13 WMAZ. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
- ^ "Sheriff David Davis | bibbsheriff.us". Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ "Election Race Results | Macon, GA - Warner Robins, GA | 13WMAZ.com". Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
- ^ Dunlap, Stanley (May 25, 2016). "Reichert reveals plans for final term, reflects on past". The Telegraph | Macon.com. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ "Statewide Advisory Flag Referendum". Georgia Secretary of State. July 7, 2004. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
- ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
- ^ "House Members List". Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Senate Members List". Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Georgia Counties by 2012 Legislative and Congressional District" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Tobesofkee parks and beaches". Retrieved June 2, 2012.