California quail: Difference between revisions

California quail
	Adult male California quail in Point Reyes, CA
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Odontophoridae
Genus:	Callipepla
Species:	C. californica
Binomial name
	Callipepla californica; (Shaw, 1798)
	Range of C. californica. Dark purple: native Light purple: introduced

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The California quail (Callipepla californica), also known as the California valley quail or Valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest, plume or topknot made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly. Their closest relative is Gambel's quail, which has a more southerly distribution and a longer crest at 2.5 in (6.4 cm), a brighter head and lacks the scaly appearance of the California quail. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene.^[2] It was selected as the state bird of California in 1931.^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy

Subspecies

There are seven recognized subspecies:

C. c. californica (Shaw, 1798) – northern Oregon and western Nevada to southern California and Coronado Islands
C. c. achrustera (Peters, 1923) – San Lucas California quail – southern Baja California
C. c. brunnescens (Ridgway, 1884) – extreme northern coastal California to southern Santa Cruz County
C. c. canfieldae (Van Rossem, 1939) – Owen Valley quail – Owens Valley of east central California
C. c. catalinensis (Grinnell, 1906) – Santa Catalina quail – Santa Catalina Island (off southern California)
C. c. orecta (Oberholser, 1932) – Warner Valley quail – Warner Valley in Oregon to extreme northern California
C. c. plumbea (Grinnell, 1926) – San Quintin California quail – San Diego County to southern Baja California

Behavior

The California quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some one to two inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. An ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) in diameter.

They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.^[5] These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, Toyon berries are a common food source.^[6] If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot.^[7]

Breeding

Their breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western North America. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs. Once hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.

They have a variety of vocalizations including the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips". During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling.

State bird

The California quail is the state bird of California. It was established as the state bird in 1931.^[3]^[8]

The quail population has fluctuated significantly throughout California. Once plentiful in San Francisco, by 2017 only one California quail remained in the city. Local birders named the male bird Ishi after the last known member of California's Native American Yahi tribe.^[9] Quail were likely introduced to Santa Catalina Island about 12,000 years ago by Native Americans, and there is a minimal genetic difference between the island and the mainland quail populations.^[10]

Gallery

A pair introduced in New Zealand
Male
Female and young chick
Egg – Muséum de Toulouse

References

^ BirdLife International (2021). "Callipepla californica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22679603A138739529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679603A138739529.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)" (PDF). Auk. 115 (2): 394–403. doi:10.2307/4089198. JSTOR 4089198.
^ ^a ^b "Iconic California: State Symbols that Represent California". California State Capitol Museum. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
^ "50 California Facts". Meet The USA. 2022.
^ Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, N. (ed.). "Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19.
^ Rasheed, Ayesha; Hambley, K.; Chan, G.; Rosa, C. A.; Larisonn, B.; Blumstein, D. T.; Koenig, W. (2018). "Persistence of antipredator behavior in an island population of California quail". Ethology. 124 (3): 155–160. Bibcode:2018Ethol.124..155R. doi:10.1111/eth.12716.
^ "California State Bird: California Valley Quail". Netstate.com. Nstate. February 11, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
^ "There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame". sfgate.com. SF Gate. November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
^ Zink, Robert M.; Lott, D. F.; Anderson, D. W. (1987). "Genetic Variation, Population Structure, and Evolution of California Quail". The Condor. 89 (2). Los Angeles, Calif.: 395–405. doi:10.2307/1368493. JSTOR 1368493.

External links

"California Quail media". Internet Bird Collection.
California Quail conservation at Quail Unlimited
California Quail photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
California quail Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2021). "Callipepla californica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22679603A138739529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679603A138739529.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[Zink1-2] Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)" (PDF). Auk. 115 (2): 394–403. doi:10.2307/4089198. JSTOR 4089198.

[:0-3] "Iconic California: State Symbols that Represent California". California State Capitol Museum. Retrieved 2024-04-03.

[4] "50 California Facts". Meet The USA. 2022.

[5] Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493

[Hogan-6] Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, N. (ed.). "Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19.

[Rasheed-7] Rasheed, Ayesha; Hambley, K.; Chan, G.; Rosa, C. A.; Larisonn, B.; Blumstein, D. T.; Koenig, W. (2018). "Persistence of antipredator behavior in an island population of California quail". Ethology. 124 (3): 155–160. Bibcode:2018Ethol.124..155R. doi:10.1111/eth.12716.

[8] "California State Bird: California Valley Quail". Netstate.com. Nstate. February 11, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.

[9] "There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame". sfgate.com. SF Gate. November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2020.

[Zink2-10] Zink, Robert M.; Lott, D. F.; Anderson, D. W. (1987). "Genetic Variation, Population Structure, and Evolution of California Quail". The Condor. 89 (2). Los Angeles, Calif.: 395–405. doi:10.2307/1368493. JSTOR 1368493.

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[2]

[3]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family.}}
+{{Short description|Species of ground-dwelling bird}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{speciesbox
 | name = California quail
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679603/0 |title=''Callipepla californica'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2021 |title=''Callipepla californica'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22679603A138739529 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679603A138739529.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 | image = California quail.jpg
-| image_caption = Adult male California quail in [[Point Reyes, CA]] (Round)
+| image_caption = Adult male California quail in [[Point Reyes, CA]]
 | image2 = Callipepla californica - California Quail - XC109825.ogg
 | genus = Callipepla
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | authority = ([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1798)
 | range_map = C. californica distribution.JPG
-| range_map_caption = Range of ''C. californica''
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''C. californica''. Dark purple: native Light purple: introduced
 }}
-The '''California quail''' (''Callipepla californica''), also known as the '''California valley quail''' or '''Valley quail''', is a small ground-dwelling bird in the [[New World quail]] family. These birds have a curving crest or ''plume'', made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly.
+The '''California quail''' ('''''Callipepla californica'''''), also known as the '''California valley quail''' or '''Valley quail''', is a small ground-dwelling [[bird]] in the [[New World quail]] family. These birds have a curving crest, ''[[Plume (feather)|plume]]'' or topknot   made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly.
-Their closest relative is [[Gambel's quail]] which has a more southerly distribution and, a longer crest at {{convert|2.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, a brighter head and a scalier appearance. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late [[Pliocene]] or Early [[Pleistocene]].<ref name=Zink/> It is the [[state bird]] of [[California]].
+Their closest relative is [[Gambel's quail]], which has a more southerly distribution and a longer crest at {{convert|2.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, a brighter head and lacks the scaly appearance of the California quail. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late [[Pliocene]] or Early [[Pleistocene]].<ref name=Zink1/> It was selected as the [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]] of [[California]] in 1931.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Iconic California: State Symbols that Represent California |url=https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/exhibits/state-symbols/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=California State Capitol Museum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.meettheusa.com/usa-facts/california-facts |title=50 California Facts |publisher=Meet The USA |date=2022}}</ref>
 ==Taxonomy==
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Subspecies===
 There are seven recognized [[subspecies]]:
+* ''C. c. californica'' ([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1798) – northern [[Oregon]] and western [[Nevada]] to southern California and [[Coronado Islands]]
 * ''C. c. achrustera'' ([[James Lee Peters|Peters]], 1923) – '''San Lucas California quail''' – southern [[Baja California]]
 * ''C. c. brunnescens'' ([[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1884) – extreme northern coastal [[California]] to southern [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]]
-* ''C. c. californica'' ([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1798) – northern [[Oregon]] and western [[Nevada]] to southern California and [[Coronado Islands]]
 * ''C. c. canfieldae'' ([[Adriaan Joseph van Rossem|Van Rossem]], 1939) – '''Owen Valley quail''' – [[Owens Valley]] of east central California
 * ''C. c. catalinensis'' ([[Joseph Grinnell|Grinnell]], 1906) – '''Santa Catalina quail''' – [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]] (off southern California)
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 The California quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some one to two inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. An ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some {{convert|7|–|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter.
-They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern [[United States]] but they have been introduced into other areas including [[British Columbia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Chile]], [[Uruguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Peru]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]], and to [[Norfolk Island]] and [[King Island (Tasmania)|King Island]] in [[Australia]].<ref>Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493</ref>
+They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including [[British Columbia]], [[Hawaii]], Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and to [[Norfolk Island]] and [[King Island (Tasmania)|King Island]] in Australia.<ref>Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493</ref>
-These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, [[Toyon]] berries are a common food source.<ref name=Hogan/> If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot.
+These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, [[Toyon]] berries are a common food source.<ref name=Hogan/> If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot.<ref name="Rasheed" />
 ==Breeding==
@@ Line 40: / Line 41: @@
 [[File:Colin de Californie MHNT.jpg|thumb|A California quail egg in the collection of [[Jacques Perrin de Brichambaut]]]]
-[[File:Quail chick 02.jpg|thumb|A chick in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]] (introduced species)]]
+[[File:Quail chick 02.jpg|thumb|A chick in [[Wellington]], New Zealand (introduced species)]]
 Their breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western [[North America]]. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs. Once hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 ==State bird==
-The California quail is the [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]] of [[California]]. It was established as the state bird in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/birds/ca_valley_quail.htm|title=California State Bird: California Valley Quail|website=Netstate.com|publisher=Nstate|date= February 11, 2014|access-date=October 31, 2014}}</ref>
+The California quail is the [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]] of [[California]]. It was established as the state bird in 1931.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=California State Bird: California Valley Quail |website=Netstate.com |publisher=Nstate|date= February 11, 2014 |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/birds/ca_valley_quail.htm|access-date=October 31, 2014}}</ref>
-The quail population has fluctuated significantly throughout California. Once plentiful in San Francisco, by 2017 only one California quail remained in the city. Local birders named the male bird [[Ishi]] after the last known member of California's Native American Yahi tribe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/quail-san-francisco-cats-last-state-bird-12309957.php#item-85307-tbla-43|title=There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame|website=sfgate.com|publisher=SF Gate|date=November 5, 2017|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref>
+The quail population has fluctuated significantly throughout California. Once plentiful in San Francisco, by 2017 only one California quail remained in the city. Local birders named the male bird [[Ishi]] after the last known member of California's Native American [[Yana people#Yahi|Yahi tribe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/quail-san-francisco-cats-last-state-bird-12309957.php#item-85307-tbla-43|title=There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame |website=sfgate.com|publisher=SF Gate|date=November 5, 2017|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> Quail were likely introduced to Santa Catalina Island about 12,000 years ago by Native Americans, and there is a minimal genetic difference between the island and the mainland quail populations.<ref name="Zink2" />
-==California quail and Mosquito-Borne encephalitis Viruses in California==
-The California quail is easily infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV). In California, the virus' appearance and quail infection coincided perfectly with the appearance of chicks in nature. In turn, this led researchers to hypothesize that large coveys containing these non-immune birds could be responsible for amplifying the virus in rural settings. However, experimental studies concluded that only immature birds were competent hosts for WEEV, which were able to produce viruses potent enough to infect ''Culex tarsalis''
-mosquitos. Due to the abundance of the California quail, these birds may be the reason why WNV epidemics seem to occur significantly more frequently in urban and periurban areas than in rural landscapes.
 ==Gallery==
-<gallery>
+<gallery widths="250px" heights="220px">
-Callipepla californica LC0242.jpg | A pair in New Zealand
+Callipepla californica LC0242.jpg | A pair introduced in New Zealand
-CalQuailPair.JPG|A California quail pair
-Quail chick 02.jpg|California quail chick
 Z1E8972c.jpg|Male
+File:Callipepla californica -California, USA -female and chick- 8.jpg|Female and young chick
-Colin de Californie MHNT.jpg|Egg – [[MHNT]]
+Colin de Californie MHNT.jpg|Egg – [[Muséum de Toulouse]]
 </gallery>
-== References ==<!-- CytogenetGenomeRes106:82. -->
+== References ==
 {{Reflist|refs=
 <ref name=Hogan>{{cite web |first=C. Michael |last=Hogan |year=2008 |url=http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=84109&lang=us |title=Toyon (''Heteromeles arbutifolia'') |website=GlobalTwitcher |editor=Stromberg, N. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719220426/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=84109&lang=us |archive-date=2009-07-19 }}</ref>
-<ref name=Zink>{{cite journal|first1=Robert M.|last1=Zink |first2= Rachelle C.|last2= Blackwell |year=1998|title= Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus ''Callipepla'')|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=115|issue=2|pages= 394–403|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n02/p0394-p0403.pdf|doi=10.2307/4089198|jstor=4089198 }}</ref>
+<ref name=Zink1>{{cite journal|first1=Robert M.|last1=Zink |first2= Rachelle C.|last2= Blackwell |year=1998|title= Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus ''Callipepla'')|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=115|issue=2|pages= 394–403|doi=10.2307/4089198|jstor=4089198 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n02/p0394-p0403.pdf}}</ref>
-}}
-<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reisen |first1=William K. |title=Role of California (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) Quail in the Ecology of Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in California, USA |journal=Vector-Role and Zoonotic Diseases |date=2006 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=248–60 |doi=10.1089/vbz.2006.6.248 |pmid=16989564 |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/vbz.2006.6.248 |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
+<!--<ref name=Reisen>{{cite journal |last1=Reisen |first1=William K. |title=Role of California (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) Quail in the Ecology of Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in California, USA |journal=Vector-Role and Zoonotic Diseases |date=2006 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=248–60 |doi=10.1089/vbz.2006.6.248 |pmid=16989564}}</ref>-->
+<ref name=Zink2>{{cite journal|first1=Robert M.|last1=Zink |first2=D. F.|last2= Lott| first3=D. W.|last3=Anderson |year=1987|title= Genetic Variation, Population Structure, and Evolution of California Quail |journal=The Condor |place=Los Angeles, Calif. |volume=89|issue=2|pages=395–405 |doi=10.2307/1368493|jstor=1368493 }}</ref>
+<ref name=Rasheed>{{cite journal|first1=Ayesha|last1=Rasheed| first2= K.|last2= Hambley| first3=G.|last3=Chan| first4=C. A.|last4=Rosa| first5=B.|last5=Larisonn| first6=D. T.|last6=Blumstein| first7=W.|last7=Koenig |year=2018|title= Persistence of antipredator behavior in an island population of California quail|journal=Ethology|volume=124|issue=3|pages= 155–160|doi=10.1111/eth.12716 |bibcode=2018Ethol.124..155R }}</ref>
+}}
 ==Further reading==
@@ Line 84: / Line 85: @@
 * [http://www.qu.org California Quail conservation] at Quail Unlimited
 * {{VIREO|California+Quail|California Quail}}
+* [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_quail/ California quail Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q830385}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:quail, California}}
 [[Category:Callipepla|California quail]]
 [[Category:Quails|California quail]]
@@ Line 102: / Line 104: @@
 [[Category:Least concern biota of the United States|California quail]]
 [[Category:Least concern biota of North America|California quail]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by George Shaw (biologist)|California quail]]